Isingeniso

Ukwazi amalungelo akho enkantolo akuyona nje indaba yenkolelo engokomthetho; kuyisidingo esiwusizo esingathinta umphumela wecala lakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma ungummangalelwa, isivikelo esifakwe esimisweni somthetho siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uphathwa kahle ngaphansi komthetho. Lesiqondiso sihamba ngakunye ngelungelo elikhulu oliphethe njengesakhamuzi phakathi nenkantolo, sichaza ukuthi lisho ukuthini, lapho lisebenza, futhi kanjani. Ukusukela ekubusweni kokuthula kuze kudluliswe esinqumweni esinephutha, ukuqonda lezinsika zenqubo ezifanele ukunika amandla okuqondisa isimiso sobulungisa ngokuqiniseka.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo lokumelelwa ummeli lingenye yezindlela zokuvikela eziyisisekelo kakhulu esimisweni somthetho. Uma umangalelwa ngobugebengu obungase buthwale ithuba lokuboshwa, inkantolo kumelwe ikunike ummeli uma ungakwazi ukuthenga enye. Lelilungelo lamiswa ngokuqinile yi-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme [ku-[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainright [1963], ekholelwa ukuthi kudingeka ukuba kumiswe iseluleko samacala amangalelwayo. Isimiso siye sadluliselwa ezicaleni ezingafanele ezihilela isikhathi esingokoqobo sejele.

Lapho Izibopho Ezifanele

Ilungelo lakho lokumelelwa ngokomthetho liqala ngesikhathi usolwa ngaso ejele. Akudingeki ukuba ulinde kuze kube yilapho umangalelwa noma ulethwa ngokomthetho noma uquliswa icala. Uma uboshiwe, unelungelo lokukhuluma nommeli ngaphambi kokuphendula noma yimiphi imibuzo. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zikutshele ngalelilungelo ngaphansi kwe- Marnda[ isixwayiso. Uma ungammeli, umuntu uyomiswa ngaphandle kwenkokhelo nganoma yisiphi isikhalo esingaholela ekuboshweni.

Iseluleko Sangasese Nomlweli Womphakathi

Ungaqasha ummeli ozimele ngezindleko zakho siqu, noma ungacela umlweli womphakathi uma uhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokungakhokhi. Abameli bomuntu siqu bavame ukunikeza isikhathi esengeziwe nokunakekela okungokomuntu siqu, kodwa abavikeli bomphakathi banolwazi olunolwazi oluphathelene namacala amaningi futhi abasazi kahle isimiso senkantolo sendawo. Ukukhetha kungaqinisekisa ukuthi unomsekeli oqeqeshiwe ongabekela ubufakazi inselele, ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano zokunxusa, futhi unikeza izimpikiswano ezikhona ngawe.

Lokho Okumelwe Isilwane Esisithandayo Sikuphathele Khona

Ukumelelwa komthetho kudlulela nje ekukhulumeleni enkantolo. Ummeli wakho uzokubukeza amacala, ahlole ubufakazi, aphawule amaphutha angokwesiko, ahlolwe ofakazi, futhi akutshele ngenkani engcono kakhulu. Bangathatha amafayela ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, ofakazi abaphikisayo be-eximine, futhi baqinisekise ukuthi uhulumeni uhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi. Ngaphandle kommeli, ungalahlekelwa kakhulu izivikelo ezigxekayo ezingokomthetho noma wenze amaphutha angokwesiko angalimaza icala lakho.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungenagwegwesi

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile liyisiqinisekiso esikhulu sokuthi kunezisivikelo eziningana eziqondile. Iqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kuqulwa kungenziwa ngokungakhethi, ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba lokuveza icala lazo, nokuthi isinqumo sisekelwe kuphela ebufakazini nasemthethoni. Lelilungelo livikelwe yiSichibiyelo seSihla sesithupha eMthethweni we-U.S. futhi libopha izinkantolo zombuso nombuso ngeSiphendulo seshumi nane.

Ukucabanga Ngokungabi Nalulimi

Wonke umuntu omangalelwa ngobugebengu ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho etholakele enecala ngokunengqondo. Lomthwalo uxhomeke ngokuphelele enkantolo; akudingeki ukuba ufakazele ubumsulwa bakho. Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kusho ukuthi abahluleli kumelwe baqale ngombono wokuthi awunacala, futhi umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obufanele bokukholisa ukuze anqobe lokho kucabangela. Uma ubufakazi bushiya noma ikuphi ukungabaza okunengqondo, abahluleli kumelwe bakuthole ungenacala.

Ilungelo Lokunikeza Ubufakazi

Unelungelo lokubiza ofakazi bakho, ungenisa amaphepha nobufakazi obungokoqobo, futhi ufakazele ekuzivikeleni kwakho uma ukhetha ukwenza kanjalo. Inkantolo ayinakukuvimbela ngokuthanda ukuba unikeze ubufakazi obufanele obusekela icala lakho. Nokho, ubufakazi kumelwe bungaqondakali ngaphansi kwemithetho yobufakazi, okusho ukuthi kumelwe ukuba bufaneleke, buthembeke, futhi bungabekeki kakhulu. Ummeli wakho uyokusiza ukuba uthole futhi ulungiselele ubufakazi obungaqondakali.

Ilungelo Lokubhekana NoFakazi Nesiphambano

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokubhekana nofakazi ngawe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ungababona befakaza enkantolo evulekile, futhi ummeli wakho angabahlola ukuze abeke inselele ukuthembeka kwabo, adalule ukungavumelani ezitatisweni zabo, futhi adalule noma yikuphi ukungezwani noma isisusa sokuqamba amanga. Ubufakazi bezwisate bu-̬ izinkulumo ezithenjiswe ngaphandle kwekhombi ukuze kufakazelwe iqiniso lendaba i-̬ ivamile ayiyona into engenakuphikiswa ngaphandle kokuba iwele ngaphakathi kwe-parpide eqaliwe, ngenxa nje yokuthi ayinakuqalwa.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Icala Okusheshayo

ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, okusho ukuthi icala kumelwe liqale phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile ngemva kokuboshwa noma ukubekwa icala. Okubalulekile njengokunengqondo kuxhomeke ebunkingeni becala nakuzizathu zokubambeka. Uma uhulumeni ebangela ukuba ubambezele kakhulu ngaphandle kwesizathu esihle, amacala angalahlwa. Umthetho we-Frederal ubeka imingcele eqondile yesikhathi ngaphansi koMthetho we-Piedy Trial Act ka- 1974.

Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Icala

Kumacala amakhulu obugebengu (labo abaphethe isigwebo sezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha beboshiwe), unelungelo lokunquma icala lakho ngabahluleli bontanga. Amajaji kumelwe angakhethi, akhethwe ngenqubo evumela ukuba zombili izinhlangothi ziphikise abangase babe abahluleli abacwasanayo. Ezindabeni eziningi zomphakathi, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji likhona futhi, nakuba lingase livunyelwe ukukhokhwa kwejaji phambi komahluleli yedwa.

Isivikelo Ekuzichayeni

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu sikuvikela ekuphoqelekeni ukuba ufakazele ecaleni lobugebengu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi awunakuphoqelelwa ukuba uthathe ukuma kobufakazi futhi uphendule imibuzo engase ikuhlabe icala. futhi unelungelo lokwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo lapho amaphoyisa ephenywa noma kunoma iliphi izinga.

Lokho Elikumbozayo Ilungelo

Ilungelo elimelene nokuzifakaza lisebenza ebufakazini obufakazelwayo, okusho amazwi ashiwo ngamazwi, ukuvuma okubhaliwe, noma noma yisiphi isenzo sokulandisa esingaveza ukwaziswa okungabangela icala. Alibufikisi ubufakazi obungokoqobo obunjengeminwe, i-DNA, amasampula, noma imibhalo yesandla. Kumelwe unxuse lelilungelo; kodwa ukuhlala nje uthule kungase kunganele ukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ukuthula kwakho ngokumelene nawe ezimweni ezithile. Indlela ethembeke kakhulu yokugcizelela ilungelo isho ngokucacile: ̴ Isicelo seSiphendumiso sami sesihlanu ukuba sihlale sithule. ”[FLD:1]

Lapho Ukwazi Ukukhipha Icala Lelungelo

Ungalicela ilungelo lakho ekuzichayeni noma kuliphi iqophelo lapho uphenywa ngelungelo, lapho ufakazelwa noma ufakazelwa uma ungachayeka emacaleni obugebengu. Ecaleni lobugebengu, uma ukhetha ukunikeza ubufakazi, ngokuvamile ulivala ilungelo ngokuphathelene nezindaba oxoxa ngazo ngokuhlola okuqondile, kodwa usengakwenqaba ukuphendula imibuzo edlula ububanzi bobufakazi bakho.

Ukuthula Njengobufakazi

Uhulumeni ngeke asebenzise isinqumo sakho sokuthula phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa noma ukwenqaba kwakho ukunikeza ubufakazi becala njengesiqinisekiso sokuqulwa kwecala. Abashushisi benqatshelwa ukuba bakhulume ngokuthula kwakho kubahluleli, futhi abahluleli bayalwa ukuba bangabheki noma yisiphi isigqizo esiphambene kuyo.

Ilungelo Lokwazi Izintela

Unelungelo lokwazi kahle lokho okumangalelwayo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yikuphi ukuqulwa kwecala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze incwadi engokomthetho emangalelayo, enjengokumangalela noma ukwaziswa, esho ngokucacile amacala akhethekile, iziphathi-cala ezingokomthetho okumelwe zifakazelwe, nesisekelo esiyiqiniso salokhu kumangalelwa. Icala eliqinisekile liphikisana nenqubo efanelekile ngoba likuvimbela ukuba ulungiselele isivikelo esanele futhi kungakubeka engozini ephindwe kabili uma kamuva uhulumeni ezama ukukumangalela ukuziphatha okufanayo.

Kuwe, inkantolo izofunda amacala futhi ibuze ukuthi umangalela kanjani. Leli ithuba lakho lokuzwa izinsolo eziqondile nokungenela isikhalo sokuba necala, ungabi nacala, noma ungabi namncintiswano. Uma amacala engacacile, ummeli wakho angathatha isiphakamiso sokudlulisela umbiko, okuphoqelela ummangalelwa ukuba anikeze imininingwane eyengeziwe.

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele

IziNguqulo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lesimiso esilawulayo sidinga ukuba amacala angokomthetho aqhutshwe ngokufanelekile, ngokungaguquguquki, futhi ngokuvumelana nemithetho emisiwe.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile yokuveza inqubo igxila ekuqondeni ngokulunga kwezinqubo zomthetho ngokwazo. Kudinga ukuba uthole isaziso esanele ngezenzakalo, ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumelwe utshelwe ngezinsuku zenkantolo nangezikhathi ezimisiwe, kumelwe uvunyelwe ukunikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano, futhi umahluleli noma amajaji amele angagwetshwa. Uma uma ijaji linesithakazelo somuntu siqu emphumeleni noma lithonywe ukucindezela kwangaphandle, ungacela ukubuyiselwa.

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanele engabonakali iyakuvikela esenzweni sikahulumeni esiwubushiqela noma esicindezelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyini izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Ilinganisela uhulumeni i-̱ unamandla obugebengu bokuziphatha okuthile ngaphandle kokuba kunesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni nomthetho awukho okungacacile noma okungaphezu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenza kube umthetho ukwenza okuthile ngaphandle kokunikeza isixwayiso esicacile ngalokho okunqatshelwe kuyophula inqubo efanelekile efanelekile.

Isivikelo Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sikuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni uhulumeni. Enkantolo, lelilungelo livame ukuvela lapho umshushisi efuna ukuletha ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola umuntu wakho, ikhaya, imoto, noma imishini yezobuchwepheshe. Uma uphenyiswa ngaphandle kwemvume futhi ungawenzi ushiyeke (njengemvume, izimo ezibonisa ukungaboni lutho, noma umbono ocacile), ubufakazi bungase buncishiswe.

Ummeli wakho angafaka umshini wokucindezela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho. Uma ukushushisa kugunyaziwe, umshushisi akanakusebenzisa lobufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala, okungase kunciphise kakhulu icala labo. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa uvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sesine awaphulwanga ngaphandle kokujeziswa.

Ukukhanga

Uma uthola ukuthi unecala futhi ukholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka iphutha elingokomthetho phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lakho, unelungelo lokudlulisela isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa amaphutha ekuvumeni noma ekususweni kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezingalungile, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, noma isinqumo esimelene nobunzima bobufakazi. Awukwazi ukudlulisa icala ngenxa nje yokuthi awuvumelani nejaji i-̱ isinqumo; kumelwe uqaphele iphutha elingokomthetho. Inkantolo izohlola umbhalo, kuhlanganise nemibhalo ebhalweyo ebhalweyo, futhi icabangele ukulandisa okubhalwe nhlangothi zombili.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Ukuqaphela ukudluliswa kwecala kumelwe kuqashelwe ngokomthetho esikhathini esifushane ngemva kwesahlulelo, ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 enkantolo kahulumeni. Kuzodingeka ukuba unikeze ukuphikisa okufushane okubhaliwe okuthi kungani inkantolo yecala lenze iphutha, futhi ukuquliswa kwecala kuzobhala impendulo. Ezimweni eziningi, inkantolo iyakuzwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ngaphambi kokukhipha umbono obhaliwe. Inkantolo ingakuqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala, iliphikise, noma ilungise icala ngecala elisha. Uma ulahlekelwa izinga eliphakathi, ungakwazi ukunxusa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni lakho noma eU.

Isihlenga sangemva-kuhlanganisa

Uma inqubo yokudlulisa iphele, ungasafuna usizo lwangemva kokudluliswa kwe-habeas corpus noma ukunyakaza ukuze ushiye umusho. La makhambi ngokuvamile alinganiselwe ekutheni uphulwa umthetho noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa obungenakunikezwa lapho kuqulwa. Izenzakalo zangemva ziqine kakhulu kunokunxusa okuqondile, futhi izikhathi ezimisiweyo ziqine kakhulu.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Nazi izinyathelo eziningana eziwusizo ongazithatha ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo akho avikelwe kuyo yonke inqubo engokomthetho.

  • Ungathuli kuze kube yilapho unommeli. Ungaxoxi ngecala lakho nomunye umuntu ngaphandle kommeli wakho, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zomthetho, iziboshwa ezikanye naye, noma abangane. Isifundazwe esiphethe, i-#820; ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli wami kuqala, i-̵ bese ungasho lutho olungaphezulu.
  • Bhala konke okukhumbulayo. Ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ngemva kokuboshwa noma ukubonakala kwenkantolo, bhala imininingwane lapho isaqala engqondweni yakho. Hlanganisa izikhathi, izinsuku, amagama, kanye namagama aqondile asetshenziswa abaphathi noma abashushisi. Lombhalo ungaba usizo olukhulu kummeli wakho.
  • Gcina amakhophi awo wonke amabhukwana. Gcina wonke amaphepha ahlobene nawe, kuhlanganise nokufuna amabhukwana, izinto zokuthola, iziyalezo zenkantolo, nezincwadi. Wahleleni encwadini yezincwadi noma ebophani futhi ahlanganyele nommeli wakho.
  • Ungawalahli amalungelo ngaphandle kweseluleko esingokomthetho. Ungasayini umphikisi wamalungelo akho, vuma ukuseshwa, noma wamukele isicelo ngaphandle kokubuza ummeli wakho kuqala. Uma uke wawalahla, amalungelo amaningi awakwazi ukubuyiselwa.
  • [ Buza imibuzo enkantolo. Uma ungaqondi okuthile okwenzekayo enkantolo, buza ummeli wakho. Ungesabi ukufuna incazelo; inqubo engokomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi abahluleli ngokuvamile balindele ukuba abameli baqondise amakhasimende abo.
  • [ Ivumela ummeli wakho wanoma yiziphi izindaba. Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho aphuliwe, tshela ummeli wakho ngokushesha. Bangathatha isinyathelo, njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokucindezela noma ukuphakamisa ukuzisholo kokungalungi komshushisi.

Isiphetho

Amalungelo achazwe kulesiqondiso akha umgogodla wesimiso sobulungisa esihlose ukuphatha zonke izakhamuzi ngokufanele, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sazo noma uhlobo lwezinsolo ezibekwa zona. Uma uhlangana nomthetho osemthethweni kuze kube sezingeni lokudluliswa komthetho, uvikelwa isiqinisekiso somthetho esilinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi uvikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda lamalungelo nokwazi indlela yokuwasebenzisa ayisivikelo sakho esingcono kakhulu ekumelaneni nokungaphathwa ngokungafanele enkantolo. Uma uzithola ubhekene nomthetho osemthethweni ofanelekayo, uvikelekile, uhlale ufundile, futhi unganqikazi ukuqinisekisa isivikelo esinikezwa umthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, cabangela ukuhlola imithombo yolwazi e- eMelika yeSikole soMthetho woMsebenzi , i-American Bar Association, kanye ne-[[FLT]Legal Information eCornell Law School . Lezinhlangano zinikeza izincazelo ezicaciswe kabanzi zamalungelo akho nokwaziswa ezinqunyweni ezinkulu ezithinta isimiso sobulungisa.