Table of Contents
Umsuka Wokuhlanganyela Ngokwentando Yeningi Ezweni Lasendulo
Umqondo wokuvota njengendlela yokwenza izinqumo ezihlangene emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka, ngaphambili kakhulu kokuba kuvele isifundazwe sanamuhla. E-Athene yasendulo, cishe ngo-508 BCE, izakhamuzi zahlangana e- Ekklesia, ingqungquthela yomphakathi lapho bonke abantu abakhululekile abadabukile babengakhuluma khona futhi bavote ngokuqondile ezinqumweni zesizwe nezikhulu. Lesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi, nakuba silinganiselwe engxenyeni encane yezakhamuzi, samisa isimiso sesisekelo okufanele sithathwe evumelweni yababuswayo. Izakhamuzi zasebenzisa i-ostacs [[FLT:] [FOct:3] [3] [ivota] [ivotaska] [ivota] [8] [ivotasmast] ekusebenziseni ukuthulwa kwabantu, ukugqeshwa kwabantu ukuba bagqedwe.
[intando yeningi] yayingeyodwa. ERiphabliki yamaRoma, izakhamuzi zahlanganyela esimisweni se-ummeleli ngokwengeziwe phakathi kwemihlangano ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne- Convention ne- umhlangano weSigebengu [[FLT:]]. AmaRoma avota ngokufaka izibhebhebhebhezi emabhasini, indlela evunyelwe ukuba afake imfihlo ngemva kwenguquko yekhulu lesibili BCE. IRepublics &quo; izinki zendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kanye nezilinganiso, kanye nezingalo, nezingalo ezimele, nama-pleearne, athonya izakhiwo ze-Europe kamuva. Bobabili ukuhlelwa kwe-Roma, futhi kuhlelwe i-protection, i-procedment, i-sethic.
Lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kwakunawo amaphutha. Abesifazane, izigqila, nabanikazi abangekho ezweni babengahlanganyeli. Wona kanye umqondo wenhlangano yomphakathi womhlaba wonke wawungekho. Nokho isimiso sokuthi izinqumo ezihlangene kufanele zenziwe ngokuhlelwa, izinqubo ezibonisayo zasinda ekuweni kwalempucuko futhi zabuye zavela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene phakathi nenkathi yasendulo nasekuqaleni kwesimanje.
Ukushintsha Kwezwi Nokuncipha Kwezwi Lezombangazwe
Ngokuwa koMbuso wamaRoma waseNtshonalanga, isimo sezombangazwe saseYurophu sahlukana saba umsebenzi wemibuso, i-duchies, nezindawo zobufandala. Umbuso waba yindaba yokwethembeka komuntu siqu kunokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Amandla ahlanganiswa ngenxa yobuni bendawo kanye neziqu zefa, kanye nomqondo wokuvota waphelela endaweni yezentengiselwano eziphezulu. [Magnum] Concilium[[ [Ingqungqungquthela ekhulu] yeNgilandi yeNkathi ephakathi, ngokwesibonelo, yayihlanganisa ababhishobhishobhi, iziqu, izikhulu, nezinye izikhulu ezaziluleka inkosi nentela. Abantu abavamile babengenazwi kulezi zindawo zomhlangano ngaphandle kokuba babephethe ngokuqondile izwe kuleso sikhundla.
Isimiso sezezimali samisa isigaba sesigaba sokubusa lapho inhlangano yezombangazwe yayiyilungelo lokuzalwa. uMagna Carta ka-1215, nakuba ngokuvamile yayigujwa njengomthetho-sisekelo wenkululeko, yayiyisivumelwano esiyisisekelo phakathi kweNkosi John nezikhulu zayo ukuze ivikele amalungelo ezikhulu. Ayizange idlulisele amalungelo okuvota kubantu abaphansi. Nokho, le ncwajana yamisa isandulela sokuthi imonarch ’ amandla ayengadingesona isibopho esiphelele futhi lesivumelwano sasidingeka ngezenzo ezithile. Lenzalo yokulandisa kamuva yayizosetshenziswa ukuphikisana nokuhlanganyela okukhulu kwezombangazwe.
EScandinavia nasezingxenyeni zoMbuso oNgcwele wamaRoma, imihlangano yendawo ebizwa ngokuthi izinto noma inikeza izindawo abantu abakhululekile ukuba balungise izimpikiswano, badlulise imithetho, futhi bakhethe abaholi. Lezinhlangano zagcina umkhuba wokuvota uphila, nakuba kulinganiselwe ngokwemingcele yendawo nasemphakathini. Zabonisa ukuthi ngisho nangaphansi kwemingcele yezwe, imiphakathi ingalondoloza izinqumo ezihlangene. Umbango phakathi kwegunya lombuso wenkosi nenkampane yomphakathi uqhubekela amakhulu amaningi eminyaka, ekugcineni zifuna izinhlangano zabameleli.
Izisekelo Zokukhanyiselwa Nokuvela Kwentando Yeningi Yanamuhla
Ikhulu leshumi nanye neleshumi nanhlanu laphawula ukucabangisisa ngegunya lezombangazwe. Izingqondo ezinjengoJohn Locke, , Jehoan-Jacques Rousseau[, nemibono ecacile [yokuhlela] ama-quementes izinkolelo zamalungelo angokwemvelo, izivumelwano zezenhlalo, nokuhlukana kwemibuso. Locke waphikisa ukuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uhlala evumelweni olubuswayo, ukwehla okungalinganiyo kwegunya laphezulu. Rousstersquo; umqondo wesinqumo sesimiso sokubusa esivamile.Montescoustquo; ukuhlaziya kwezimiso zemibuso ye-British.
Lemibono yathola amazwi acacile eNguquko yaseMelika kanye ne [FLT] Ukuvukela kwaseFrench [. UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ka 1787 wamisa irepublic kahulumeni ekhethwe abameleli, isakhiwo esilinganiselayo sezwe namandla kahulumeni. ISivumelwano samalungelo esizwe saqinisekisa inkululeko ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, kuhlanganise nenkulumo, ingqungqungquthela, nesicelo. Nokho, ilungelo lokuvota lahlala lilinganiselwe kubani bempahla yabesilisa abamhlophe. Isimemezelo samalungelo aphezulu esizwe eMthethweni wesizwe ne-City [[FLT] [FLT:] [5] [78]) samemezela ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi zazinelungelo lokuhlanganyela emithethweni, kodwa nemithetho yemithetho yezizwe ehlangene engu-364.
Ukuhlolwa kwaseMelika kwabonisa ukuphumelela kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi esinesilinganiso esikhulu, kuyilapho okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseFrance kwaqokomisa i-SEPROGO enganezela ukwanda okungalindelekile kwezombangazwe. Kokubili ukuvukela okuphefumlelwe kwezinhlangano ezisebukweni laseYurophu naseMelika, kwakha isilinganisi sokubusa komthetho-sisekelo ngokhetho oluvamile. Umqondo wokuzimela kwezwe lonke, nakuba ungakaqasheki, wawungene engqondweni yezombangazwe enkulu.
Ikhulu Le - 19 Lilwela Ukuhlasela Indawo Yonke
Ikhulu le-19 leminyaka labhekana nochungechunge lwezinhlangano zenguquko ezandisa kancane kancane i-volution. EUnited Kingdom, u-Reform Act ka-1832 wakhuluma ngomthetho omkhulu owenziwe ngokunyundela ngokuveza izihlalo ezibolile [[FLT:] amagatsha avundile] &mtash ['; ama-contituementintings alawulwa abacebile aba aba aba — ukukhula kwamadolobha ezeze ezemboni. Izenzo zehlisa futhi izimfuneko zempahla, zanezela amadoda acishe abe ngu-300,000 ezindaweni zokuvota. [[FLD:] [FFF:] [FF]] [FT] [5] [1]
E-United States, ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kwalandela indlela ehlukene kakhulu. Ngawo-1820, imibuso eminingi yasusa izimfanelo zempahla kubantu abamhlophe. Fifenteenth Isichibiyeli [ (170]) savimbela ukuvota okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila. Ezenzweni, amazwe aseNingizimu asungula intela yokuhlola ukukhokha, ukuhlola kokufunda nokuhlasela ngobudlova ukuze kususe izakhamuzi zaseMelika. Umthetho we-Federal wawubuthakathaka, futhi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiphelele kwakungafinyeleleki amashumi eminyaka.
Umzabalazo wabesifazane i-’ ama-sufflet waba ngenye yezinxushunxushu zezombangazwe ezichazayo zalelikhulu leminyaka. Amaphayona anjenge SUSAN B. Anthony, , iElizabeth Cady Stanton, [[FLT]], [[FLT] ne-Emline Pankhst imikhankambo, izicelo, nezenzo zokungalaleli komphakathi. INew Zealand yanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota ngo-1893, yalandelwa yi-Esterinstories ngo-90061. Umzabalazwe wezwe, ukuphikisana okugcwele ukuthi i-demodeline yekhulu lekhulu lekhulu leminyaka [Foctive [Foxtood] kodwa i-scet wif, izikhulu zekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lekhulu le-lika.
Ukushintsha Kwesayensi Yekhulu Lama - 20 Nobuqotho Obusemqoka
Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka laletha izinguquko ezinkulu endleleni okhetho abaqhutshwa ngayo futhi baba nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ukwanda kwemithombo yezindaba i — umsakazo wokuqala, khona - ke ithelevishini —transformation ukuxhumana kwezombangazwe. Amakhampasi manje angakhuluma ngezigidi zabavoti ngokuqondile, adlulise izisekelo zemicikilisho engokwesiko. Inkulumo yokuqala kamongameli phakathi kukaJohn F. Kennedy noRichard Nixon ngo-1960 yabonisa amandla esithombe nokwenza umsebenzi ekuthuthukiseni imibono yabavoti. Imikhankaso yaba ingcali, abaqali bezokuvota, abaholi, abaholi, nabameli bezindaba ukuba bathumele imiyalezo yezentengo yeze ngezisulu.
Ubuchwepheshe bezemishini yokuhlola imishini futhi baqala ngokushesha. Imishini yokuhlola imishini ye-mechanical, eyasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, yabangela ukukhohlakala ngokushesha futhi yanciphisa ukukhohlisa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-collet ephepha. Amakhadi ePunch[ kanye [[FLT:] ne [FLT]] ebonayo egcweleyo [[FLT]] ilandela izimiso zokuhlola [[FLT:], ngalinye elithembisa impumelelo enkulu nokunemba okukhulu. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obusha basungula i-vractive pulezitialment 2000. U. U.S. ukhetho lwaqokomisa izinkinga ngokushaya i-cardbackot, kuhlanganise ne-evoctives projectivesting , kodwa umbiko we-UFLD.[F]
Ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka labuye labona ukwanda okukhulu kwe-france. [[FLT:] ISichibiyelo se-Nineteth (1920) saqinisekisa abesifazane i-’ i-suffise eUnited States. Ukuvota Amalungelo [i-Vations Act ka-1965] ekugcineni] imicikilisho evimbela ukubhalisa ama-discription eyayiyekile i-Black coverracy kusukela ekuvoteleni i-convolutionon. Izinhlangano ezihlanganisa amalungelo eNingizimu Afrika, iNdiya, futhi inqamula imingcele yeYurophu eqekelwe nge-odemocrality, ukufinyelela cishe ku-untreal ezindaweni eziningi zentando yentando yesizwe ngo 1970. Nokho iyaqhubeka nokuhlasela izinga phakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi.[FFFFFF]
Ukwanda Kwemfundo Ye - Voter Nokungaqondi
Njengoba amavota akhuliswa, ngokufanayo nesidingo sokuvota. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zomphakathi basungula imikhankaso yokwazisa izakhamuzi ngezinqubo zokubhalisa, izilinganiso, namapulatifomu athatha imvume. I-League of Women Voters, eyasungulwa ngo-1920, yaqalisa i-offisan politer abaqondisi nabavotisi. I-asethi yokhetho, njenge- i-FEderal Commission [ (1879] e-9] e-U.S. [FLT] ne i-Ekuhlela i-Indiyan ephethe ye-[FFFLD] [FFFF:5] [1950]), isilinganiso seze-sethi yeze-evolution, izinhlangano zezentevolution, izinhlangano zeze, izishaya yezentest, izinhlangano, ize izinhlangano ezisekela lomphakathi.
Izinselele Nethuba Lekhulu Lama - 21 Esikhathi Sokuhlanganyela Kwemibimbi
Inkathi yemitapo iye yalungisa kabusha izombangazwe ezithembisayo neziyingozi. Amapulatifomu ezezokuxhumana anjenge-Facebook, Twitter, kanye ne-YouTube enza abavoti bakwazi ukufinyelela ngokuqondile, ukuqoqa abaxhasi, nokuqoqa imali ngesilinganiso esingakaze sibekho. Ukukhangisa kwamanani kuvumela ukufakwa kwemicropu ekhethekile yabantu abathile. Ukubhalisa nokusebenza kokwaziswa kusukile kulayini, okwenza ukuba kungeneke kakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Rock i Vote kanye ne[FLT:vote]. org
Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obufanayo buye basiza ekusakazekeni kwe imisformation kanye disformation. Ukuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe ekukhetheni kukamongameli, kuhlanganise nemikhankaso yezenhla yezokuxhumana ne-imeyili ezicutshiwe, kwabonisa ukuchachachamba kwezimiso zentando yeningi ezisempini yokwaziswa. Amanani afaka phambili kokunezelwa kokunemba okuqukethwe yizihloko ezihlukene, anezela ekuhleleni izinhlanga ezingokomba zezombangazwe nasekunciphiseni ukwethemba ezinhlanganweni zezinhlangano. AU. AUM. u-AIII-etakese ojulileyo futhi owenziwe ngemishini, ukusukela ekuhleleni ukugcinwa kobuqotho.
Uvoter uyaqhubeka ukhathazekile ezindaweni eziningi zentando yeningi. Nakuba amanye amazwe, njengeBelgium ne-Australia, egunyaza ukuvota nokufinyelela amazinga okuvota ngaphezu kwama-80%, i-United States ibona ukuthi phakathi kuka-50% no-60% iyaziveza kukhetho lukamongameli futhi iphansi kakhulu phakathi kwezikhathi. Imizamo yokwandisa ukuhlanganyela zihlanganisa ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo [ ukuvota [[FLT]], ukubhalisa kosuku olufanayo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokuvota ngeposi. Oregon&quo; ukuthathelwa kwevo-mail ngo-1998 kuholele ekunyukeni okukhulu kokuvota, futhi umkhuba owanda kakhulu phakathi nobhadayo. Ukucwaninga kusikisela ukuthi lezi zinyathelo eziwusizo azizuzisi noma yiyiphi inzuzo kodwa andisangasiza nayiphi imvume yomphakathi wonke.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe kunikeza enye inselele. E-United States, ukuncishiswa kwemikhankaso kuye kwanciphisa inani lezifunda ezincintisanayo, kuyilapho okhetho oluyinhloko luvame ukuvuza ukugabadela kwemibono. Ukuvota okunenkaniwe [ kuye kwathola imvume yokuthola inguquko yokukhuthaza ukudluliswa kwesicelo futhi kunciphisa umkhankaso ophambene. IMaine ne-Alaska iye yamukela ukuvota okusemthethweni kwe-vota zikahulumeni, futhi amadolobha amaningana akusebenzisa ekusekeleni uhulumeni. Amadoda asondelayo afuna ukusekelwa okwesibili nesesithathu, anciphisa izisusa zezindawo eziphezulu.
Ukuhlanganyela Kwentsha Nekusasa Lentando Yeningi
Abavoti abasebasha babonisa ngokungaguquguquki amazinga amaphansi kunamaqembu amadala, kodwa ukuthambekela kwamuva kusikisela ukushintshwa. Ukhetho lwamuva lwase-U.A. 2018 no-2020 lwabona ukunyuka kwentsha, okushoshoshozelwa yizindaba ezinjengoshintsho lwesimo sezulu, izikweleti zabafundi, nobulungisa bezenhlalo. Izikhungo ezinjenge zeMisebenzi Yethu ne [FLT] [FLT] SUNTING SEMATIS [[ ziye zakhuthaza intsha ngokuhlela nangokuqondisa nokuqondisa izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, futhi amayunivesithi anikeza izinhlelo zezemfundo zomphakathi, futhi ezinye izizwe ziye zehlise iminyaka yokuvota ye 16 yezokuvota yakha inqubo yokuphila nokuqinisa inqubo yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yentando yesizwe.
Isiphetho: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lwesivumelwano Se - civic
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokhetho akuyona indaba ephelile. Inkathi ngayinye iye yandisa incazelo yokuthi ubani ongase avote, indlela amavoti aphonswa ngayo, nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezinqunywa ebhokisini le-colot. Kusukela emphakathini we-Athene yasendulo kuya kumasiteji emishini yekhulu lama-21, isenzo esiyisisekelo sokuvota siye saqhubeka siyindlela enamandla yokuveza izinhlangano ezithile ekusebenzeni kwesinqumo. I-ace yomlando iyazimela ukufakwa, kodwa intuthuko ayiqiniseki. Ukunqandelwa kwe-voter, ukudisana kwezobuchwepheshe, nokunganakwa kwezombangazwe kulokhu kuphindaphindezela izinsolo ezidinga ukuqapha nokuzinziswa njalo.
Ukuze zilondoloze futhi ziqinise izinhlangano zentando yeningi, izakhamuzi kumelwe zithathe isinyathelo ngalé koSuku Lokukhetha. Ukuya emihlanganweni kahulumeni wendawo, ukukhonza emabhodini nasezindaweni zokukhomba, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi yizo zonke izinhlobo zokuthembisana okusekela impucuko yentando yeningi. Ukuqamba kuyisisekelo, kodwa intando yeningi enempilo idinga ukuqhubeka ihlanganyela esigcawini somphakathi. Imfundo ilokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu ekunqandeni ukuxhaphaza nokulahla. Ukuqonda umlando wendlela amalungelo okuvota azuzwa ngayo i-— futhi indlela okungalahleka kalula ngayo i-— i-insces isibopho sokuzivikela.
I-IDEA&rsquo yomhlaba wonke; isebenza ekuthembekeni kwe-volution inikeza imithombo ewusizo yokuqonda inqubo yembulunga yonke ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi. Njengoba izizukulwane ezintsha zithatha ingubo yobuphathi bentando yeningi, izifundo zesikhathi esidlule zisebenza njengesixwayiso nesikhuthazo: ukhetho luyinqubo, kodwa ukuthembisa komphakathi kuyisizinda sokuzilawula. Uhambo luyaqhubeka, futhi zonke izakhamuzi zinendima ekulolongeniseni isiqephu esilandelayo.