Umqondo weBhill of Rights ungenye yezinqubo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye emiphakathini yentando yeningi. Inkulumo engokomthetho yamalungelo nenqubo kahulumeni ayiqinisekisa izakhamuzi zakhe, futhi isebenza njengesivikelo ekusebenziseni amandla kahulumeni ngokungenangqondo. IBhili yamalungelo ibeka imingcele ecacile egunyeni likahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo ("enjengenkulumo, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanelekile) ayinakuphazanyiswa yizinto ezinkulu noma ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. Engxenyeni yayo, iBhili yamaLungelo liveza isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo eliyifaniswa nalo okumelwe lihloniswe yizwe yizwe yizwe yizwe yizwe.

Iyini Imvume Yamalungelo Abantu?

I-Bill of Rights iyiqoqo elilotshiwe lamalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko bonke abantu abanayo. Ngokuvamile igxile kumthetho-sisekelo wesizwe noma encwadini eyisisekelo somthetho. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wencwadi enjalo uwukuvikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo ezithile zokuzibusa komuntu siqu zihlala zingakholeki. Lamalungelo avame ukuhlanganisa inkululeko yomphakathi neyobupolitiki njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kanye nesivikelo esijezisweni sonya, futhi ngezinye izikhathi anwebela ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, namalungelo esizwe.

Inkulumo ethi “IGill of Rights” yaqala eNgilandi ngekhulu lamaLungelo lonyaka lika-1689, elamiswa ngemva kweNguquko Ekhazimulayo. Lencwadi yamisa imingcele emandla ombuso futhi yaqinisekisa amalungelo ePhalamende nawomuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lo mbono uye wamukelwa futhi washintshwa amazwe asemhlabeni wonke. E-United States, leli gama libhekisela ngokuqondile ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo, kodwa umqondo obanzi uye waba indinganiso yomhlaba wonke embusweni wezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Izimpande zokuhlakanipha zeBill of Rights zisekuQongeni, inkathi yekhulu le - 17 nele - 18 lapho izazi zefilosofi zathuthukisa khona imibono ngamalungelo emvelo, izivumelwano zezenhlalo, kanye nelungelo lohulumeni. Izingqondo ezinjengoJohn Locke zaphikisa ngokuthi abantu abanamalungelo angenakuthathwa ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla, nokuthi ohulumeni bakhiwa ukuze bavikele lawomalungelo. Isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu sathonya futhi ukuthuthuka kwamalungelo nezilinganiso, kamuva okwakuzoba isakhiwo esihambisana neSipho sikaBills of Rights.

Phambi kwe-Clifing, imibhalo yokuqala enjengeMagna Carta (1215) kakade yayisabeke imingcele egunyeni lobukhosi, ikakhulukazi iqinisekisa izinqubo ezithile zomthetho nesivikelo kubantu abakhululekile. I-Lill of Rights ka-1689 yayiyisandulela esiqondile, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-monarch ayinakuyimisa imithetho, intela ye-levy ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende, noma iphazamisa ukhetho lwephalamende. Yayihlanganisa futhi namalungiselelo enkululeko yokukhuluma ePhalamende, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali zamaProthestani, nesivikelo ezijelweni ezinonya nezingajwayelekile.

Lezi zibonelo zesiNgisi zathonya kakhulu abathathi bamakoloni baseMelika. Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubuthwa ngo-1787, ekuqaleni wawungenayo iBill of Rights, iqiniso elabangela impikiswano eshubile. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlawuliswa, abaFederalst bathembisa ukunezela ukuncishiswa okuzovikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuqondile. Umphumela waba ukuqedwa kokuqala kwenkululeko yokuqala eyishumi, okwamukelwa ngo1791. I-U.S. uBill of Rights isiye yaba isibonelo kwezinye izizwe eziningi.

Izingxenye Zencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Nakuba amalungelo akhethekile aqukethwe kuyi - Bill of Rights ehlukahluka kuye ngamazwe, ngokuvamile atholakala ezinhlamvwini eziningi ezinjalo:

  • Inkululeko: Lezinto zihlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nenkolo. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “isizukulwane sokuqala” futhi zibalulekile ekuthatheni isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi nasekuzilawuleni komuntu ngamunye.
  • [[QUT:0] Isivikelo seLegal:[ Amalungelo ahlobene nokwahlulela kobugebengu, njengamalungelo ecala lobulungisa nomphakathi, isivikelo ekuzibekeleni icala, ukunqatshelwa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili, nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ombuso asetshenziswa ngokulunga.
  • Amalungelo omthetho: Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka, futhi ngokuvamile ilungelo elibanzi lokuba wedwa, ezikhathini zanamuhla elidlulela ekwazini kokwaziswa kolwazi lwezinombolo naselwazini lomuntu siqu.
  • Amalungelo okulingana: Iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho nokwenqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izikhundla.
  • Amalungelo angokwezentengiselwano: Amalungelo okuvota, ukunxusa uhulumeni, nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi.

Ezinye izimemo zanamuhla zamaLungelo zihlanganisa futhi amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo, njengelungelo lemfundo, lokunakekela impilo nezindlu.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo E - United States Ngokujula

I-United States Bill of Rights yakha izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo, ezagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Ingxoxo ngayinye elungisa izikhalo eziqondile ezavezwa abaqondisi bezinto ezimelene ne-Anti-Federalist, ababesaba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha oyinhloko uzoba namandla kakhulu. Nakhu ukuhlola okuningi ngokulungisa ngakunye:

  • Isichibiyeli sokuqala: Isivumelwano soMkhandlu sokwenza imithetho “ihloniphe ukumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” Lokhu kuyindlela yokuqeda ukubusa ngentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi kuvikela ukuthengiselana kwemibono okusobala.
  • Isichibiyeli esihlangene: sivikela “ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha iziXhobo.” Ukuchazwa kwalenguquko kuye kwaphikiswana kakhulu, neNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zokuzigoma [ku-[FLT:] [2008].
  • ISichibiyelo esiphindiwe: simisa ukufakwa kwengxenye yesine yamasosha emakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomniniyo ngesikhathi sokuthula. Nakuba kungavamile ukucelwa, siqinisa isimiso sokulawula ibutho lezempi.
  • Isichibiyeli sonyaka: sivikela “ekufuneni okungacabangeki nokuquleka” futhi sidinga izimvume zokusekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. Lokhu kushintsha kuye kwaba yisici esiyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zokuqapha kukahulumeni namathuba ezindaba zobuchwepheshe.
  • Isichibiyeli se-FTth: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikwa amajaji amakhulu, sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili, sivikela ekuzithuleni (ilungelo lokuthula), siqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile yomthetho, futhi sinqabela ukuthatha impahla yangasese ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa (indawo ebanzi).
  • Isichibiyeli se-xtix: siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokwazi amacala, ukubhekana nofakazi, nokuba neseluleko esingokomthetho.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nanhlanu: Ilondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezinkantolo zomphakathi lapho inani lidlula amadollar angamashumi amabili (R1) futhi ilinganisela ikhono lezinkantolo lokuqeda ukutholwa kwabahluleli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isichibiyeli se-eghth dometer:[ Ibheyili eshisiwe, amafashini aphakeme, kanye “nesijeziso esingavamile.” Lokhu kulungisa kuyisisekelo sempikiswano ngesigwebo sokufa nezimo zasejele.
  • Isichibiyeli seNyakatho: AmaZwe ukuthi uhlaziyo lwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo ngeke luthathwe njengolulahla noma olulahla amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinamalungelo angaphezu kwalawo asohlwini.
  • IsiHluzi se-Tenteth: Iziqiwi ezisesifundazweni noma kubantu wonke amandla angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma anqatshelwe ezifundazweni. Kuqinisa isimiso sobuzwe kanye namandla esizwe alinganiselwe.

IBhili Lamalungelo LaseU.S. liye landiswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngeSichibiyelo Se - Accolas Se - Account Se - 14th, esisebenza eziningi zalezi zivikelo kohulumeni bezwe − inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i - Accomplication.

Okwenza Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sibe Esibalulekile

I-Bill of Rights ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi embusweni wentando yeningi. Okokuqala, ilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngokuchaza lokho uhulumeni angenakukwenza, idala isigaba senkululeko yomuntu siqu esingenamingcele ukuze ingenele. Lokhu kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni unyamezelo lweningi, lapho umzwelo othandwayo ubungawadlula khona amalungelo abantu noma amaqembu amancane.

Okwesibili, lapho amalungelo ebhalwa futhi ephoqelelwa izinkantolo ezizimele, izakhamuzi zinendinganiso eqinile okufanele zilinganisele kuyo izenzo zikahulumeni.

Okwesithathu, ivikela imiphakathi esengozini. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuvota nokwenqabela ubandlululo liqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu angaphansi angahlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini. Izibonelo ezingokomlando, njengenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi eUnited States kanye nomzabalazo omelene nezimiso zomphakathi eNingizimu Afrika, zibonisa indlela iziNgqoko zamalungelo abantu ezingasetshenziswa ngayo ekuxazululeni ukungabi nabulungisa okungokwesimiso somphakathi.

Ekugcineni, i - Bill of Rights ifundisa umphakathi ngezindinganiso eziyisisekelo zomphakathi.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Enye yezindima ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-Bill of Rights ukuvikela amadlanzana ezisebenzini ezingase zibuswe yizihlupho eziningi. Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi, iningi lingalingeka ukuba liphoqelele ukubeka intando yalo emaqenjini aphikisanayo. I-Bill of Rights iqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo yezemfundo (njengezomthetho), ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe, kanye nokukhuluma okungokwesiko . Lesimiso saqokonyiswa kakhulu yi-U.S. iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette[ [193]), eyayithiwe ukuthi uhulumeni awunakuphoqeka izakhamuzi ukuba zishaye ifule uma iphula izinkolelo zazo. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi i-Bill yamaLuthoist of Rights “toics of the geography.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Izizwe eziningi ziye zamukela iBills of Rights ezibonisa umlando nezindinganiso zazo eziyingqayizivele. Nazi izibonelo eziphawulekayo:

  • : I-Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, emiswa ngo-1982, iqinisekisa inkululeko eyisisekelo (ukucindezelwa, ingqungquthela, inkolo), amalungelo entando yeningi, amalungelo okuhamba ngentando yeningi, amalungelo angokomthetho, amalungelo okulingana, namalungelo olimi. Ihlanganisa futhi “imingcele enengqondo” evumela ohulumeni ukuba bathethelele imingcele uma bengaba amademoni athethelelwa ngokunenzuzo emphakathini okhululekileyo nowentando yeningi. ICharter ibinethonya elikhulu kakhulu emthethweni nakumasiko aseCanada.
  • IsiJalamani: ngo-1949] UMthetho Oyisisekelo (Grundesetz) ngo-1949 uqukethe uhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise nesithunzi (i-typicle 1) njengenani eliphakeme lomthetho-sisekelo. Ivikela amalungelo ahloniphekayo kodwa ihlanganisa nezimiso zezenhlalo. I-German Federal Constitutional Council Court iwart iwaqinisa ngenkuthalo lamalungelo futhi iye yasungula izimfundiso ezifana “nohlelo lwenani elibalulekile” ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo agcwele kuzo zonke izindawo zomthetho.
  • Indiya: Umthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya (wabekwa ngo-1949) uhlanganisa isethi yamalungelo ayisisekelo (Ingxenye III) afana neBhili lamalungelo ase-U.S. kodwa futhi ahlanganisa amalungiselelo ayingqayizivele anjengokuqedwa kokuncitshiswa kwe-athonsity kanye nelungelo lamakhambi omthetho-mfashini (i-Actle 32). Izinkantolo zaseNdiya ziye zanikeza lamalungelo incazelo ebanzi, ngokuvamile eziwasebenzisa ngokumelene nemidlalo yangasese.
  • I-Afrika yaseNingizimu: I-partheid Constitution ka-1996 ihlanganisa iBill of Rights ebhekwa kabanzi njengenye yentuthuko enkulu emhlabeni. Ivikela kokubili amalungelo omphakathi/opolitiki namalungelo ezomnotho (njengelungelo lezindlu, ezokwelapha, ukudla, namanzi). INkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ikhiphe imithetho yezwe eqinisekisa ukulingana nesithunzi sobuntu.
  • Umbuso uhlangene: i-UK ayinaso iSigqebhezana esisodwa samalungelo abantu, kodwa uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1998 uhlanganisa i-European Convention on Human Rights nomthetho wesizwe. Lokhu kunikeza isivikelo esifanayo, nakuba i-Act ingalungiswa noma ihlawulwe futhi yiningi elivamile ePhalamente.

I- Isimemezelo esingavumelaniyo samalungelo abantu [ [UDHR] eyamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948] isebenza futhi njengendinganiso yembulunga yonke, nakuba ingaphoqelelwanga ngokuqondile. Imithetho-mthetho yezizwe eminingi iye yathonywa yizivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezilandelayo.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Eziya Ezimvimbeni Zamalungelo Abantu

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, iBhills of Rights ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezweni lanamuhla. Ohulumeni bavame ukufuna ukunciphisa amalungelo egameni lokulondeka kwesizwe, impilo yomphakathi, noma uhlelo lwezenhlalayenza. Ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11 kwamiswa imithetho eminingi yokuhlola imibuso yentando yeningi nezindlela zokulwa nezokulwa nezokulwa nezokuhlasela zezikhali ezaphazamisa inqubo yangasese nenqubo efanelekile. Muva nje, umqedazwe we-COVOVAD uholele ekuvid wesikhashana ezindaweni ezinhlanganweni, engqungqutheleni nasekukhulekeleni inkolo, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngemingcele yemibuso kahulumeni ebucayi.

Enye inselele ivela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe okusheshayo. Ukuxhumana ngemishini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kuye kwadala imingcele emisha yamalungelo anjengemfihlo, inkululeko yokuveza ingcaciso, nokuthola ukwaziswa. Izinkantolo nabenzi bomthetho basaphikisana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso ezindala ukuhlanganisa izinto, ukucwasana, nokusebenzisa i-internet.

Cultural and political polarization can also undermine support for Bills of Rights. When segments of the population feel that rights are being applied selectively or that certain groups are exploiting protections, public confidence in the system can erode. Debates over the Second Amendment in the United States or blasphemy laws in other countries illustrate the tensions that can arise.

Izincazelo Ezingokomthetho

Incazelo yeBhili leMalungelo ayisho lutho; ishintsha ngokuchaza incazelo yokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zisebenza ngokusebenzisa umbhalo ezimpikiswaneni eziqinile, futhi abahluleli abahlukene bangamukela amafilosofi ahlukene. Abaqondisi bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi amalungelo kufanele aqondwe njengangesikhathi sokumiswa kweSibili iSimemezelo, kuyilapho abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo bekholelwa ukuthi izimiso kufanele zivumelane nezimo zezenhlalo. Lengxoxo yokuchaza ivelele kakhulu eUnited States, lapho ukuqamba kweNkanto ephakeme kungaguqula khona indlela yokuvikela amalungelo ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa kweSichibiyeli sesibili, izinga lokukhuluma ngenkululeko, nencazelo yesijeziso esingavamile.” yonke lenkulumo echazayo ibilokhu iphikisana ngokunamandla.

Emazweni amaningi, izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo zinemibuso eqinile yokuhlola kokwahlulela, ezivumela ukuba zishaye umthetho owephula iBhili lamaLungelo. Lombuso ubalulekile kodwa futhi uphikisana, ngoba ungabeka amajaji angakhethwanga esikhundleni sokukhipha izinqumo zentando yeningi. Ukulinganisela ukuqondisa kokwahlulela nobukhosi bomthetho kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ikusasa Lezincwadi Zamalungelo Abantu

Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka, ngokufanayo nezindlela ezivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

  • Ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo ne-Data: lihlolwa ngokuhlola okukhulu, ukuchaza i-biometric, nokuguqula imininingwane yomuntu siqu. Amanye amazwe aye asungula amalungelo amasha obuchwepheshe, njenge-General Data Protection Regitection (GDPR) kanye “nelungelo lokukhohlakala.”
  • Inkululeko yokukhuluma nge-Online:[ amasiteji ezokuxhumana aseyindawo entsha yomphakathi, kodwa izimiso zawo zokulinganisela ezingaphakathi zingavimbela inkulumo ngezindlela ezingeke zivumelane uma zingenziwa uhulumeni. Impikiswano yokuthi amapulatifomu “abadlali bezesifunda” nokuthi yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo abanayo eqhubekayo.
  • I-New Rights for a Transformation World:[ Kunezingcingo ezikhulayo zokuqaphela amalungelo ahlobene nendawo ezungezile, izakhi zofuzo, ukuvela kwe-algorithm, ngisho namalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo. Amanye amazwe asehlanganise kakade amalungelo endawo ezungezile emithethweni yawo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa imbulunga yonke namalungelo abantu: ukwakheka kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengeSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawasezombangazwe, okwenezelelwa kwesizwe iMikolo yamalungelo. Nokho, ukunyuka kwezinhlangano zobuzwe nezokubusa kungasongela ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

I- Isikhonkwane somphakathi waseMelika i-Liberties Union (ACLU) nezinhlangano ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka zinikeza i-ligita kanye nokusekela ukugcinwa kwamalungelo akhona. Okwamanje, izazi nabenzi bezimiso bahlola indlela yokuzivumelanisa kangcono kakhulu isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ezweni elihlangeneyo.

Isiphetho

I-Bill of Rights ihlala iyisisekelo esiyinhloko sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho senkululeko, ukulingana, nobulungisa, futhi inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuba izakhamuzi zibone ukuthi ohulumeni bazo bazo banecala. Nakuba kungekho ncwadi engaqinisekisa inkululeko ngokuphazima kweso, iBill of Rights eqinile, esekelwa yikhosha nge-jaji elizimele nomphakathi oqaphile wesizwe, iyithuluzi elingcono kakhulu elisungulwe ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuxhashazweni. Ukuqonda umlando wayo, izimiso, nezinselele akuwona nje kuphela isifunda sezakhamuzi ezizinikele ekulondolozweni kwentando yeningi. Ngokufunda nangokuvikela uBill wenkululeko yenkululeko elwiwayo ngemva kwalokho.