Isingeniso: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Uhulumeni Onegunya

Kwezezombangazwe nakwezomlando, isimo sikahulumeni sinquma izinga lenkululeko, amalungelo, nokuzinza phakathi komphakathi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zokubusa, ubushiqela bumelela isimiso lapho amandla ebekwe khona eqenjini elincane noma kumholi oyedwa, ngokuvamile ngokulahlekelwa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nobuningi bezombangazwe. Ukuqaphela izikhombo zobushiqela akudingekile nje kuphela ekutadisheni imfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo kodwa futhi nasezakhamuzini ezifuna ukuvikela izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyisisekelo zohulumeni abalawulayo, imiphumela yabo yobukhonya, kanye nezici ezinamandla zokumelana nalokho kubekela inselele.

Ukuchaza I - authoritualism

Ubukhomanisi buyisimiso sezombangazwe esiphawulwe ukubekwa kwegunya enkosini noma esigaba esiphezulu esingalandiswa umphakathi ngokhetho olukhululekile nolungakho. Ngokungafani nedemokrati, lapho amandla enziwa ngemvume yababuswayo futhi ahlolwa yizinhlangano ezizimele, imibuso yempoqo igxilisa amandla okwenza izinqumo nokuvimbela ukuphikiswa. Ubukhomanisi bukhona ezindaweni ezihlukene, kusukela ezinhloboni ezimnene ezivumela ubuningi obulinganiselwe ukuba bulawule imibuso yobushiqela efuna ukulawula zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi nokuzibusa komuntu siqu. Isici esiyinhloko siwukungabikho kwemincintiswano enengqondo yezombangazwe kanye nokuvinjelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Izazi zivame ukuhlukanisa ubushiqela nobushiqela. Nakuba kokubili kungahambisani nentando yeningi, ubushiqela buqhubekela phambili ngokufuna ukuzithoba okunamandla emfundisweni ephakeme nokuhlongoza umphakathi ukuba ufeze imigomo yombuso. Ngokungafani, imibuso yobubusi inganeliswa ukulalela kokunganaki futhi ingadingi ukushiseka kwengqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuqonda kuyasiza ekuhlaziyeni izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubusa ngempoqo okubonakala emhlabeni wonke.

Izimfanelo Ezivelele Zokubhala

Ohulumeni abaphethe banezici ezihlangene ezibenza bakwazi ukulawula. Ngezansi, isici ngasinye sihlolwa ngokujule.

Amandla Aphakathi

Amandla esimisweni sobuphoqeli agxilwe kumholi oyedwa, emkhayeni obusayo, noma ku-prince encane. Ezinye izinhlangano − njengezindlu zomthetho, izinkantolo, noma ohulumeni bendawo − zingenalo igunya langempela noma umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa amandla ayinhloko. Lokhu kubekwa phambili ngokuvamile kuqeda ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kuvumela ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ngaphandle kokuhlola okunenjongo noma ukucindezelwa okungokomthetho. Umholi ulawula ibutho lezempi, amabutho ezokuvikela, kanye nethuluzi le-brauaucrate, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi akukho sikhungo samandla esihlukile esingavela.

Ukulinganisela Kwemibono Engokwenkolo Yezombangazwe

Imibuso yobugunya ivimbela kakhulu ukuba khona nokusebenza kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, amaqembu enzalo, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Izimpi zokuphikiswa zivame ukuvinjelwa, ziphathwe, noma zivunyelwe kuphela njengezinhlangano eziwuphawu ezingase zivimbele iqembu elibusayo. Izinyunyana zezokuhweba okuzimele, amaqembu ezisebenzi zezempatho, kanye nezinkampani ezingochwepheshe zibhekene nokuqashelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma ukudilizwa. Lokhu kungabikho kobuningi kuvimbela ukusungulwa kwemithetho ehlukile kanye nokuthulisa amazwi aphikisanayo. Ngisho nalapho amaqembu amaningi evunyelwa, inkundla yokudlala ikhangwa kakhulu ngenxa yombuso.

Ukucindezelwa Kwenkululeko Yombango

Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, yokuhlangana, nenkolo ivame ukuncishiswa ezizweni zempoqo. Inkulumo yohulumeni yokuhlola egxeka umbuso noma ekhuthaza eminye imibono. Imithombo yezindaba ezimele ivala noma iphoqelelwe ukuba ithunyelelwe, futhi izintatheli zibhekene nokuboshwa noma ubudlova. Imibuthano yomphakathi idinga ukuvunyelwa kwezwe, futhi amaqembu enkolo abekela igunya lezwe inselele angashushiswa. Ukukhukhuleka okuhleliwe kwalenkululeko kwakha isimo sokwesaba nokuzisebenzela ngokwawo, ukuphikiswa kwenkulumo yomphakathi nezivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ukulawula Umbuso Wemithombo Yezindaba Nokwaziswa

Ukulawula ukugeleza kokwaziswa kuwumsuka womthetho wempoqo. Ohulumeni balawula kakhulu ithelevishini, umsakazo, amaphephandaba, namapulatifomu. Basebenzisa ukucusumbula ukuze bavimbele ukungavumelani nenkulumo - ze ukuze bathuthukise ukulandisa kombuso. Emazweni amaningi, ukungena kwe-intanethi kuyavinjelwa, amasiteji ezenhlalo alawulwa, futhi izingosi zezindaba ezizimele zivaliwe. Umbuso ubeka inguquko yeqiniso elulaza izinkinga futhi ubeka ihaba, kuyilapho ufaka abaphikisi njengezinsongo zokuma. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kokwaziswa kuvimbela ukuvela komphakathi futhi kuvimbele ukuvela kwesakhamuzi esinolwazi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwenkulumo - ze Nesayensi Yengqondo

Imibuso ebusayo ifaka kakhulu empucukweni ukuze ivumelane nokubusa kwayo futhi ihlakulele ukwethembeka. Inkulumo - ze ingase isekelwe ebuzweni, ebuzweni, ebuzweni, ebuzweni, ekuvukeleni, noma ekufuneni umkhuba wobuntu obungahlobene nomholi. Imfundo elawulwa uhulumeni, imikhosi yomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba yomphakathi isakaza lemiyalezo. Kwezinye izimo, umbuso ukhuthaza umqondo wokuvumelana (njengasezizweni zamakhomanisi noma ezibusayo); kwezinye, incike ekunxeni okungaqondani okungaqondakali ekuzinziweni, ukuhleleka, ukuhleleka, noma ukuqhosha kwesizwe. Inkulumo - mbumbulu ayigcini nje ngokuvikela ukuvikelwa kweqembu labasekeli kodwa inikeza nomqondo wenjongo.

Ukuzibusa Okungaphansi Kokwahlulela

Ukubusa komthetho kululaza ezimisweni zempoqo ngoba abahluleli bafeza izithakazelo zababusayo abaphezulu. Abahluleli bamiswa ngokusekelwe ekuthembekeni kunokuba kufanelwe, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukubusa ngokuvuna uhulumeni ezicatshangelweni ezibucayi zezombangazwe. Abameli abazimele nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu bahlolwa. Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zisetshenziselwa ukuqupha amanani aphikisayo, abagxeki abathule, futhi zivikela ababambi bombuso ukuba bangabekezeli icala. Lokhu kuguqulwa kobulungisa kudala isimiso esimbaxabayo: umthetho owodwa wabanamandla nowenye wabanye abanye.

Ukucindezelwa Nenkom ’ idla yodwa Kwezombangazwe

Imibuso yobugunya ithembele ekuphoqelelweni ukuba ikwazi ukulawula. Amabutho ezokuvikela anjengephoyisa, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, namaqembu amabutho ezempi `i-monitor, ukwesabisa, nokujezisa abaphikisi. Ama-Tactic ahlanganisa ukuboshwa okungenangqondo, ukuhlukumezeka, ukuphoqelelwa, nokubulala okungaphezulu. Imithetho emelene "nomthetho," "ukuvukelwa," noma "ukushukumiswa" isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuphanga ukuphikiswa okunokuthula. Ukucindezelwa akuyona nje indlela yokusabela ezinsongweni zangempela kodwa futhi futhi isilinganiso sokuvimbela ukuphikisana esikhathini esizayo. Usongo oluqhubekayo lobudlova luphoqelela ukubambisana nokumelana nokulwa kweqembu.

Ukusebenzisa I - Electoral Maniption

Imibuso eminingi yempoqo yenza okhetho, kodwa lena ayiyona imincintiswano yangempela yokubusa. Ilawula inqubo yokhetho ngokwesabisa umvoti, ukuthungatha, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, ukuhlukanisa abaphikisi, nokukhohlisa okusobala. Imiphumela inqunyelwe kusengaphambili ukuqinisekisa iqembu elibusayo noma umholi owinayo ngemikhawulo emikhulu. Inqubo yokukhetha isebenza njengendlela esobala yokubufanele ubuni, kokubili ekhaya nasemhlabeni wonke, kuyilapho ifihla ukungabikho kwangempela. Kwezinye izimo, imibuso ivumela ukuncintisana okulinganiselwe phakathi kwamaqembu avunyelwe ukuba akhe ukuphumelela kobuthaka obuthaka obunyelayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikho ukulawula.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Nezanamuhla Zobugunya

Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela lezi zici ezibonakala ngayo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.

IKoriya yeNorth iyisibonelo sohlobo lobushiqela bobushiqela. Ngaphansi kohlanga lwamakhosi aseKim, amandla agxilwe kuMholi oPhakeme, olawula ibutho lezempi, iqembu, nezomnotho. Umbuso uqhuba ihlelo lobuntu eligcwele yonke, ulawula ingqikithi yokwaziswa nokwaziswa, nezakhamuzi zokuqapha. Imikhosi iwumthetho osebenzisa inkulumo - ze ukuze uchaze umholi njengomuntu waphezulu, futhi ujeziswa ngokuboshwa emakamu ezisebenzini noma ekufeni. [[FLT:] Izincwadi ze-Humanigration Watch izimpawu zezindaba nezokuphatha i-athonsithensiti yecala, ukuhluphaza ukuhluphana.

ICAMBINA isebenza ngaphansi kobuholi beQembu lamaKhomanisi (CPC), eligcina ukulawulwa okuphelele kwezombangazwe. Iqembu livimbela amaqembu ezombangazwe azimeleyo, livimbela umphakathi wesizwe, futhi lihlola i-inthanethi ngo-"Great Firellall" Inkululeko yomthetho ilinganiselwe kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni usebenzisa isimiso somthetho sokumangalela abashisekeli bezombangazwe, izintatheli, izintatheli, nezinhlanga ezincane. I-xinipin iye yaqinisa ihlelo lobuntu nombuso wezentengiselwano kusuka phakathi kwama-2010. [[FLT.PFLD] Inkululeko yeNd House imiba eyaziwa kakhulu njenge-Xinde, "Ngemvume, Free" imingcele yenkululeko yezombangazwe nenkululeko yesizwe. Naphezu kwe-Xinburghn]

I-RUSsia [[FLT: 1] ngaphansi kwe-Vladimir Putin isiye yaba umbuso wempoqo oqhubekayo. Amandla agxilwe kumongameli, isikhulu sendlu yomthetho nesomthetho singaphansi kwesikhulu. Amaqembu aphikisayo abekwa ngokweqe, futhi abagxeki abanjengo-Alei Navalny baboshelwe emajele ngenxa yezinso zezombangazwe. Iziphakamiso ze-Media ezigxeka uhulumeni zivaliwe noma ziphoqelelwe ukuba zisebenze kwamanye amazwe, futhi umthetho we-Internet uvalelwe. Imithetho ye-Equatrup isetshenziswa ngokucindezela kwesimiso sombuso ne-vota. Umbuso usebenzisa inkulumo yesizwe nemithetho yesizwe njengomvikeli wezindinganiso ezingokwesiko eNtshonalanga. [[FLD:] BB [FFF2] uphawula ukuthi isimiso sezombangazwe se-Russia [FFF]]

.Trucky uye wabhekana nokuwohloka kwentando yeningi kwesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni ngaphansi kukaMongameli Recep Tayyip Erdoãan. Ngemva kokuhluleka ukuzama ukubusa ngo-2016, uhulumeni wasusa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi zomphakathi, abahluleli, nezikhulu zempi. U-Erdotāan amandla aphakathi ngesimiso esisha sobumongameli, anqandelwe inkululeko, futhi abaphathi bezindaba nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Iphephandaba bezwe liye lagcwala abaxhasi bemithetho ethembekile, futhi isifundazwe sisebenzisa ukunqanda ukuphikisana kwemithetho. Naphezu kokubamba ukhetho, insimu ayilungile, futhi iphethe imithombo yezindaba eminingi. [FLT:] Ilungelo le-Humost Hume [FFFF]

Umphumela Onamandla Wobugunya

Ukubusa kombhali kushiya izibazi ezijulile emphakathini, kuthinta yonke into kusukela ekusungulweni kwezinto ezintsha kuya esilinganisweni somuntu.

Ukuguqulwa Okusobala Nenkululeko Yokucabanga

Uma ukucabanga ngokukhululekile nokukhuluma kucindezelwa, ukuxazulula inkinga nokucwaninga kwezesayensi kuyaphela. Ukucwaninga kokuzimela kungaduma uma kubekela ukulandisa inselele. Izazi nezingcweti ezicindezela imingcele yengozi yokuhlola noma ushushiso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuntuleka kwengxoxo esobala kungaholela ekungalawulekini kwengqondo, njengoba kubonakala emazweni amaningi abusa umthetho ocindezelayo lapho imiqondo eminingi yokuqala ivela khona nge-diaspora noma emiphakathini engaphansi komhlaba.

Ukuhlukana Kwezenhlalo Nokuxabana

Imibuso ebusayo ivame ukusebenzisa ukuhlukana kobuhlanga, okungokwenkolo, noma kwesifunda ukuze ithethelele ukubusa nokungabulawuli. Ngokuthanda nokushushisa amaqembu athile, ijulisa ukwaphuka komphakathi. Lokhu kungabangela ukubhebhethekisa izingxabano, izinxushunxushu zezikhathi ezithile, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, impi yombango. Ifa lokwehlukana okunjalo lingaqhubeka isikhathi eside ngemva kokuphela kombuso, lifake ushevu ebudlelwaneni.

Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Okusakazekile

Ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko yezombangazwe ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekuphucweni kwamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. Ukuhlushwa, ukuboshwa okungenasizathu, ukunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, nokubulawa kwamacala okungekho emthethweni kuvamile. Amaqembu amancane, abesifazane, ne LGBTQ+ abantu bavame ukushushiswa kakhulu. Ukungabikho kwezinkantolo ezizimele kanye nemithombo yezindaba ekhululekile kusho ukuthi ukuxhashazwa akujeziswa, kudala isimo sokungajeziswa. Izindikimba zomhlaba wonke njenge Amnety Global Report [

Imiphumela Engokomnotho

Ukulawula akuqinisekisi impumelelo yezomnotho. Nakuba eminye imibuso ifinyelela ukukhula ngokuphoqelelwa kwezezimboni noma ukukhishwa kwemicebo, ukuntuleka kokulandisa ngokuvamile kubangela ukonakala, ukubhalisa, nokungalingani kwempahla. Amalungelo empahla awalondekile, futhi ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe kunganqandwa ngemithetho ewumthetho. Ezimweni eziningi, umnotho uba yithuluzi labaqotho nabamelene nabajeziswayo, okuholela ekungalinganini nakweqisa. I-World Bank nezinye izinhlangano ziye zaphawula ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho okuqinile kudinga ukubusa komthetho nokubusa okunezelele.

Izindlela Zokushintsha Nokumelana Nezimo

Naphezu kwezinselele ezinkulu, imibuso yempoqo ayiyona enganqotshwa.

Imithetho Yomthetho Nomphakathi

Abantu abavamile abahlela ezingeni lendawo bangakha izinhlangano ezifuna ukulandisa. Ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezelwa, abashisekeli basebenzisa amasu okusungula izinto − njengezincwadi ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukubhikisha okunokuthula, nokuhlasela kwezisebenzi − ukubekela igunya inselele. Amaqembu abesifazane, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, nezinyunyana zabafundi zivame ukudlala indima ebalulekile. Nakuba izingozi ziphakeme, umlando ubonisa ukuthi izimpande zotshani eziqinile zingaphoqelela ukucindezela, njengakuHunganteliselo yeZikhulu ePhilippines noma eVelvet eMpumalanga Yurophu.

Ukucindezela Nokuhlanzeka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukulahlwa kwembulunga yonke, ukuzihlukanisa kwezizwe, nokujeziswa kwezomnotho kunganyusa izindleko zokucindezelwa kwabaholi abaphoqelelayo. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene ne-European Union ngezinye izikhathi ziphoqelela izikhali ukuba zibambe, ukuvinjelwa kohambo, noma izikhali eziqinile. Nokho, ukuphumelela kokucindezela kwangaphandle kuxhomeke ekuzihlukaniseni kukahulumeni kanye nasekuzimiseleni kwemibuso emikhulu ukwenza okuthile. Kwezinye izimo, ukujeziswa okufunwayo kwezikhulu ezithile kuye kwaholela ezinguqukweni zokuziphatha, kuyilapho izijeziso ezinkulu zingalimaza izakhamuzi ezivamile kunezikhulu.

Umthetho Wobuchwepheshe Nowezinombolo

I-Internet ne-social media ivule izinhloso ezintsha zokungavumelani. Abathathi-mthetho basebenzisa iziteshi eziyimfihlo zokuthumela imiyalezo, amathuluzi okuvimbela, kanye namapulatifomu e-inthanethi ukuze bahlele futhi basakaze ukwaziswa okungafinyelelwa abahloli. Ukuvukela kwe-Arabian Spring kwabonisa indlela amathuluzi obuchwepheshe angabhebhebhethekisa ngayo ukuphikisa. Kodwa imibuso ye-athoric iye yakwazi ukuvumelana, isebenzisa ukuqapha okuyinkimbinkimbi, ukukhipha i-internet ukunqanda lemizamo. Ukulwa kwe-menumfory kuyaqhubeka, ngokuqhubekela phambili kwemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe ehlanganiswa ngezindlela ezintsha zokulawula.

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Nemfundo Njengezivikela - mpikiswano Ngokumelene Nobu - authoritarianism

Ukuqapha kuhlala kuwusongo oluphikelelayo lwenkululeko yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokuqonda izici zayo ezichazayo shwqenia (ukulawula amandla aphakathi), ukucindezelwa kwenkululeko, ukulawula ukwaziswa, nokusetshenziswa kokuphoqelelwa (izisebenzi) zingaziqaphela futhi zimelane nokungenela kwazo. Imfundo, imithombo yezindaba ezimele, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okukhuthele kuyizivikelo eziqinile zokumelana nokuthambekela kobuphoqelelo. Enkathini lapho izindinganiso zentando yeningi zibekelwe inselele khona kokubili ukusungulwa nokuvela kwemibuso ezimele, ukuqaphela izimpawu eziyisixwayiso kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Isithembiso sokubusa okunesibopho sobushiqela nokukhokha.