Indlela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Okuwavikela Ngayo Amalungelo Akho

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States wakha uhulumeni wamagatsha amathathu ahlukene — awemithetho, aphethe, nahluleli — futhi unikeza igatsha ngalinye imibuso ehlukene. Lomklamo, owaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, awusona nje isimiso sombuso we-bureaucracy. Uyinqubo eyinhloko eyenza ukuba uhulumeni waseMelika ube nobulungisa, ube nesibopho, futhi uvikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya nokuphoqelela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lihlanganyele amandla, abaphethe abahloselwe ukuvimbela noma isigaba esithile ukuba sibe namandla amakhulu kakhulu. Umphumela uyisimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso eziqinisekisa wonke amacala, zonke izenzo zezikhulu, futhi zonke izinkantolo zinikeza ukubukelwa nokulawulwa.

Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye elisebenza ngayo nendlela elilinganisela ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwazi ukuthi amalungelo alo avikelwa kanjani. Lesi sihloko sihlola igatsha ngalinye ngokuningiliziwe, sihlole amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kwalo, futhi sibonisa ukuthi kungani lesi sakhiwo sisabalulekile ukuze sivikele inkululeko namuhla.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Ehlonipha Amalungelo

Igatsha lemithetho, elamiswa eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo, i-Congress — indikimba ye-bamaral eyakhiwa iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. UKhongolo lunamandla okwakha, ukubuyisana, nokubuyisela imithetho kahulumeni. Kodwa amaFramers aqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza umthetho kuthatha ijubane, ngamabomu, futhi kungaphansi kombono omningi. Lenqubo isiza ekuvimbeleni umthetho osunyathiselwe noma ocindezelayo ongalimaza amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ukuthakathisa Nokungasheshi Ukwamukela Umthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isikweleti sibe umthetho, kumelwe sidlule kokubili iNdlu neSigele ngendlela efanayo bese sisayinwa nguMongameli. Lesi sakhiwo esine-chamber ezimbili sisho ukuthi i-codom eyodwa ayinakusunduza kalula ngezindlela ezidlulele. Ngokwesibonelo, indlu, nemithetho yayo yeminyaka emibili, isabela kakhulu embonweni womphakathi, kuyilapho iSigele, ngeminyaka eyisithupha nezimpawu ezilinganayo esizweni ngasinye, inikeza ukuzinza futhi ivikele izithakazelo ezincane.

Amandla Ezinhlangano Alawula Isigungu

UKhomishane wenza okungaphezu kokubhala imithetho. Ilawula ukuhlelwa kwemali kahulumeni, iqinisekisa noma inqabe ukumiswa komongameli (kuhlanganisa amajaji namalungu ombuso), futhi inamandla okuqinisekisa. Ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa, iSigele singavimbela onyundeni abangasongela inkululeko yomphakathi. Ngamandla esikhwameni, uMkhandlu ungasusa izenzo zokuphatha eziphambukisa imingcele engokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMkhandlu ungamphula umthetho futhi ususe uMongameli, uMongameli, umongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa “yokufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu eziphakeme. Lokhu kungathiwa okungagunyaza izikhwama kuhlola ngokuqondile ukuxhaphazwa kwezikhulu.

Indlela Ingqungquthela Evikela Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu Ngabo

UKhongolose futhi udlulisa imithetho ekhethekile evikela amalungelo, njenge-Civil Rights Act, iVoting Rights Act, ne-American on Culture Act. Lemithetho ikha izindinganiso eziphoqelelweyo igatsha eliphetheyo okumelwe lizisekele futhi izinkantolo zingazisebenzisa ukuxazulula ukucwasana. Ngaphandle kwegatsha lemithetho eqinile, ama-Constantive athathelwe indiva ngabe awagunyaziwe. Ukubheka ngokunzulu indima ye-Congress, bheka isikhulu sendlu yabaphathi be-areastry [[FLT:] [FLT]] nendlu yezikhulu zokudathambisa izigwebo kanye ne [FLT:] yemithetho nezimiso ze-'ult.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Ukunikeza Imithetho Enecala

Igatsha eliphethe, eliqondiswa uMongameli futhi elibekwe eSiphakamisweni II, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza nokumisa imithetho edlulayo. Leligatsha lihlanganisa uMongameli ophethe, iKhabhinethi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nesimiso esikhulu esiqondisa yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni kwesizwe kuya ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile. Nakuba umphathi eletha amandla nokuphumelela kuhulumeni, amandla aso alinganiselwe ngamabomu ukuvimbela ukuba sibe yinkosi.

Amandla Kamongameli Nemingcele Yawo

UMongameli unamandla okukhipha umthetho, iziyalo eziphethe, ukumisa amajaji angokomthetho (ngemvume yeSigele), futhi asebenze njengoMphathi kuMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile. Kodwa ngalinye lala mandla lihlolwa. I-veto ingancitshiswa ngevoti yama-3-3 kuzo zombili izindlu zomthetho. Iziqondiso eziphethe zingabekelwa inselele enkantolo futhi zishaywe uma ziphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho okhona. Izivumelwano zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-Nkathi, futhi isenzo sezempi singaphansi kokusekela nokuphatha izivumelwano zenhlangano kanye nokwengamele iSigqi seMpi.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Nakuba Uhlonipha Inqubo Efanele

Igatsha eliphethe limisa imithetho ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Divince of Justice, i-FBI, ne-Derrement of Homeland Security. Lezi zikhungo zinamandla amakhulu okuhlola, ukuthumba, nokujezisa abantu. Ukuze zivikele ekuxhashazweni kokuxhashazwa, uMthetho-sisekelo udinga ukuba izenzo zokuphoqelelwa komthetho zihloniphe inqubo efanele — ilungelo lokuqaphela, ukuqulwa kahle, nokumelelwa komthetho. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka, futhi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikele ekuhlukani. Igatsha eliphethe umthetho kumelwe lisebenze kulemingcele, futhi lapho lihluleka, izinkantolo zithatha isinyathelo.

Ukuhleleka Kwezisebenzi Nokulinganisela Kwamandla

Iziqondiso zeziphathimandla zinikezwa nguMongameli olawula ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni. Banegunya lomthetho kodwa abadluliswa imithetho. Nakuba bevumela uMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, bangagumbuqelwa umlandeli noma bashiwo ukuthi abahluleli abagunyaziwe yi-jadicary. Lokhu kuvimbela umphathi ukuba ashintshe umthetho ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kwemvume yokushaya umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli uTruman ezama ukuthatha izinsimbi phakathi nempi yase Korea ukuze avimbele ukushaywa, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa i-Stown & Lamp; Tube. Shyer[FLD [FLD: 1] [192] [19] [195] ukuthi uMongameli uqeqeqedisi wegunya lakhe. Indaba iyaqhubeka ihlola isilinganiso sokubusa.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Umthetho Wezwe

Igatsha lokwahlulela, elakhiwa eSiphakamiso III, lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni. Umsebenzi walo uwukuchaza umthetho, ukunquma ukuthi imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ziyawuphula yini umthetho, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubulungisa busetshenziswa ngokufanelekile. Ngokungafani namagatsha ezombangazwe, abahluleli bamiselwe ukuphila (ngokuzithoba ekuziphatheni okuhle), okuzivikela ekucindezeleni komphakathi futhi ezivumela ukuba zenze izinqumo zokungakhethi ngisho nalapho zivikela amaqembu amancane angathandwa.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Inhlolo - vo Eyinhloko

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela — amandla okumemezela umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha esingekho emthethweni — akushiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni kodwa kwamiswa iNkantolo Ephakeme . [[FLT] [1] [183]. Lelicala lanikeza ikomiti ithuluzi elinamandla lokubulala izenzo eziphula amalungelo. Ngokuqhubekayo, iNkantolo iye yasebenzisa ukubukeza ukunciphisa ukuncitshiswa (] Brown v. Bn yemfundo yezemfundo, 1954]), ivikela amalungelo okuzala ([FLT:] [FLD:]]] [4]].VFFLD [5], V[F], futhi ngaphandle kwemithetho egunyaza umthetho.[5], futhi i-Exption.[5] [5]],[5]

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal Nendlela Yokuthola Ubulungisa

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisezinkantolo zesifunda: izinkantolo zesifunda (izinkantolo zenkantolo zecala), izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela izingqimba eziningi zokubukeza. Umuntu okholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akhe aphuliwe angaletha icala enkantolo yesigodi, adlulise imvume enkantolo yesifunda, afake isicelo sokulahlekelwa, futhi adlulisele isicelo eNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme izwa ingxenyana encane kakhulu yamacala, izinqumo zayo zimisa isandulela esine esisibopha sonke izwe. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziphinde zenze indima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni lezi zimiso ukuze zivikele amalungelo abantu nsuku zonke.

Isivikelo Esihlotshiswe I - didiciary Ezimele

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo. Abahluleli abakhethwayo — bamiswa futhi baqinisekiswa ngokuphila, uma nje belondoloza ukuziphatha okuhle. Ngeke banciphise amaholo abo lapho besehhovisi. Laba bavikeli baqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angabusa ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezinamandla, kuhlanganise nohulumeni, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iphawulile, “Ijaji lingumgcini woMthetho-sisekelo.” Uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, bona iwebhsayithi ye-jaji ye-jaji ye-authoni ye-av [FLT:]

Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Endleleni Esebenza Ngayo: Indlela Igatsha Ngalinye Elilinganisela Ngalinye

Ukuhlakanipha komklamo womthetho-sisekelo akukho nje ekuhlukaniseni imibuso kodwa nasekunikezeni amathuluzi egatsha ngalinye ukuze amelane nokungezwa amanye. Nazi izinhlolo eziyinhloko nezingalingani ezisebenzayo:

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

  • O ukushayeka amavetoes: UKhongolo-kanye lungagumbuqela i-veto engumongameli ngevoti yama-32 emagumbini womabili.
  • I- Indlu ingagcona uMongameli, uMongameli ongumphelelisi, nezinye izikhulu; iSigele sithatha icala futhi singazisusa ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa: ISigele kumelwe sivumele amajaji kahulumeni, onobhala bekhathekthi, namanxusa.
  • ulawule i-Bridget:[ Isishaya-mthetho siphethe amandla esikhwama semali — ayikho imali engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa komthetho.
  • [ Ukuhlanganisa: uMongameli angaxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga iseluleko nemvume yezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSigele.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

  • Amandla e-VETO:[ UMongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, aphoqelele ukuthatha umthetho ngamandla amakhulu.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuququzelwa:[ UMongameli angamisa umthetho futhi ahlele ikheli lesizwe eSifundeni se-Union.
  • Iziyalo ezisebenzayo: UMongameli angaqondisa igatsha eliphethe ukuba lisebenzise izimiso phakathi kohlelo lomthetho okhona.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko: Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo.
  • I- I-pretation:[ izinkantolo ezichaza imithetho futhi zinqume ukuthi umthetho usho ukuthini, okungalinganisela indlela izinhlangano eziwaphoqelela ngayo.
  • Ukumiswa kwesikhathi sokuphila:[ Abahluleli bavikelekile ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe, babavumela ukuba bazibuse bebodwa.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukumisa nokuqinisekisa:[ uMongameli umisa amajaji, futhi iSigele kumelwe sibaqinisekise.
  • [ Imithetho ehlelekile: amajaji eFederal angayekwa futhi asuswe yiSishayamthetho sokuziphatha okubi.
  • Juristicition: Isikhongozelo singaguqula ukubusa kweNkantolo Ephakeme futhi sichaze isimo sezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni.
  • Izinguquko: Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngendlela abantu abangawuthandi ngayo, uMkhandlu ungahlela ukulungisa (ngevoti eyisithathu endlini ngayinye) okuthi, uma igunyazwe yizingxenye ezintathu kwezine zesifunda, isuse isinqumo seNkantolo.

Okwenza Amalungelo Akho Ahlolwe Futhi Alinganisele

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuvikela ngokuqondile amalungelo akho ngezindlela eziningi. Okokuqala, sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lisebenze ngokuthanda. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho ovimbela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, uMongameli angawukhipha, noma izinkantolo zingawushaya. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umyalo owephula inqubo efanele, izinkantolo zingawuvimbela, futhi uMkhandlu ungawuvala umthetho wawo. Uma izinkantolo ziphambanisa, ingqungquthela zingawuqeda umthetho noma ngisho nokuwuhlongoza umthetho.

Okwesibili, lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo awaqanjiwe nje kuphela — ayaphoqelelwa. Uma amalungelo akho ephulwa, ungaya enkantolo ezimele ukuze ufune ikhambi. Isikhulu kumelwe silandele iziyalezo zenkantolo, futhi iSishaya - mthetho kumelwe sixhase isimiso sokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye linesigxobo ekulondolozeni umthetho.

Okwesithathu, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuthuthukisa ukubonakala nokulandisa. Ngenxa yokuthi amandla ahlukene, kunzima ngohulumeni ukuba enze ngokufihla. Ukuqulwa kwecala le-Congregational, ukuhlolwa kwezindaba, nokutholakala komphakathi emarekhodini enkantolo konke kunengxenye esimisweni esibonisayo esibeka izikhulu icala ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zesimiso Sokuvikela Amalungelo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye sahlolwa kaningi kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo:

I - New Decreat Necebo Lokuhlasela Kwenkantolo

Ngo-1930, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wahlongoza “icebo lokulungisa” lokunezela amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ngemva kokuqeda izinhlelo eziningi ze-New Deal. UKhomishane wenqaba izinhlelo, futhi ekugcineni iNkantolo yasekela umthetho we-New Deal. Lesi senzakalo sabonisa ukuthi ngisho nomongameli odumile akanakukwazi ukulawula ijaji, ngenxa yesimiso sezikhombi nezilinganiso.

Ihlanekezelo Lamanzi

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon waveza ilungelo lokuvala amatepi aqoshiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ku- United States v. iNixon [19974]) yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi uMongameli kumelwe avumelane nempompo, enqaba ilungelo eliphelele lokuphatha. Amakhasethi aveza ubufakazi bokwenza okubi, futhi uNixon wasula. Ijajicary yahlola umphathi, futhi yasebenzisa amandla ayo okungagunyaza ukuphoqa i-gadia.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ngonyaka ka-1950 no-1960, iSishaya - mthetho samisa umthetho wamalungelo abantu obalulekile naphezu kokuphikisa okukhulu kwemibuso ethile. Lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zimelana, igatsha eliphethe (ngaphansi kukaMongameli uKennedy noJohnson) lamisa umthetho kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zasekela umthetho-sisekelo we-Civil Rights Act and Voing Rights Act. Zontathu izigatsha zabambisana ukuze zandise futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu abambalwa.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nokubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokuhlukana Kwamandla

Namuhla, ukwehlukana kwemibuso kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha, kuhlanganise nokuphamba kwezikhulu, ukunqanda i-grack, nokucela ukwandisa iNkantolo Ephakeme. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso siyashesha kakhulu noma ukuthi imishini yokuhlola ivumela isithikame. Kodwa abaHlanzi baklama isimiso esihlela ukucubungula nokuvikela amalungelo ngaphezu kwempumelelo. Ikhono likahulumeni lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha lingaba ingozi enkululekweni — ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla ukuba athole isisekelo sokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, enkathini yokwanda kokuhlukana okungalingani, imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela kuseyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekubushiseni. Imfuneko yokuba amagatsha amaningi avumelane ngaphambi kokuba izenzo ezinkulu zithathwe isithiyo esisodwa ekubekeni inhloso yaso unomphela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngoMthetho-sisekelo nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, hlola izinqolobane zesizwe ekhasini elisemhlanganweni [ kanye ne-Cornell Information of the Legional Institute’s Constitution .

Isiphetho: Isimiso esakhelwe Wena

Amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni — awezomthetho, abaphathi, nabezokwahlulela — awayona imiqondo engabonakali. Awenza i-United States ibe yirepublic engokomthetho-sisekelo lapho umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nalawo aphethe. Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso nezilinganiso nokulinganisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingaphula amalungelo akho ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya nokunikeza igatsha ngalinye ngezindlela zokumelana nabanye, uMthetho - sisekelo ukha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwanele ukubusa kodwa olinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba uvikele inkululeko.

Amalungelo akho awabhalwa ephepheni nje kuphela — avikelwa isimiso esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho, yonke imithetho, nanoma isiphi isinqumo sivivinywa ngokumelene noMthetho - sisekelo. Ukuqonda lesi simiso kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokusebenzisa amalungelo akho nokufuna ukuba uhulumeni wakho ahlale ngaphansi kwemingcele yawo.