Ukuqonda isigaba sikahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza ngayo, kusukela emkhandlwini kamasipala omncane kuya egunyeni likahulumeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka emadolobheni kuya ezinhloko - dolobha, siqokomisa indima nokubaluleka kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni nendlela ezisebenzelana ngayo ukuze zilolonge ukuphila kwesizwe nokusendaweni.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Kukahulumeni

Isigaba sabaphathi bezikhulu zikahulumeni sibhekisele ekuhleleni kwegunya namandla phakathi kwesimiso sezombangazwe. Simisa indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo, ezizenzayo, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Ngaphandle kobuphathi obucacile, imibuso ehlukene nezingxabano zegunya zingaqeda ukubusa. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, uMthetho-Constitution umisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nombuso, kuyilapho ohulumeni bendawo bethola igunya labo emthethweni wezwe. Lesi simiso esinemikhakha siqinisekisa ukuthi izindaba zendawo ziphathwa ngesilinganiso esifanelekile: izindaba zendawo ezinjengokuhlala ndawonye nokuhlanzeka, kuyilapho i-omasipala nesimiso sombuso wezwe sihlala nohulumeni ophakathi kwezwe. Isigaba sabefundisi sinikeza futhi uhlelo lokuhlola nokulinganisela, njengoba izinga eliphakeme ngezinye izikhathi zingaphumelela noma zilula kakhulu izinqunywe zezinqumo ezivamile.

Ukusuka Emadolobheni Kuya Ezinhloko - dolobha

Ukuguqulwa kwezindawo eziyinhloko kumelela ukushintshwa okukhulu kokubusa. Izinhloko - dolobha zivame ukuba yisikhungo sezwe sezombangazwe, kuyilapho amadolobha engafeza izindima ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezezomnotho nezinye izikhungo zempucuko. Nokho, akuzona zonke inhlokodolobha eziyizikhungo ezinkulu noma ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. IWashington, D.C., ngokwesibonelo, kwakhiwa njengenhloko - dolobha eyakhiwe ngenjongo ehluke kakhulu ezikhungweni ezinkulu zezentengiselwano ezinjenge New York noma iChicago. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenhloko - dolobha kanye namanye amadolobha amakhulu kudinga ukucubungisiswa kwemisebenzi yayo, imvelaphi yayo engokomlando, nokubaluleka kwayo okungoko.

Amadolobha Njengezikhungo Zokubusa Zendawo

Amadolobha anendima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwendawo. Avame ukulawulwa amameya nemikhandlu yamadolobha, elawula izindaba zendawo njengemisebenzi yomphakathi, ukuthuthukisa umphakathi, nokuvikela komphakathi. Ukwezimela kwamadolobha kuyahlukahluka kakhulu: amanye amadolobha anikeza ukubusa kwekhaya okukhulu, kuyilapho amanye ewalawula ngokunamandla ngombuso noma ngesizwe. Izindawo zeMetropolitan zivame ukubhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezinjengokuminyana kwezimoto, izindlu ezibizayo, nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile. Ngenxa yalokho, amadolobha amaningi aye asungula izakhiwo ezintsha zokubusa izakhiwo zekhaya, kuhlanganise i-counilc, izimiso zomkhandlu-magella, noma ngisho nezingalo ezikhethwe ngokuqondile kanye nezindawo zezezezezezezezezezenyuse.

Indima Yezinhloko - dolobha

Izikhulu zimiswa njengesikhungo sikahulumeni wezwe noma isifunda. Zinezakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyinhloko, kuhlanganise nesikhulu, izikhulu zezomthetho, namagatsha okwahlulela. Izinhlokodolobha zivame ukugxila embusweni wezombangazwe, imisebenzi yezobuzwe, yezobuzwe, nemisebenzi yokuphatha. Ngalé kokubusa okungokoqobo, izinhloko - dolobha zinesisindo esiwuphawulo. Ngokuvamile ziyizindawo zezakhiwo zesikhumbuzo, amaphalamende, nezindawo zokuhlala ezisemthethweni. Izinhlokodolobha eziningi zakhethelwa ngamabomu noma zakhelwa ebunyeni besizwe, ngokwesibonelo, iBrasília yakhiwa ngo-1950 ukuze ithuthukise izwe futhi ifanekise ikusasa leBrazil.

  • Izinhloko - dolobha ngokuvamile zimelela ukuthi zingowabuzwe nokuthi ziyaziqhenya.
  • Ngokuvamile ziwundawo yezenzakalo nemikhosi ebalulekile emlandweni.
  • Izinhloko - dolobha zithambekele ekubeni nemithombo eminingi yengcebo nesisekelo esiqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha, kuhlanganise nezikhumulo zezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkonzo zokuphepha, kanye nezimoto zomphakathi ezinkulu.
  • Amanye amazwe anezinhloko - dolobha eziningi zamagatsha kahulumeni ahlukahlukene, njengaseNingizimu Afrika (iPuria yesikhulu, iCape Town yemithetho, iBloomfontein yezokwahlulela).

Indlela Izinhloko - dolobha Ezihluke Ngayo Ezikhungweni Ezinkulu Zezomnotho

Nakuba izinhloko - dolobha ziyizindawo zezentengiselwano, amandla ezomnotho ngokuvamile agxila kwenye indawo. Izikhungo zezimali ezinjengeShanghai, iMumbai, noma iFrankfurt zinganciphisa izinhloko - dolobha zazo ezinhlalisayo ngokwenani labantu nenzuzo yezomnotho. Lokhu kuhlukana kungadala ukulinganisela okunempilo: izinqumo zezombangazwe ezenziwa enhloko - dolobha zingavinjelwa ezingcindezelweni ezisheshayo zezentengiselwano, kuyilapho izikhungo zezomnotho zihlala zingenaziphazamiso zezombangazwe. Nokho, izingxabano zingaphakama lapho inhloko - dolobha ingabhekwa njengengasagqashukiwe kumaqiniso enjini yezomnotho yezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphikisana phakathi kweNew York City neAlbany eZwe laseNew York kubonisa indlela inhloko yezentengiselwano embulweni. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kuyisihluthulelo sokuhlola izakhiwo ezibusa izwe.

Izinhlobo Zokwakhiwa Kukahulumeni

Ohulumeni bangahlukaniswa babe yizakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye inezikhundla nemisebenzi yayo. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo futhi asetshenziswe ngayo. Ukuhlelwa okuvame kakhulu kusekelwe ezingeni lokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi nasekugxilisweni kwegunya.

Ohulumeni Ababusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, amandla athathwa kubantu. Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokuvota nangokumelela. Imibuso ingathatha izindlela eziningana:

  • Imelela iDemocracy: Izakhamuzi ezikhethelwe abameleli ukuba benze izinqumo. Lena indlela evame kakhulu, esetshenziswa emazweni anjenge-United States, iJalimane, neNdiya.
  • Izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngokuqondile ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo, ngokuvamile ngezindlela zokuthatha isinyathelo. ISwitzerland iyisibonelo esiphawulekayo, lapho izakhamuzi zivota khona ezindabeni eziningi zesizwe nezendawo.
  • I-Constituality : Inkosi isebenza njengenhloko yezwe phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho izikhulu ezikhethiwe zibusa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-United Kingdom, iJapane, ne-Sweden.

Izimiso zedemokrasi zidinga izinhlangano eziqinile, izigebengu ezizimele, nemishini ekhululekile ukuze isebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Isigaba sabefundisi kulezi zimiso sichazwa ngokuyinhloko umthetho - sisekelo onika amagunya phakathi kwamagatsha nezinga likahulumeni ezihlukahlukene.

Ohulumeni Abanegunya

Imibuso yabasunguli igxilisa amandla egunyeni elilodwa noma eqenjini elincane. Izakhamuzi azithathi hlangothi ekubuseni. Izimpawu eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Imikhumbi-moya: Amandla aba nomholi oyedwa, ngokuvamile ngokusekela kwezempi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i-North Korea ne-Belarus.
  • Amandla abekwa yiqembu elincane labangcono, ngokuvamile elisekelwe engcebweni, ezibophweni zomkhaya, noma ekulawuleni impi. IRussia ngaphansi kukaPutin ivame ukuchazwa njenge-oligarchy, nakuba imigqa ifiphale ne-phoristism.
  • Izifunda-nye:[ Iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe lilawula uhulumeni, licindezela ukuphikiswa. iChina iyisibonelo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ezimisweni ezinjalo, isigaba sabefundisi siqinile futhi siphansi, namazinga aphansi kahulumeni asebenza njengamathuluzi okulawula aphakathi kunokuba abenzi besinqumo abazimele. Izinhloko- dolobha ezisezifundeni ze-pholiashist ngokuvamile ziba izimpawu zamandla ombuso, nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezinwebekayo nezingalo zokulondeka.

Isimiso Sentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni abaningi bawela phakathi kwentando yeningi ephelele nesimiso sobuphoqelelo. Lezizimiso ezixubene zentando yeningi zihlanganisa izici zentando yeningi (izigebengu, izigaba eziningi) nemikhuba yempoqo (izindawo zokulawula ngenkululeko, izinqubo zokukhetha ezingenabulungisa). Izibonelo zihlanganisa iHungary ngaphansi kukaViktor Orbán noVenezuela ngaphansi kukaNicolás Maduro. Kulezizimiso, isigaba sesigaba singabonakala sibuswa ngentando yeningi ephepheni, kodwa ngokwesiko, amandla agxile kakhulu phezulu, ngokuvamile kanye nenhloko yinhloko idlala indima enkulu ekulawuleni izifunda nezindawo.

Imisebenzi Kahulumeni Ezikhundleni Ezihlukene

Ukuqonda la mazinga kusiza ekucaciseni indlela ukubusa okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekulungiseni imigodi kuya ezivumelwaneni zomhlaba wonke.

Uhulumeni Wendawo

Ohulumeni bendawo banakekela izidingo zomphakathi nezinkonzo ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Banomthwalo wemfanelo:

  • Imfundo (izikole ezivamile nezisemaphethelweni esikole), amabhodi ezikole
  • Ukuphepha komphakathi (amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo)
  • Ukulungiswa kwemfucumfucu (imigwaqo, amabhuloho, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukulawulwa kwemfucumfucu)
  • Izwe lisebenzisa ukuhlelwa nokuhlelwa kwezindawo
  • Amapaki nokuzijabulisa

Kwamanye amazwe, ohulumeni bendawo banegunya elikhulu lokukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali; kwamanye, bancike ezimpawini ezinikezwa abantu abaphezulu.

Uhulumeni Noma Uhulumeni Wesifunda

Ohulumeni boMbuso baqondisa izindawo ezinkulu futhi banemithwalo yemfanelo ebanzi, ehlanganisa:

  • Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo (IMedicaid eziphathimandla zezempilo zase - United States)
  • Izinto zokuhamba (imigwaqo ephakeme, imishini yokuthutha umphakathi, amatheku)
  • Ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho (izisusa zamabhizinisi, ukuqeqesha izisebenzi)
  • Imfundo ephakeme (amayunivesithi asenyakatho)
  • Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile (imithombo yemvelo, ukulawula ukungcola)

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, iJalimane, noma i-Australia, amazwe anenkululeko ephawulekayo futhi angamisa imithetho ezindabeni eziningi ezingagcinelwanga uhulumeni wezwe. Ezimisweni ezihlangene njengeFrance noma iJapane, ohulumeni bezigodi bathola igunya labo kuhulumeni oyinhloko futhi bangahlelwa noma bancishiswe umthetho wesizwe.

Uhulumeni Wezwe

Ohulumeni bezwe basingatha izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe. Imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa:

  • Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe (izivumelwano, ukuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke)
  • Isivikelo sesizwe (imithombo yempi, yezokuvikela)
  • Imithetho nezimiso zesifunda (amalungelo ezenhlalo, amalungelo omgunyathi, ukulwa nemithetho evimbela izivumelwano)
  • Isimiso se - Monetary (amabhange e -central, imali)
  • Inhlalakahle yezenhlalo (Ukulondeka Kwezenhlalakahle, IMedicare eMkhandlwini Wempilo WaseU.S., owezwe lonke emazweni amaningi)

Ohulumeni bezwe ngokuvamile banemithombo yemali eminingi kakhulu namathuluzi amaningi kakhulu. Izinqumo zabo zingadlula umbuso noma izimiso zendawo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe noma ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene.

Ukubusa Kwezizwe Zonke

Ezweni elihlangene kakhulu, amaqumrhu ahlanganisa amazwe afana ne-European Union, iZizwe Ezihlangene, ne-African Union anenezela olunye ungqimba kubaphathi besonto. Nakuba engeyena uhulumeni ngomqondo ongokwesiko, ngokwesibonelo, i-EU, inemithetho yomthetho, isikhulu, nezinhlangano zokwahlulela ezingakha imithetho ebopha amazwe angamalungu. Lokhu kwenza ukuba izikhulu zedolobha ezivamile ezibuswayo ziqale izinga eliphezulu ngaphezu kukahulumeni wezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ye-EU yezentengiselwano nezindinganiso zendawo ezungezile kumelwe ilandelwe yimibuso yesizwe neyonke iYurophu. Ukuqonda le-palethi ephakeme ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe ngokuphelele i-custoli ye-culmentation.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezinhloko - dolobha

Izinhloko - dolobha eziningi ziye zashukunyiswa noma zamiswa ngokucatshangelwa okuwusizo, kuhlanganise nokulondeka, ukutholakala, ukulingana kwenani labantu, nobunye obungokomfanekiso.

Umlando

Kuwo wonke umlando, izinhloko - dolobha ziye zashintsha ngenxa yezimpi, ukuhlaliswa kwekoloni, nezici zezomnotho. Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso wamaRoma, izinhloko - dolobha eziningi eYurophu zashintsha lapho kuvela imibuso emisha (ngokwesibonelo, iConstantinople (manje i-Istanbul) yasebenza njengenhloko - dolobha yoMbuso waseByzantine amakhulu amaningi ngaphambi kokuba inqotshwe uMbuso wase-Ottoman, eyayigcina iyisihlalo sombuso. ENtshona Melika, imibuso yamakoloni yamisa inhloko - dolobha enjenge Mexico City (engenhla kweTenochtitlan) ne-Lima, ngokuvamile ikhetha izindawo eziseduze kwemithombo yengcebo noma izinzuzo zokuvikela. Ukuphakama kwezizwe ekhulwini le-19 ngokuvamile kwakuhilela ukukhetha inhloko - dolobha eyayingahlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene, njenge-Bern yase-Switzerland noma i-Ottawan.

Izinhloko - dolobha Zanamuhla

Namuhla, izinhloko - dolobha zivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokutholakala kwazo, ukulondeka, kanye nekhono lezomnotho. Zisebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yesizwe nokubusa. Izenzakalo zanamuhla eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:

  • Brasília, Brazil: kwakhiwa ngo-1960 njengedolobha elihlelwe ukuba lithuthe inhloko - dolobha phakathi nezwe lisuka eRio de Janeiro, likhuthaza ukukhula kwezwe elingaphakathi futhi linciphise ukubusa kwamadolobha asogwini.
  • Canberra, Australia: Ukuhlehla phakathi kweSydney neMelbourne, kwamiswa njengenhloko - dolobha eyakhiwe ngenjongo ngo1913.
  • Astana (manje iNur-Sultan), Kazakhstan: inhloko - dolobha yasuka e-Almaty ngo-1997 yaya endaweni ephakathi ehlelekile kakhulu, efanekisela ubunye besizwe kanye nokwenziwa kwanamuhla.
  • , Jalimane: yaba inhloko - dolobha yeJalimane eyavuselelwa ngo-1990 ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka ehlukana, ibuyisela indima yayo engokomlando.

Amanye amazwe anezinhloko- dolobha eziningi zemisebenzi ehlukene noma amagatsha kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-South Africa inesithathu: i-Pretoria (ukubulala), i-Cape Town (legistive), ne-Bloemfontein (i-judicial). I-Bolivia futhi inezinhlokodolobha eziningi: i-Sucre (constitunion) ne-La Paz (i-Administrative).

Izimo Enhloko - dolobha Yokuhlela

Amadolobha amakhulu namuhla abhekene nezingcindezi ezingavamile. Kumelwe ahlalise izikhungo ezinkulu zikahulumeni, anikeze abaphathi bezakhiwo nezisebenzi zomphakathi izindlu zezindawo zokuhlala, futhi alawule izingozi zokuphepha ezihambisana nokuhlasela kwezombangazwe. Uhlelo lwanamuhla lwezezinhloko - dolobha lugcizelela [ ukukhubazeka, ukukhuliswa, nokuzinziswa kwekhono [. Izakhiwo eziningi zinikela kakhulu ekwakheni izakhiwo zobukhomputha kanye nezindawo zomphakathi ukuze zivuselele isithombe sesizwe. Nokho, ukufakwa kwamandla ezombangazwe edolobheni elilodwa kungadala izikhalo futhi kubangele izinhlangano zezokulungisa isimilo noma ngisho nezinhloko - dolobha ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Indonesia manje isakhiwo esisha esibizwa ngokuthi iNufantara esiqhingini sase-Derkiansburg, esithathe indawo engaphezulu kwe-Dabagba.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda izikhundla zombuso zikahulumeni ukusuka emadolobheni kuya ezinhloko- dolobha kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zezombangazwe ezisebenza ngayo. Izinga ngalinye likahulumeni lifeza indima ehlukile, linengxenye ekubusweni kwesizwe sonke. Amadolobha alawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke nezinkonzo zendawo, amazwe noma izifunda ezihlangene ngezimiso ezibanzi, ohulumeni bezwe basingatha ubukhosi nezindaba zembulunga yonke, futhi izindikimba ezihlangene zezizwe zinezela uhlaka lokubambisana kwezimiso zezizwe zomhlaba. Izinhloko - dolobha zisebenza njengenhliziyo engokomfanekiso nezokuphathwa kwalezi zimiso, kodwa indima yazo ayinciphili ngomlando, izombangazwe, nezidingo zezezezezimali ezingabonakali. Ngokuqaphela ukuhlanganiswa kwala manani amanani ahlukene, izakhamuzi zingaqonda kangcono ukuthi izinqumo zithinta ukuphila kwazo futhi zingenza kanjani ukuba zihlanganyele kwezezombangazwe. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlala edolobheni elincane noma enhloko yedolobha, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nasemalungelweni akho, nasemalungelweni akho angabonakali.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngezakhiwo zikahulumeni eziqhathanisayo, bheka ikhasi le-WPipedia ekwisigaba sokubusa sikahulumeni kanye ne-[FLT]Britannica's sihombolo se-[[. Ukuqonda lemiqondo kunika i-injesakhamuzi esilwazini futhi kusiza ekuguquleni izwe eliyinkimbinkimbi lezombangazwe.