Isisekelo Samalungelo Omphakathi Nenkululeko

Umqondo wamalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko eUnited States usekelwe ezibhalweni ezisunguliwe zesizwe, kodwa uye waba indawo yokulwa nokuchaza okuqhubekayo. Inkululeko eyisisekelo ibhekisele ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho okusekelwe ezicini ezinjengohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, noma ukukhubazeka, nakuba inkululeko iyinkululeko eqinisekisiwe yi-Bill of Rights, i-speech, isonto, ingqungquthela, kanye nemfihlo. Ukuqonda ukudlala phakathi kwalemiqondo emibili kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela umthetho oye wandisa ngayo isivikelo emaqenjini ahlukene phakathi nesikhathi.

UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo ekuqaleni wawunezivikelo ezimbalwa ezicacile zamalungelo abantu. I-Bill of Rights, eyagunyazwa ngo-1791, yanezela izinguquko eziyishumi ezivikela izakhamuzi ekuphathweni nguhulumeni. Nokho, lezi zithiyo zasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, hhayi izifundazwe (igebe elingavalwanga ngokuphelele kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20 lemfundiso yokuhlanganiswa kweSichibiyelo se - 14. ISiphendulo sezente [[FLT:] 1868]]) iSikhungo esiphelele sika Clauslee neSigungu-Simende, esaba izinqubo zokwanda kwamalungelo abantu. Kodwa isithembiso salemiya mithetho sasingakholiziwe kakhulu cishe ngekhulu leminyaka ngemva kwemithetho ehlangene nemithetho yeNkakhulu [FFFOR.] [12]

Umzabalazo wanamuhla wamalungelo ezakhamuzi woma 1950 nawo 1960 waguqula ngokuyisisekelo isimo somthetho. Umthetho we-Landmark onjengomthetho we-Civil Rights Act ka-1944 kanye ne-[FLT] Ukuvota Amalungelo [ilungelo] ka-1965] ukuhlukanisa uhulumeni ngokucalucalucalucalulo ezindlweni zomphakathi, emsebenzini, nokuvota. Lemithetho, ihlangene neziyalo zezikhulu nemithetho yenkantolo, yakha isakhiwo esalandela izinhlangano ezithiwayo, amalungelo abesifazane, ukukhubazeka, amalungelo e-LBT++++ . Ukucaca ucalucalucalucalulo olujulileyo ngokomlando, [FF:]

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nokulinganiselwa Kwawo Kusenesikhathi

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zamiswa: ukusebenzisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yenkolo, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli, namalungelo ommangalelwa. Nokho, lamalungelo ekuqaleni athathwa njengetshe lokuhlola amandla kahulumeni. Incazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme yeSichibiyelo Sesibili, ngokwesibonelo, iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba kuboniwe ku [[FLT]] [[1]] [[FLT]] i-heller [2008] [2008], eqaphela ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lokuba nezikhali zokuzilwa kwezikhali zokuzihloma. Ngokufanayo, isivikelo sokukhuluma siye savivinywa emongweni yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano. [FFFFT] [FFFF:]

Imithetho Engokomthetho Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Izinsika ezintathu zomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi zivelele njengezishintshayo:

  • Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1942: isiqu se-with II sanqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ezindaweni zomphakathi; isihloko VII savimbela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Lokhu kwadala futhi i-Ecomilt Accounting Obportounty Commission (EOC) ukuze kuphoqelelwe izivikelo zasemsebenzini.
  • Umthetho weVoting Rights ka-65: Lomthetho wasusa ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, intela yokuvota, nezinye izithiyo ezisetshenziselwa ukususa i-Enfranchance Blackvotation. Isigaba 5 sasidinga amagunya ahlukene nomlando wokucwaswa ngo-“kuqala” noma iziphi izinguquko zokuvota nohulumeni we-*. Ilungiselelo elikhishwe yiNkantolo ePhakathi yeNkantolo e [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]]. Shelby County v. .Har [[FLT: 4.] , [2017]) , ezibusa izimpikiswano ngemithetho yokuvota kanye ne-geverder.
  • I-Fair House Act ka-1968: izivikelo ezengeziwe ekucwaseni ubandlululo, ekuqasheni, nasekusekeleni indlu. Iziphetho zamuva zenezela isivikelo semikhaya enabantwana nabantu abakhubazekile.

Lemithetho yayingezona izimo ezizenzekelayo. Ukuphoqelela kwadingeka ukuba kwenziwe inselele eqhubekayo, izinselele zenkantolo, nezenzo zokuphatha. ACLU umsebenzi we-A'ss owezobulungisa bezinhlanga ubonisa indlela ukuhlaziywa okuqhubeka ngayo ukuqinisa lemithetho.

Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba yisivikelo nenkemba emalungelo omphakathi nasenkululekoni. Izinqumo zayo ziye zandisa amalungelo kwezinye inkathi futhi zawathola kwezinye iziqu. Ukuqonda amacala ayinhloko kunikeza ibalazwe lomlando waseMelika ongokomthetho.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

  • [FLT][FLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Ngokuphindaphinda yashaya phansi “kabili kodwa ilingana” imfundo, yagumbuqela [ Presev. Ferguson. Lendaba yabonisa amandla obufakazi besayensi yezenhlalo (“ukuhlolwa kwezesayensi”) ukuguqula incazelo yomthetho-mthetho. Ukwenqaba okulandelayo (ukumelana ne-"FLT) kuhlanganisa “ukwenqaba” eNingizimu--Qunian .[FLT] kubonise ukuthi ukubusa kwenkantolo kukodwa akunakuqinisekisa ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle.
  • [FLT] . [1973]]: Yaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se 1450 selungelo lokukhipha isisu. Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50, yagumbuqelwa [[[FLT:][FLT]][5]]. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], ibuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu kumazwe. Lokhu kugcizelela ngisho nokusebenza kwesibonelo eside.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) : Umshado owenziwe ngokomthetho ofana nowesilisa ezweni lonke, ophethe ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yi-Sect Programme ne-Moncial Clausetal Programme. Icala elakhiwe ku United States v. Windsor, eyahlasela incazelo yomshado yomthetho womshado njengowendoda nowesifazane.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2013): Yawaphula indlela yokuhlanganisa esetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amagunya adinga ukucaca kusengaphambili ngaphansi koMthetho weVoting Rights Act. Lokhu kwaholela ekubekeni imingcele emisha yokuvota emazweni angaphambili agqunyiwe, eqokomisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokungena kokuvota.

Ezinye izinqumo ezibalulekile zihlanganisa Genon v. Wainwright (1963]) (ilungelo lokululeka), [[FLT:]][FLT]][FULT]]][FULT]][[FOLT]][[FLT]][66][6] [[66][6][6] [[66]] [ilungelo lokuhlala uthule], [[[FLT] [[FLT:][9][9][9][4] [ivovFLT] v [FLT] [enceright [ellssssss] [enceright] inqubo yobulungisa yobulungisa.[Foglome]

Impikiswano Yamanje Emalungelo Omphakathi Nasemahloni Enkululeko

Izindaba eziphathelene nokushintshwa kwamaphoyisa, amalungelo okuvota, amalungelo okudlulisa amalungelo nokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kugcwele ezihloko eziphambili nasezinkantolo.

Ukushintsha Kwamaphoyisa Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Phezulu-profile yokubulala abantu abamnyama abangahlomile − Gegeona Floyd, Breenna Taylor, Eric Garner, wasusa ukubhikisha okukhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S. ngo-2020. Lezinhlangano zifuna ukulandisa ngezilinganiso ezinjengokuvinjelwa kweminyango, ziqede ukuvinjelwa okufanelekayo, futhi zichezukise ukuxhaswa kwezimali ezisekelweni zezenhlala-khaya. Imizamo enjenge [[FLT:] [FLT] [0]] IJajilo] Floved Justice [[FLT:] iqhubeke isenza amaphoyisa amacala eKhompile, kodwa amaningi anikeze izinguquko. [[FLT] [FFF]] [5] [5]

Ukuthola Amalungelo Nokukhetha

Ngemva kwesinqumo [[[FLT: 0] i-Shelby County isho ukuthi kulo lonke izwe kudluliswe imithetho ye-ioctid yevoti, inciphisile amahora okuvota angaphambili, futhi isuse amavoti adwetshiwe. Imizamo yokubuyisela amaLungelo (i-Volt Act: 2) John Lewis Volting Rights Act [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]]]] .[FLT]] RUPFF:[6]][6][9]][9]][i-i-igerrymaning, ikakhulukazi i-gerrydering, i-germaning, iyaqhubeka inciphisa amandla amancane okuvota. Inkantolo engcono ayibukeli kahle izinkantolo zezombangazwe zezentengosi ye-FLC.[FFFF]] [9] Imvume egunyaza imvume engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho:[FFFoct:]

Amalungelo Okudlulisa Isikhumba Nezinqubo Ezizihambelayo

Abantu abachaphazelekayo baye baba yisici esiyinhloko empini yokulwela amalungelo omphakathi. Izwe liye lamisa imithetho evimbela intsha ukuba ihlanganyele emidlalweni yesikole ehambisana nobulili bayo, ilinganisela ukufinyelela ekunakekeleni impilo-yobulili kwabancane, futhi iqondisa ukufinyelela kwendlu yokugeza. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT: 0][FL] [1] [FLT] [1] Bostock v. County[[[FLT:]] [20] [2002]] , esasikholelwa ukuthi iSihlomo se VII'slo sivimbela ukucwaswa kwenkanuko yobulili sihlanganisa ukubonakaliswa kwenkanuko yobulili nokuzibophana kwabesilisa, sinikeza isihlangulo esingokomthetho emsebenzini. Nokho, izinselele ukuqhubeka nemithetho enjengemithetho evimbela ukuvundabulongweni.[FLD] [2][3][3][3]

Ukukhuluma Ngokukhululeka Enkathini Yezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sibhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha kuyi-inthanethi. Amaqonga ezokuxhumana asesilinganisweni, aphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi asebenza yini njengabadlali bezwe (futhi kanjalo kumelwe asekele inkulumo ekhululekile) noma izinhlangano ezizimele ngemithetho yazo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ]][FLT]]] Phackham v. North Carolina[ [2017] [20:7] [20:3] [i-'i-isivikelo ukufinyelela kwezezindaba zezenhlalo njengendawo yokukhuluma] kanye [FLT:] [iv5]]. Net codition v [FLT [FLT] [FLD] [FL:6] [204] [ig] [ixP] ama-panethi aphakathi kwemithensi, futhi unyukelele, futhi unyusehlu."

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwezomnotho

Amalungelo omphakathi ahlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobulungisa bezomnotho. Igebe lengcebo yohlanga, ukwehlukana kwezemfundo, nokuthola okungalingani kwezempilo kuyizinkinga zokwakha eziqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Izenzo zokuthatha isinyathelo emakholiji zancitshiswa kakhulu yiNkantolo . [Izimo zemali] zemali ze-fair Adgictss. Harvard[[FLT:] [FLT]] [2002] , ezigadla igezelele igee. Lesinqumo siyokuthinta ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthatha amasuntwana kwemikhasi.[FLT][5] futhi [FFLT] [FF] [FLT] [5] [5] [iK] ikhefulksestero yomthetho womthetho]

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ekufundiseni Amalungelo Omphakathi

Othisha banomthwalo wemfanelo oyingqayizivele wokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ubunkimbinkimbi bamalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko, hhayi njengomlando osunqunyiwe, kodwa njengomzabalazo oqhubekayo. Amasu okufundisa aphumelelayo angakhuthaza ukucabanga kokugxeka, uzwela, kanye nokuthembisana umphakathi.

Umlando Oshukumisayo Nezenzakalo Zanamuhla

Abafundi kudingeka babone ukuthi izingxabano zangesikhathi esidlule zihlobene kanjani nezimpikiswano zanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufundisa i-Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s kanye nenhlangano yama-Black Live Matter kubonisa indlela amasu (ukubhikisha okungenabudlova, isenzo esingokomthetho, imikhankaso yezindaba) azenzeka ngayo. Amasu esifundo angaqhathanisa amasu kaMartin Luther King Jr. noMalcolm X, noma ukuhlola indlela iSimemezelo samaLungelo [okuqala] (ohlongongongo-1923) agunyaziswa ngayo ekugcineni ngo-202020 kodwa hhayi umagazini wamanje ongokomthetho.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Eyisisekelo Nemibono Ehlukahlukene

Ukufunda amazwi abashisekeli, abamisi-mthetho, nezakhamuzi ezivamile kuletha umlando ophilayo. I-Library of Congress’s Colivil Rights History Project [ inikeza imilando yomlomo evela kumalungu. Othisha futhi kufanele bahlanganise amazwi avela emaqenjini ahlukene ngokuvamile ashiyeka ezincwadini zezincwadi. Okufana ne-Latinx abasebenzi bepulazi (Chavez, Dolores Huerta), Indialssbon (Melika yaseNdiya, abavikeli bamanzi), kanye nabashisekeli be-American (Fred Korematsu, Vincents Chin). Ukugqamisa ukuhlukanisa kwemibalwa kwezincwadi (ikhulu, i-Chinstrue, isigaba, ubulili, isigaba socalism .)

Ukuthuthukisa Inkulumo Yangaphakathi Nempikiswano

Amakilasi kufanele abe nezindawo eziphephile zokuxoxa ngezihloko eziphikisanayo. Izimpikiswano ezihlelwayo ezisezindabeni ezinjengemingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma (zonda inkulumo v. isivikelo) noma incazelo yokulingana (ukulingana kwamathuba vs. ukulingana komphumela) zisiza abafundi ukuba baveze izimpikiswano. Othisha bangasebenzisa ukuzwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngezihloko ezifana nenkulumo edidayo ([FLT]]] [FLT]]] Isikhala somlomo. [FLTY]], ama-marsev.[FLT][FLT][FLT]] [5]] noma umthetho womthetho wezenzo zobuvuma. [FLT]]

Imisebenzi Yokuqinisekisa

Abafundi bafunda kangcono kakhulu izakhamuzi ngokwenza imisebenzi. Imisebenzi yenkonzo .njengokubhalisa abavoti, ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela ngezinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho, noma ukwenza imikhankaso yokuqaphelisa umphakathi . zenza abafundi baqonde izinhlangano. Izikole zingasebenzisana nezahluko zendawo ze-ACLU, i-NAACP, noma amaqembu amalungelo okufuduka ukuze anikeze imfundo esekelwe emphakathini. Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba baye emihlanganweni yesikole noma emabhukwini ezindaba eziphathelene namalungelo omphakathi kubonisa indlela idemokhrasi esebenza ngayo ezingeni lendawo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabafundi abahlala isikhathi eside, kunezinto eziningi eziwusizo ukuze kujuliswe ukuqonda amalungelo ezakhamuzi nenkululeko. Ngezansi kunohlu oluhleliwe lwemithombo ephakeme.

Izincwadi

  • ``I-Jim Entsha Crow: Ukuhlanganisa iMisa eNkathini yombala'' [ nguMichelle Alexander – Ukuhlolwa okugxekayo kwendlela impi ngemilaliso nesimiso sobulungisa bezegebengu esiqhubekisela ngayo phambili isigaba sabefundisi sobuhlanga.
  • `Isihe esilungile: Indaba yobulungisa nentengiselwano” nguBryan Stevenson-A aretir ummeli ojezisa ukufa ohlola ubandlululo olungokwesimiso sobulungisa namandla esihe.
  • “Isuswe kusukela ekuqaleni: Umlando weRefiactal History of Racist Ideas eMelika” [ ngu-Ibram X. Kendi – Umlando obanzi wemicabango yobuhlanga nokumelana nempi yamaRoma.
  • "Amalungelo abaFundi: Isiqondiso esiyisisekelo se-ACLU kumalungelo omfundi” [ nguJanet R. Price, Alan H. Levine, noEva Cary – Isiqondiso esiwusizo sokuqonda ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukukhululeka, nenqubo efanele ezikoleni.
  • `Impi Yenkululeko Yokukhuluma: Icala Eliyishumi Elichaza Inkululeko Yethu Yokuqala'' ngu-Ian Rosenberg – ukuhlolwa kwendaba okufinyelelekayo kokunikezwa kwenkululeko.

Imibhalo Namabhayisikobho

  • (dir. Ava DuVernay, 2016) - Ihlola ukuhlangana kohlanga, ubulungisa, kanye nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi e-United States.
  • `Angiyona i-Negro''' (dir. Raoul Peck, 2016) – Isekelwe kuJames Baldwin umbhalo wesandla ongakapheli, ucabanga ngokuphila nokubulawa kwe-Medgar Evers, Malcolm X, kanye noMartin Luther King Jr.
  • `Lapho Besibona” [dir.Ava DuVernay, 2019] – Ukuqokonyiswa kwendaba yeCentral Park Five, okuqokomisa ubandlululo lobuhlanga esimisweni sobulungisa.
  • "Indaba Yothando” [dir. Nancy Buirski, 2011] – Indaba kaRichard noMildred Loving, abafakelwe umshado wezinhlanga ezihlukene ngokomthetho.

Izikole Nezinqubo Zokufundisa Kuyi - Internet

  • [ "Inkululeko yamalungelo neyangaphakathi” (iSikhungo senkonzo, esinikezwa yiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania) – Izifundo zokuhlola ezihlanganisa umthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano zamanje.
  • "Umthetho weSizwe” (exX, enikezwa yiHarvard University) – Ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezecala eziyinhloko zeNkantolo Ephakeme nezimfundiso.
  • i-“American Poligin Rights: From Slave to the Prent” [I-Khan Academy] - Inkululeko, izimodyuli ezizimele ngamavidiyo nemithombo eyinhloko.
  • ukufundisa umlando onzima: ubugqila baseMelika” (Ukufunda Ubulungisa) – Ikhokhisi elikhokhelwayo lobuchwepheshe kubafundisi, elinezisekelo zokufundisa ngobugqila nefa labo.

Izinhlangano Nezingosi

  • Isikhonkwane sase-Americana senkululeko yomphakathi (ACLU) - Inikeza izindaba, amacala asenkantolo, nesithi “Yazi Amalungelo Akho” iziqondisi. Shayela aclu.org[.
  • [[QT: 0] [I-NACP] Esemthethweni Isivikelo neFomati (LDF) – Litifaces ngenxa yobulungisa bohlanga. Ukuvakashela acpldf. org[.
  • Ukufunda Ubulungisa (ngaphambili ukufundisa ukubekezelelana) – inikeza imithombo yekilasi ekwahluleleni komphakathi namalungelo omphakathi. Ukuvakashela ufunda ukwahlulela ngokulunga. org[.
  • Isikhungo somthetho-sisekelo sesizwe - Ithuluzi loMthendeleko ongenisayo, ama-podcast, kanye namakilasi aphilayo. Ukuvakashela constitutioncenter.org.
  • Brennan Center for Justice - Igxile emalungelweni okuvota, emalini yomkhankaso, nakushintsho lobulungisa bobugebengu. Ukuvakashela brennantcenter.org.

Isiphetho

Navigating the complexities of civil rights and libertiesKudinga okungaphezu kokwazi izigigaba eziphawuliwe noma umthetho. Kudinga ukuqonda amandla angokomlando aye athonya umthetho, ukulwa okuqhubekayo okubekela imingcele yawo inselele, nendima yesakhamuzi ngasinye ekusekeleni izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Kubafundisi, lokhu kusho ukuthatha ikhanda ngekhanda izenzakalo zezinsuku nezenzakalo ukuze kuveze ukucabanga okugxekayo ngobulungisa, ukulingana, nenkululeko. Kubafundi, kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi amalungelo abawajabulelayo namuhla azuzwa ngemizamo yezizukulwane ezidlule − futhi ukuthi isithembiso sabo siqu singalolonga ikusasa. Ngokufundisa impela, i-mathistyy, indaba eshukumisayo yamalungelo omphakathi, sihlomisela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba siqhube lowo msebenzi.[[I]