Enkathini ephawuleka ngezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi zembulunga yonke nokugeleza kokwaziswa okusheshayo, ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuqonda nokuhlanganyela ezimisweni zazo zentando yeningi alikaze libe libucayi kakhulu. Ukwakha ukufunda nokubhala akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo yezemfundo; kuyisisekelo semiphakathi enempilo nesekelayo yentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sicwaninga ngesimo sokufunda izakhamuzi ngokuningi, sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi emithonjeni nasendleleni yokusebenzisa izinqubo ezinikeza abantu ulwazi, ukuba bahlanganyele, futhi baphumelele ekuphileni kwabo konke.

Ukuqonda Ukufunda Nokubhala Ngezakhi: Isisekelo Nobukhulu

Ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kudlulela ngalé kokukhumbula izakhiwo zikahulumeni. Kuhlanganisa ulwazi, amakhono, nezimo ezidingekayo kubantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqonda izimiso zentando yeningi, imisebenzi kahulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba, amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yesizwe, nokubaluleka kokuthembisana kwezenhlalakahle. Umuntu osebenza ngokuzimisela ngempela emphakathini angahlaziya izindaba zomphakathi, ahlole ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni eminingi, axhumane ngokuphumelelayo, futhi asebenzelane nabanye ukuxoxa ngezindaba zomphakathi.

Imisuka Engokomlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kwanamuhla

Umqondo wemfundo yomphakathi unezimpande ezijulile, ulandela amafilosofi asendulo amaGreki namaRoma agcizelela indima yesakhamuzi e-polis. E-United States, ongqondongqondo abanjengoThomas Jefferson basekela imfundo yendawo yonke ukuze balungiselele izakhamuzi ukuba zizilawule ngokwazo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ukuqaphela sekuye kwashintsha kakhulu ulwazi lwezezakhamuzi (umz., indlela i-ag, ukubhalisa okumelwe kube ngayo umthetho) wendlela ebanzi ehlanganisa amakhono ezakhamuzini (umz., ukuhlobisa, ukucwa kwezakhamuzi) nokubekezelela umphakathi. Namuhla, ukubhalisa komphakathi kumelwe futhi kuqondise indawo yomphakathi lapho ukwaziswa kugcwele khona kodwa kugcwele. Izakhamuzi zanamuhla kumelwe zihlonyiswe kahle ukuba zihlobise izihloko ezisekuhlaneke kuwe kuyi- - Internet futhi zihlolwe ngobuningi.

Izingxenye Zokufunda

Ukuze babe abashisekeli bomphakathi ngempela, abantu badinga umncintiswano ezindaweni eziningana ezihlangene:

  • Ulwazi lukaHulumeni nomlando: Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni (endaweni, umbuso, uhulumeni), uMthetho-sisekelo, iBhili lamalungelo, nezenzakalo ezingokomlando ezimise izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Lokhu kunikeza umongo wezimpikiswano zamanje.
  • [ Ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo: Ukwazi amalungelo omuntu (umz., inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokuvota) nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambelanayo (umz., ukulalela imithetho, ukusebenza emajajini, ukukhokha izintela) kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi.
  • Amakhono e-pic:[ Ikhono lokuhlola omagazini, ukuhlaziya ubufakazi, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi, ukuhlanganyela ekuhlonzeni, nokuhlela imisebenzi ehlangene. Lamakhono asetshenziswa ngemisebenzi enjengokuya emahholo edolobha, ukubhalela abameleli, noma ukugijimela ehhovisi lendawo.
  • Ukungavumelani kwe-pic:[ Izimo zengqondo ezikhuthaza ukuhlonipha imibono ehlukene, ukuzinikela ezimisweni zentando yeningi, umuzwa wokusebenza, nokuzimisela ukunikela ekuthuthukiseni okuhle. Lemiqondo ihlakulelwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho nangomqondo.

Okwenza Ukuba Kubaluleke Ngamanani Okufunda Nezincwadi Ezingekho Emasimini Anamuhla

Amandla entando yeningi alingana ngokuqondile nokufunda kwabantu bakhona. Uma abantu betshelwa futhi bethembisana, bangabheka abaholi njengabanesibopho sokulandisa, basekele izimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso zabo, futhi bavikele nezindinganiso zentando yeningi.

Ukuqinisa Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuhlanganyela ngolwazi kuyisici esiyinhloko sezinhlangano zentando yeningi. Abaqondisi bezimiso abaqonda incazelo yezimiso bangazenza izinqumo ezifundile ebhokisini le-collet. Izakhamuzi eziqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni zingabona futhi zibeke inselele yokuphamba noma ukonakala. izibalo eziphambili zomphakathi ezihlanganisa ukukhohlakala kwezombangazwe nokusabela okuphansi kukahulumeni [, njengoba izakhamuzi ezibophekile zifuna ukuba kube nokukhanya nokulandisa.

Ukulwa Nokwaziswa Okunganembile Nokungazwani

Inkathi yemisebe ye-minucreal ikhungethe ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga nokudukisayo, okungaqeda ukuthembela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi nasezinhlanganweni. Ukubhala nokubhala kunikeza abantu amathuluzi abucayi adingekayo ukuze bahlole imithombo, baphawule ubandlululo, futhi bahlukanise phakathi kwamaqiniso nezindaba eziqanjiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlelo ezifana neStanford History Education Group ka CBION Online Commentary[ ukufundisa abafundi ukuba basebenzise ukufunda kwamuva kanye nokuhlola amasuntswana ukuze bahlole izihloko ze-intanethi. Ngaphandle kwala , izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ekuthotyeni i-sworking Grouption, okungalula ukhetho nenkulumo yomphakathi.

Ukulwela Ukubambisana Kwezenhlalo Nentando Yeningi Ephelele

Inhlangano yentando yeningi ichuma ngokuhlalisana okunokuthula kwemibono ehlukene. Izinhlelo ze-Civic yokubhala ezigcizelela ukuhlobana nokuxoxa ngenhlonipho zingahlukanisa futhi zakhe ukuqonda emiphakathini ehlukene. Uma izakhamuzi zihlonyiselwe ukuzihlanganisa nalabo abanezinkolelo ezihlukene − ukugxila ezinkingeni ezihlukene kunokuhlukanisa i-Caltures jrectory. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinjengokungalingani, ukufuduka, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okudinga ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihambisanayo.

Imithombo Ewusizo Yokwakha Ukufunda Nokubhala

Kukhona ingcebo yabantu kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila — kusukela kubafundi abaphansi kuya kwabathatha umhlalaphansi — abafisa ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo komphakathi. Lemithombo isukela emibhalweni eyisisekelo kuya ezikhungweni ezibonisanayo, futhi ihlanganisa ulwazi, amakhono, namathuba okuthembisana.

Izincwadi Zesisekelo Nezincwadi Ezifundile

Ukufunda kuseyindlela enamandla yokuzuza ukuqonda okujulile, okungaqondakali ngezimiso nezinselele zomphakathi.

  • Iphepha lomphakathi: Uchungechunge lwezindaba luka-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay olunikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinhloso ezingemva koMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kanye namakhenikha kahulumeni weRepublic.
  • I-democracy eMelika[ ngu-Alexis de Tocqueville: Ukuhlaziywa okuvamile kwezenhlala-khona yentando yeningi yaseMelika nohlobo lwayo oluyingqayizivele, kusabalulekile ekuqondeni ukuhlangana kwezakhamuzi nokulingana.
  • OkTranny: Izifundo ezingamashumi amabili zekhulu lamabili nguTimothy Snyder: Isiqondiso esifingqiwe nesiphuthumayo sokuvikela idemokrasi ngokufunda ezibonelweni ezingokomlando.
  • [[NTL:0] Isixazululo sethu: Okushiywe yintengo yobuhlanga Bonke nokuthi Singaphumelela Kanjani Ndawonye nguHeather McGhee: Ukuhlolwa okunamandla kwendlela ubuhlanga obululaza ngayo idemokrasi nokuchuma kanye, nendlela ubunye obuphakathi komphakathi obungabuvuselela ngayo.

Izinqubo Zokufunda Nge - Internet Nezinqubo Zokufunda Ngezinombolo

Izifundo ze - Internet ezihlelwe zinikeza indlela evumelana nezimo yokwakha ulwazi lomphakathi ngokuhleleka.

  • 'I-X ne-Courra: Ukufuna izifundo ezivela emayunivesithi anjenge Harvard, iYale, neYunivesithi yasePennsylvania ngezihloko ezinjenge "Uhulumeni waseMelika," "Ukwenza i-CUPU ku-Democracy yaseMelika," ne "Umthetho osemthethweni we-Cunititunity". Iningi lizifunela ngokwalo futhi likhululekile ukuba liphinde lihlole.
  • Igumbi lesigaba se-Annenberg: Isetshenziswa yi-Anntenberg Policy Center, le ndawo inikeza imithombo yamahhala, imidlalo, namavidiyo kuMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nesamukela-"Imiqondo Yomthetho-sisekelo Eyinhloko".
  • IKhan Academy - Civics noHulumeni: Inikeza isiqalo esibanzi nesifinyelelekayo kuhulumeni nezakhamuzi zase-U.S., esifanele abafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme kanye nabafundi abafunda ukuphila konke.

Uhulumeni Nemithombo Yengcebo Engenanzuzo

Izinhlangano eziningi zizinikele ekuthuthukiseni imfundo yomphakathi nokuthembisana umshado:

  • Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe [i-(constitutioncenter.org): Inikeza umtapo omkhulu wezincwadi wezinto ezihambisanayo, uhlelo lwezifundo, ukuphila nohambo olungokoqobo, nethuluzi "Umthetho-sisekelo Ongalawuleki" elivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlole umbhalo kanye nezincazelo zochwepheshe.
  • 'i-Acts [i-'i-'ilungile'.org]: isungulwe yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme uSandra Day O'Connor, i-iCbics inikeza inzuzo yemidlalo yemfundo yamahhala nemithombo eyenza ukufunda ngohulumeni kube yindima yabafundi basesikoleni esiphakathi nesesikoleni esiphakeme. "Indlu yabamhlophe" ne" Ingabe Nginelungelo?" imidlalo iphumelela kakhulu.
  • Isikhungo semfundo ye-CBIC: Iqala izinhlelo eziningi, kuhlanganise "Thina Abantu: Izakhamuzi noMthetho-sisekelo," uhlelo lwemfundo yesizwe eqashelwayo efinyelela umvuthwandaba wezindlebe zengqungquthela.
  • I-League of Women Voters (wv.org): Inhlangano engenayo ipartisan esebenzela ukunikeza amandla abavoti nokuvikela idemokrasi ngokubhalisa ivoti, imfundo, kanye nokuphatha i-active. VATE411. org iyindawo ebanzi yokukhombisa ukhetho.

Amathuluzi Okubambisana, Izinhlelo Nemidlalo Yokuhlanganyela Ngokujule

Ubuchwepheshe bungenza ukuba umphakathi ufunde izinto ezihambisanayo nezingathatha isinyathelo. Amathuluzi ashiwo esihlokweni sokuqala ``Ballot Really, Couble, and Democracy Works''s-ayizindawo zokuqala ezinhle kakhulu. Yandisa i-actet yakho ngalezi zicelo ezengeziwe:

  • GovTrack.us: Umthetho kahulumeni okhombayo, amavoti ezikweletu, nemisebenzi yamalungu eSishaya-mthetho. Inikeza ifasitela elicacile enqubweni yokushaya umthetho.
  • Open sitegots.org: efana ne-GovTrack kodwa igxile kuma-pad commentes kazwelonke, avame ukubaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kodwa ayibonakali kahle.
  • [ iProblica's digital: Ithuluzi elikusiza ukuba uthole izikhulu zakho ezikhethiwe futhi ubone amarekhodi azo okuvota, kanye nezincazelo zezimpikiswano eziyinhloko.
  • [[NTL:0] Fiscal Note / Plaral: amaplatifomu abhekiselwe phambili (manye anezinhlansi ezikhululekile) avumela abasebenzisi ukuba balandele umthetho othile, izimiso zamakomiti, futhi baqonde imingcele yezimiso.
  • Imidlalo ejabulisayo: Ngalé kwama-iCicoct, imidlalo enjenge "Democracy 4" (umdlalo wokulingisa) ivumela abadlali ukuba balawule izwe futhi babone imiphumela yezinqumo zezimiso, ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga kwezimiso.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zothisha Nabafundi Abaphila Isikhathi Eside

Ukwakha ukufunda nokubhala kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundisi ekilasini, umzali ekhaya, noma umuntu ofuna ukuzilungisa, amasu aqondile angandisa ukufunda nokuthembisana.

Ukufuduka Kokufunda Ngalé Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Izwe

Imfundo ye-pic akumelwe igcinwe kuphela entweni eyodwa. Othisha bangahlanganisa izihloko zomphakathi emlandweni, ezincwadini, isayensi, ngisho nasezifundweni zezibalo.

  • Umlando : Sebenzisa imithombo eyinhloko (izinsika, izinhlamvu, amabhukwana okusungula) ukuhlola izikhathi ezibalulekile njenge Civil Rights Movement noma ukubuyiselwa kwemiyalo.
  • Ubuntu: Hlaziya amanoveli akhuluma ngobulungisa bezenhlalo, njenge Ukubulala i-Mockingbird [ noma [ i-U Comment App , ukuxoxa ngamalungelo, ubulungisa, nozwela.
  • Science:[ Hlola inqubo ethinta izihloko zesayensi (umz., ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, impilo yomphakathi) futhi ukhuthaze abafundi ukuba babhalele abameleli ngamakhambi asekelwe kubufakazi.
  • C Izehlakalo zamanje:[ Isikhathi samasonto onke sokuxoxa ngezindaba zezindaba, ukuprakthiza ukuphikisana nhlangothi zombili zempikiswano, nokuhlaziya ukucwasana kwemithombo yezindaba.

Amathuba Okuzithenga Nawokufunda Inkonzo

Ukufunda ngokwenza kungenye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokwakha amakhono omphakathi kanye nesimo. Imisebenzi yenkonzo ehlanganisa ikilasi nezidingo zomphakathi ziphumelela kakhulu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ubuntwana kuMikhathi kaHulumeni: Isibonelo seZizwe Ezihlangene, Ubusha noHulumeni (YMCA), kanye nemincintiswano yokusola yokuzivivinya ehleliwe inikeza izimo ezihlelekile zokuzihlobanisa, ukuxoxisana, nokukhuluma obala.
  • Idinga i-Assession: Ifuna ukuba abafundi bacwaninge umagazini wendawo (umz., ukungalondeki kokudla, ukuntuleka kwezithuthi zomphakathi), basungule isiphakamiso, futhi bawunikeze umkhandlu wedolobha noma ibhodi lesikole.
  • I-Voter Expands: Umngane neNhlangano yaMaword Voters noma izikhulu zokhetho zendawo ukubhalisa ivoti engabhaliswanga ezikoleni noma ezikhungweni zomphakathi.
  • Ukubalekela uHulumeni wabafundi: kukhuthaza abafundi ukuba babhikishe, bakhulumele iziteshi, futhi basekele ontanga yabo, banikeze imicroscom yokhetho lwentando yeningi.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Yokubhala Nokusebenzisa Imithombo Yezindaba Eyingozi

Kulendawo yokwaziswa yanamuhla, ukufunda nokubhala kuhlangene nokufunda ngemishini. Othisha nabafundi kumelwe bahlakulele imikhuba yengqondo yokuhlola okuqukethwe kuyi-website. Amasu abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Ukufunda kwesikhathi esizayo:[ Esikhundleni sokuchitha isikhathi emthonjeni owodwa, vula ama-tab amasha ukuze ucwaninge ukuthembeka komthombo. Hlola ukuthi zithini ezinye izindawo ezinedumela elihle ngenhlangano noma ngokusho.
  • Ichaza imifantu ye-Mistformation:[ Iqaphela amasu avamile njengolimi olungokomzwelo, ochwepheshe bomgunyathi, izinkolelo zozungu, kanye nokulingana okungamanga.
  • [[NTLT:0] Sebenzisa izindawo ezikhankasayo: njalo hlola izinto ezingaphakamisi njenge FactCC.org, [ POTIFC, kanye Snopect [ ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibalo zegciwane ziyasebenza.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuhlanganyela Kwezinhlangano

Ukufunda nokuzifundela ekilasini kumelwe kuguqulele ekuthatheni isinyathelo esingokoqobo. Ukufunda nokubhala ekugcineni kuhilela ukuhlanganyela, futhi kunezindlela eziningi zokuhileleka ngaphandle kokuvota njalo eminyakeni embalwa.

Ukubusa Kwendawo Nokuqondisa

Uhulumeni wendawo unethonya eliqondile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kususela emapakini nasezikoleni ukuya emapakini nasebupoliseni. Ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wedolobha, imihlangano yesikole, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo kwenza izakhamuzi ziqonde ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani futhi ziveze imibono yazo. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bangena nge-intanethi, beyenza ifinyeleleke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe nge-imeyili noma ngocingo ngezindaba ezithile kuyisenzo esiyinhloko se-advocacy. Imivuzo enjenge- USA.USAv banikeza amathuluzi okuthola nokuthinta abameleli kuwo wonke amazinga.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuzithandela Nokuhlanganyela

Ngaphandle kwezombangazwe ezingokomthetho, ukuphila komphakathi kuhlanganisa ukuzinikela ekuqiniseni umphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukukhonza ebhodini elingazuzisi, ukuhlanza ipaki lendawo, ukufundisa abafundi, noma ukuhlanganyela ebudlelwaneni bomphakathi. Lemisebenzi yakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo ($_izimiso, izimiso, nokuthemba okwenza ukuba ukubambisana kusebenze. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe uRobert Putnam [kuyi-[FLT: 0]] Bowling Alone [[] kwaqokomisa ukuncipha kwenhlokodolobha yezenhlalo kanye nokuhlobana kwayo ekunciphiseni isibopho somphakathi. Ukwakha lemifelandawo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuvuselela intando yeningi.

Ukwakha Amanethi Okusebenza Emsebenzini Wobunye

Isenzo ngasinye sinamandla, kodwa isenzo esihlangene siguqula. Ukufundisa kuhlanganisa ukuqonda indlela yokwakha nokusekela izinhlangano, kusukela eqenjini lengadi yomphakathi kuya engqungqutheleni yezombangazwe. Ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-NACP, Rotary Club, noma izahluko zendawo zamaqembu esizwe (umz., Amamas Afuna Izenzo) kunikeza izakhiwo, imithombo, nezwi elihlangene.

Ukusebenzisa Izindlela Zokufunda Nethonya Elilinganiswayo

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imizamo yomphakathi yokufunda nokubhala iyaphumelela, othisha, izinhlangano, nabasunguli bezimiso kumelwe bazihlole ngokucophelela izinhlelo zabo.

Amamaki Ayinhloko Okuphumelela

Ukulinganisa ukufunda nokubhala kwabantu bakhona kuhilela ukuhlola ulwazi, amakhono, isimo sengqondo, kanye nokuziphatha. Izimiso ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ulwazi lwe-pivic Assess: Ukusebenzisa amathuluzi avamile njenge-National Assesment of Educational Progress (NAEP) ukuhlolwa kwe-CUP noma imibuzo ethuthukisiwe ekuhloleni ukuqonda izakhiwo nohlelo lukahulumeni.
  • [ Izimpawu zokubonisa:[ Ukuhlola abafundi ezizwayo, izimpikiswano, noma izintshumayelo zomphakathi ukuze kuhlolwe ikhono labo lokuphikisana, ukulalela, nokubambisana.
  • Uphenyo oluthiwe luthi u-Efficacy no-Active: Ucwaningo olubuza abantu ngabanye ngokuthemba kwabo ikhono labo lokuthonya uhulumeni, inhloso yabo yokuvota, nokuhileleka kwabo emisebenzini yomphakathi.
  • [ Imiphumela ye-Behavioral Out Homes: Ukulandelela amazinga angokoqobo okuhlanganyela, ukuthatha iziteshi, ukuba khona emihlanganweni, izincwadi eziya kumhleli, amalungu ezinhlangano zomphakathi.

Izinselele Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala kubhekene nezinselele eziningi. Kungaba nzima ukuveza ushintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha ngokuqondile ohlelweni oluthile ngenxa yezici eziningi ezididayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zomphakathi (njengokubekezelela) kunzima ukuzilinganisa. Imikhuba emihle kakhulu ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa izindlela ezixubile (i-qualititial ne-qualitititive), ukusebenzisa izinqumo zangaphambi kwe-program, kuhlanganise namaqembu alawulayo uma kungenzeka, nokuqoqa imininingwane ethatha isikhathi eside ethinta ijubane elide lesikhathi eside. Izinhlelo futhi kufanele zithathe i-frome futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi zonke izigaba zilungile, ukulandisa ngezizinda nako ezihlukene.

Isiphetho: Ukuzinikela Ekuvuselelweni Kwentando Yeningi Ukuphila Konke

Ukwakha ukufunda nokubhala akusona isifundo esisodwa sesikhathi esisodwa noma inkambo eyodwa; kuwumzamo oqhubekayo, ohlala njalo, owenziwa ngenkathi sishintsha izwe lethu. Imithombo namacebo ahlelwe kulesi sihloko anikeza imephu yomgwaqo kubantu, othisha, nemiphakathi yokujulisa ukuqonda kwabo idemokrasi nendima yabo phakathi kwayo. Kusukela ekufundeni imibhalo eyisisekelo yokufaka imithetho elandelanayo, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni kuhulumeni wendawo ukuba uzinikele ezinhlanganoni zomphakathi, zonke izenzo zinezela ekutholeni ulwazi oluthengisweni, ukuthembisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuqina kwezakhamuzi. Ngesikhathi lapho izimiso zedemokramente zingazizwa zintekeza, ukutshala imfundo yomphakathi kungezinye izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu zokuqinisa izisekelo zezelele futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi isithembiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi sifezekile. Izekwethuthu ezizukulwaneni.