Isingeniso

Umlando wemibuso kahulumeni awusona nje isici sababusi nemithetho, kodwa uyindaba yendlela izinhlangano zabantu ezihlela ngayo imibuso ehlangene ukuze kulinganiswe ukuhleleka, ubulungisa, nenkululeko. Kusukela edolobheni lakudala kuya ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zemishini yokuhlola, izinga nemingcele kahulumeni kuye kwavivinywa ngokuqhubekayo, kwachazwa futhi kwaphikiswana. Ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza izakhamuzi nabaholi ukuba bahambele izinselele ngokufunda ekuphumeleleni nasekwehlulekeni. Lesihloko sikhomba ukukhula nokubekwa kwegunya likahulumeni phakathi kwezikhathi eziyinhloko zomlando, sinikeza izibonelo eziqinile ezikhanyisa ukuqina okuphikelelayo phakathi kwamandla nenkululeko.

Impucuko Yasendulo Nokuvela Kukahulumeni

Lapho amaqembu abazingeli bakwa - jikidi bakhula aba imiphakathi yezolimo, kwakudingeka amathuluzi amasha okuqondisa ukunisela, ukuvikela indawo, nezingxabano zezimemezelo.

EMesopotamiya: Imibuso Yokuqala YamaButho Ombuso

Ngonyaka ka-3000 BCE, amaSumer asungula ama-dolophana okuqala aziwayo, njenge-Uri ne-Uruk. La baphathi abasemaphakathi balawula umnotho wethempeli, imithetho ehlangene (okuningi edumileyo Code kaHammurabi, c. 1754 BCE), futhi balondoloza amabutho amile. [Imithetho] yaqinisekisa ukuthi inkosi yayingumahluleli omkhulu nomthetho, kodwa futhi yabeka imingcele, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubeka isijeziso esifanelana nobugebengu. Lemithetho yokulawula phakathi kwezwe ne-procracracture yaba isigaba se-partyd ye-deydrum[[[FLT]

IGibithe Lasendulo: Ububusi Baphezulu

EGibithe, uFaro wayengumholi wezombangazwe nowenkolo, ehlanganisa unkulunkulu uHorus eMhlabeni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwamandla kwenza umbuso wakwazi ukuhlanganisa amabutho amakhulu asebenzayo okwakha i-piramidry nemisebenzi emikhulu yokunisela. Ukubekwa kwegunya ngaphansi kukaFaro kwaqinisekisa ukuqina cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane emithathu, kodwa futhi kwasho futhi ukuthi umbusi obuthakathaka noma ongathandwanga angaholela ekuncipheni ngokushesha, njengoba kuboniswa phakathi nenkathi ye- ye-Intermediate mediate mediate [[ (c. 2181-2055) BCE) lapho igunya elikhulu liwohloka futhi i-ommarchs bendawo ithatha amandla.

IGreece Yasendulo: Intando Yeningi Eqondile Nemingcele Yayo

I-Athene yasendulo yasungula ushintsho lwezinqubo ze-isomia] [ukungalingani] phambi komthetho] − nohlobo lwentando yeningi lapho izakhamuzi zabesilisa zazivota khona imithetho nezinqumo zokuqondisa. i-Aquant yahlangana egqumeni lePyx, futhi izikhulu zazivame ukukhethwa ngenkani ukuze zivimbele ukonakala. Nokho lesimiso sasingawamukeli abesifazane, izigqila, nabantu bezinye izizwe, futhi ekugcineni sahluleka ukuvimbela ukunyuka kwedemageogno nenhlekelele yeSician Exption (1515673) BCE). I-Athene yabonisa kokubili amandla nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho ethandwayo.

IRiphabliki YaseRoma: Amagovu Nokulinganisela

IRome yakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sombuso we-riphabliki esinamagunya ahlukene: ama-consul (ehlukanisayo), iSigele (esimele) kanye nemihlangano ethandwayo (legislative),. ITables[ [i-FLT:1] (c. 450 BCE]) yahlanganisa amalungelo angokomthetho nesivikelo, ngesikhathi [[FLT]] ka-tribbeness yavumela ukuba isithibeains ukuba ivimbe patrician quent. Nokho, njengoba iRome yanweba, isimiso esikhungelwe ngaphansi kwengxabano yesigaba, abaphathi bebutho, futhi iRiphabliki inike [FFF:] [FFFF:] ngaphansi koMvundla ka-GUstrisonson, i-BCrisonce, futhi yandisa umjikelezo womthetho ka-B.

Ukwanda Kwemibuso Ebusayo

Emakhulwini eminyaka, amakhosi athatha igunya kancane kancane kumakhosi endawo, inqubo eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba wokubusa okuphelele. Izindlela ezifanayo zenzeka kwezinye izindawo, kusukela ebukhosini baseChina kuya eButhweni lase-Ottoman.

Ukulwela Ukubusa Okuphakathi Nokulwela Ukubusa

Phansi kwe-Fluneralism, amankosi anika izikhulu indawo (izimpondo) ukuze zithole inkonzo yezempi. Lesimiso esihloniphekile sasisho ukuthi amandla obukhosi ngokuvamile ayebuthakathaka ngaphandle kombuso wenkosi. [[FLT]] Magna Carta [1215] [iindlela] eyinqaba yokuzama kwesiNgisi ukuba imingcele yamandla eqinile enkosini, ukumisa ukuthi inkosi yayingengaphezu komthetho. Nakuba ekuqaleni yayiyincwadi yempi, izimiso zayo, inqunywa ngejaji, futhi ayikho intela ngaphandle kokulinganisa imingcele kamuva. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT]

Imibuso Yamakhosi Aphelele: ULouis XIV Nangalé Kwayo

Ngekhulu le-17 leminyaka, ababusi abaningi baseYurophu baqinisa amandla ngokunciphisa ithonya lezikhulu, amaphalamende, nesonto. Louis XIV baseFrance bafushanisa i-absolutism, bafaka uhulumeni omkhulu eVerceilles futhi basebenzisa izimemezelo zokuphoqelela ukuphoqelela intando yakhe ezifundeni. Wamemezela ngodumo, “L’état, c’est moi” (yizwe). Ngokufanayo, [[FLTLT:2] uPeterer Great weRussia] umbuso wakhe wanamuhla ngobuchwepheshe obuphakeme bezezobuchwepheshe bakhe obukhulu nenguquko, ngokuvamile ngokuhluphana. Laba makhosi azuza isimo esikhangayo kodwa ahlwaywakhe imvuse ngokuzinziswa yizi.

Ukuhlala Komthetho - sisekelo: Inguquko Ekhazimulayo YaseNgilandi

Akuwona wonke amamonarchade aba yizisekelo eziphelele. ENgilandi, iNguquko Ekhazimulayo [[FLT] [168] [164] kanye ne- Bhill yamalungelo [ [1689]) yamisa umthetho ngokomthetho lapho iPhalamende laliphethe izintambo zemali nemithetho elinganiselwe yasebukhosini. Le ndawo, yathonywa isazi sefilosofi [[FLT:] uJohn Locke[FLT:] [FLT], yaqinisa umqondo wokuthi amandla kahulumeni athathelwe imvume yokubusa eGcinelweyo, futhi isimiso esasiyonanela kakhulu emakoloni aseMelika ekhulwini leminyaka kamuva.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokusungulwa Kwentando Yeningi

I-18th centursy Lightightedifica ngokuyisisekelo yabekela inselele ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi. Abacabangi baphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho kumelwe uhlale esivumelwaneni sezenhlalo, uvikele amalungelo emvelo, futhi ulandise kubantu.

ULocke, UMontesquieu, NoRousseau

[[FLT: 0] uJohn Locke u-'[FLT'] Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni [1689] walondoloza ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Uhulumeni, waphikisana, ukuthemba okungancitshiswa uma kuphula lamalungelo. [[FLT:] 4] [[FLT:] Manuteuteu [ nguMoya woMthetho [[FLT:][FLT][FLT][10] [FFF]] [FFFF:]] [5] [5] [uhlu lomphakathi] [uhlu lomphakathi] [umperregs .[17] [uhlu oluthandwayo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni]

Inguquko YaseMelika

U.S. uDeclaration of Independence (177] ehunyushwe ngokuthi inkolelo-lwazi ye-Lockean ibekwe embonweni wezombangazwe: “Izimemezelo zisungulwe phakathi kwamadoda, zithola amandla awo alungile ngokuvumelana nemvume yeSivumelwano sombuso [1787] somthetho wezwe ngemihlola nangokulinganisela, imvume ebhaliwe yamalungelo, kanye nesabelo esicophelelayo semibuso phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezifundazwe. Funda umbhalo ogcwele weSimemezelo seSivumelo seSivumelwano somthetho . Lokhu kuhlola okuphefumlelweyo eFrance, eHaiti, nase-Latin.

Inguquko YaseFrance Nefa Layo Eliwujuqu

I-flane’s Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwango-1789 kwadlulela phambili kune-Melika, kuqeda ukubusa kwe-livenalism, kubiza isigungu sabesilisa jikelele, futhi kumisa irepublic. Ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo abantu nokweSizwe [[FLT] [FLT] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [174]], lapho iKomiti yeze yasentengisweni yomphakathi [[FLT] ikhiphe izinkulungwane, ibonisa ukuthi izifiso zentando yeningi [FLT], ukubusa kwezwe]. Ukubusa kwezwe okulandelayo kwenyukela, kodwa futhi [FOLEN] [5]

Ukwanda Kwamandla Kahulumeni Ekhulu Le - 19

Ikhulu le - 19 leminyaka labona inguquko yezezimboni, ukuhlaziywa kwamadolobha, nokukhula kwezombangazwe ezibanzi. Ohulumeni bandisa izindima zabo ukuze balawule izimo ezintsha zezomnotho, balawule izinxushunxushu zezenhlalo, futhi balawule izakhiwo zaphesheya. Lenkathi futhi yabona izifunda zokuqala zezenhlalakahle zanamuhla kanye nokunwetshwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kancane kancane.

Umbuso Oqondisayo Nezinguquko Zezisebenzi

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezemisebenzi kwadala izimo ezisabekayo zokusebenza, ukusebenza kwezingane, kanye namadolobha. EBrithani, i iMithetho yezenzo (kuqala ngo-1802] kulinganiselwa kancane kancane futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha. iJalimane ngaphansi [[FLT]] von Bismark[ yaphayona umshuwalense wezenhlalakahle wezenhlalakahle, [1] izingozi, kanye nemali endala yempesheni (e-1880, ngokwengxenye, ukudayisa ukunxusa kwe-solses. Lezi zinyathelo zaphawula ukushintshwa kwe-lassissgradex enhlala empumelelweni nasemphakathini.

Ububusi Nombuso Wamakoloni

Imibuso yaseYurophu, kanye ne-United States neJapane, yandisa igunya layo kulo lonke elase-Afrika, e-Asia, nasePacific. Ohulumeni bamakoloni bamisa izimiso ezintsha zomthetho, izintela, nezakhiwo zemvelo (ngokuvamile). Berlin Conference[ (1884-8585]) i-Afrika ehlukanisiwe ngaphandle kokucabangela imingcele yobuhlanga, ukubusa okukhishweyo. Izinhlangano zokulwa, i-Indian Regation of 1857 kanye [[FLT:] ne [FLT] ukuhlubuka [FLT:] [FLD] [5] [18:19, 01], ibekelwe inselele ukubusa kwemibuso yezwe lonke izwe kodwa yavinjiswa kanjani. Lenkathi yabonisa indlela yokubusa ye-Pritanton, ngokwesilinganiso se-PCPrison.

Ukunqandwa Kwezigwegwe Nokufakwa Kwe - suffrage

Phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka, izinhlangano zokuqeda ubugqila kwabesifazane, amalungelo ezisebenzi, nokuqedwa kobugqila kwacindezela ohulumeni ukuba bandise ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. U.S. Impi Yomphakathi[ (1861] [1861]) [1861]) zaphumela ekuqedweni kwezenzo zobugqila kanye ISichibiyelo sobugqi] [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [16] [1868] [1868], eyaqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. [iinani] Imisebenzi[FLT] [5] ka-1932], 1862], 1865, kanye no-1884] ukuvolomela ubandlululo lwezimendo olusemthethweni [imthetho] [i-FT] [ixtransten] [iegnualgnum]

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Ubushiqela Nentando Yeningi

Ikhulu lama - 20 leminyaka lavivinya ukudlondlobala kukahulumeni, imibuso yohulumeni abangomashiqela yagcizelela ukuthi ilawula ngokuphelele ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, amasiko, ngisho nokucabanga, kuyilapho imibuso yentando yeningi yakha izimiso zezenhlalakahle ezinkulu futhi yalwela ukuvikela izindinganiso ezikhululekile ngokumelene nobufascism nobukhomanisi.

Ukubuswa Okunamandla Okungomashiqela: Ukugxilisa Amandla Okugcina

[[[FLT: 0] u-Nazi Jalimane kanye [[FT:2] ne-Soviet Union [[FLT:] ngaphansi kuka-Stalin umlawuli wobushiqela. Zombili imibuso yasusa izinhlangano ezizimele, yasebenzisa unyazi nenkulumo-lwazi ukuze iqinisekise ukwethembeka, futhi yahlanganisa yonke imiphakathi yezempi nemibono. [[FLT:] [FUT] [4]] HOLOTY [[FLT][F:5] ne [[FFFF:] enkulu][FFFF:][FFF:][FFFYY][F:][FFOT] [exmatelse] [evod K] futhi yakhiwa.[10]

Izwe Lendawo Yentando Yeningi

Ekusabeleni ekuwohlokeni Okukhulu Kwezomnotho naseMpini Yezwe II, imibuso kahulumeni encishisiwe yaseNtshonalanga enikeza ukulondeka kwezenhlalo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nezindlu zomphakathi. Umongameli wase-U.S. Franklin D. Roosevelt[ ye-New Develop[FLD] [1933] [333]) yasungula izinhlangano ezinjenge-Social Security Ad Administration ne-Sacrities ne-Exchange Commission. EBrithani, [ Beveridge] [[[FLT:] [192] [192]]) yabeka isisekelo se-National Health Service (198848). Le zinhlelo zancisobuko zanciso ze-bumpofu, kodwa zaphakamisa futhi zanamuhla.

Ukukhohliswa Nokuvela Kwe - New States

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, amakoloni amaningi angaphambili athola inkululeko, ngokuvamile ngemva kwempi ethatha isikhathi eside. ENdiya (1947), eGhana (1957), kanye namanye amaningi amukela imithetho-mthetho eyahlanganisa izimiso zedemokrati, nokho ohulumeni abaningi abasha baba nempoqo ngokushesha njengamandla aphakeme okunqoba ukuthuthuka nokuhlukana kobuzwe. Inguquko yobuKhomanisi yase-Chinetic [1949]) yamisa umbuso owodwa wesigaba sekhulu leminyaka esuselwa eMaoistrucialism ekusebenziseni impacyism ye-heathonalism, ebonisa ukuthi imibuso kahulumeni ingazivumelanisa ngaphandle kokuyiguqula.

Impi Yomshoshaphansi Nokuhwamuka Kwezimiso

IMpi Yomshoshaphansi (1947-91) yayiwumncintiswano wembulunga yonke phakathi kwe-U.S. umfuziselo wezedemokrasi oholwa yi-United States nekhomanisi 88 umfuziselo wobukhomanisi oholwa yiSoviet Union. Zombili izinhlangothi zakha amathuluzi amakhulu ezempi nokulondeka. [[FLT:]] uMxtarhy [[[[[FLT:]]] inkathi eMpuma [ e-UNITE].S. yabonisa indlela ukwesaba okungaholela ngayo ekumelaneni nohulumeni ngokumelene nenkululeko yomphakathi, kuyilapho inxusela phambili imibuso emisha ye-Soviet Union, kodwa iphinde ikhululwe imibuso yeMpi ephakathi ye-Unionthemorive.[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] [5] ePoland, ibonisa ukuthi umphakathi ungamelana nezimo ezinamandla kakhulu.

Amandla Kahulumeni Nalezo Zingqinamba Zanamuhla

Namuhla, ohulumeni babhekene nezinselele ezingenakuqhathaniswa zobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlangana kwembulunga yonke, nokuxazulula amathemba okuhlalisana kwabantu.

Imfundo Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yamanani

Ukwanda kohlelo lwe-Internet kanye nokuxhumana okuhamba-hamba kunikeze ohulumeni amathuluzi amasha okuhlola izakhamuzi. PARIYOTT Act (2001] nohlelo [ PRINSM [[] olwembulwe nguEdward Snowden ngo 2013 lubonise izinga lokuhlola okukhulu. Ukuqamba ukufihlwa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokuqoqwa kokwaziswa kuvikela ukuvikela imfihlo yesizwe emfihlo ngayinye. [[FLT:]]] Umbano oluyi-Umbano [[FLT:]] [FLT:]]] olubanzi [FLT] Ukuvikelwa kwe-DRR [FFF:]] [FLT]]

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokuhlukana Kwegunya

Ukuhwebelana kwezwe lonke, ukushintsha isimo sezulu, kanye nezibhebhe zidinga ukubambisana ngalé kwezwe. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana neZizwe ezihlangene, World Trade Organization[, [[FLT]] ne[FLT] International Criminational Criminal Court [ iqokomise kokubili ukungenela kwempiko nokwehluleka kombuso, izinhlangano zesizwe emazweni amaningi zibuye ziphindisele emuva ekulweni nombuso wembulunga yonke, ziphikisa ngokuthi incithamo ye-yonga.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano zanamuhla zobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukulingana kwabobulili, iLGBTQ+ amalungelo, kanye namalungelo okukhubazeka ziyaqhubeka zicindezela ohulumeni ukuba bandise isivikelo. Umthetho Omnyama Ukuphila Into ubhikishe (2017-10)) ubhikije (203-parence) ufune inguquko yamaphoyisa nokuziphendulela. # I-MeToo umza owenze ushintshele izinguquko emithethweni yomsebenzi. Okwamanje, ohulumeni abasebenzela amazwe anjenge-Hungary, iTurkey, neRussia baye bagoqela emuva izinhlolo zedemo zedemo yentando yeningi, ukudlulisa amandla ehlwini nasezinkantolo ezizimele. Ukushubile phakathi kwamalungelo okwandayo kanye nokushukuma kwe-paldemo. Ukushukuma kwenkathi yamanje kuchaza inkathi yamanje.

Ikusasa: Ukubusa Kwemithetho Kahulumeni Ne - a

Ukuhlakanipha okuzenzekelayo kanye nokwaziswa okukhulu kudala izinhlobo ezintsha zamandla kahulumeni. Izimiso ze-Protolic, izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezizenzekelayo, kanye nesinqumo se-AÍdriven zenza kube nemibuzo mayelana nobulungisa, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. I-European Union’s AI Act[ (igunyazwe 201] imizamo yokulawula izinqubo eziphakeme ze-mfunda, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile komphakathi, lamathuluzi angaphakamisa ukungalingani nokuqasheki. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamandla kahulumeni kuncike kuxhomeke ekutheni izinhlangano zokwakha ukuze zihambisane noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe.

Isiphetho

Isigaba eside semibuso kahulumeni sibonisa ukuthi igunya alikho elihlala likhona. Liyanda ngezikhathi zenhlekelele nezivumelwano lapho izakhamuzi zifuna inkululeko. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ezibekwe ngenhla `kusukela eMthethweni kaHammurabi kuya eGDR(idemoni) zigcizelela ukuthi inselele eyinhloko yokubusa ihlala ifana: ukuthi ingawunika amandla umbuso ukuze unikeze ukulondeka nempahla yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwenza ubushiqela. Ngokufunda lezi zifundo, singaqonda kangcono ukuthobeka kwezinhlangano zentando yeningi nokubaluleka kwempumelelo yesizwe ekuhloleni ukucusumbula amandla anamandla. Isahluko esilandelayo sale mfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo sizobhalwa ngezinqumo zangasese namuhla, ukulingana, nokubusa komthetho. [FOLD: 0] [F]