Table of Contents

UMthetho-sisekelo uyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme obusa i-United States futhi uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezakhamuzi zayo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwemibili, lencwadi ephawulekayo iye yanikeza uhlelo lwendlela isizwe esisebenza ngayo, ichaza amandla kahulumeni kuyilapho ngesikhathi esisodwa ilinganisela lawomandla ukuze avikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akuwona nje ulwazi olubalulekile olunika izakhamuzi zonke amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekuphileni komphakathi, ukusekela amalungelo azo, nokubheka uhulumeni njengonecala.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esisha, noma umane nje ungumuntu ofuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakho uhulumeni waseMelika, ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo kuzokuthuthukisa ikhono lakho lokulawula indlela engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe zase-United States. Lo mqondisi ogcwele uzokuhamba ngezici ezibalulekile zoMthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuveleni kwawo ngokomlando kuya ekubalulekeni kwawo namuhla ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke.

Uyini uMthetho - sisekelo?

UMthetho-sisekelo uyisimiso esilotshiwe semithetho nezimiso ezibonisa indlela uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ngayo, imibuso ebekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. eMkhandlwini, uMongameli, nezinkantolo ze-Federal. Usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme kakhulu ezweni, okusho ukuthi yonke eminye imithetho engokomthetho, isifundazwe, noma indawo. Imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo ingabizwa ngokuthi ayisebenzi.

UMthetho-sisekelo wabuthelwa ehlobo lika-1787 ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania, ngezihambeli ezivela emazweni ayishumi nambili ezahlangana ukuze zibhekane nobuthakathaka bezihloko ze-Confederation, incwadi yokuqala ebusayo yesizwe. I-Constitution yeSivumelwano soMthetho-sisekelo yahlanganisa ezinye zezingqondo ezihlakaniphe kakhulu zalenkathi, kuhlanganise noJames Madison, ngokuvamile ezazibizwa ngokuthi "uYise woMthetho-sisekelo," u-Alexander Hamilton, noBenjamin Franklin. Laba bahleli bafuna ukwakha uhulumeni onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze usebenze ngesilinganiso sesizwe kuyilapho ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kungasongela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Injongo eyinhloko yoMthetho-sisekelo njengoba ibunjwa yi-Convention kwakuwukudala uhulumeni onamandla anele okuthatha isinyathelo esisezingeni lesizwe, kodwa ngaphandle kwamandla amakhulu kangangokuba amalungelo ayisisekelo ayoba sengozini, afezwe ngokuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni abe amagatsha amathathu aneziphetho nezilinganiso. Lokhu kulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhlala kungokunye kwempumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Umlando Ogciniwe: Okwenza UMthetho - sisekelo Wadalwa

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele uMthetho-sisekelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo ezaholela ekudalweni kwawo. Ngemva kweNguquko yaseMelika, imibuso emisha eyishumi nantathu ezimele eyayisebenza ngaphansi kweZihloko zeConfederation, eyamisa uhulumeni obuthakathaka onamandla alinganiselwe. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, uhulumeni wezwe wawungenalo igunya lokukhokha izintela, ukulawula ezohwebo phakathi kwemibuso, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo. Lokhu kwadala izinkinga eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuntengantenga kwezomnotho, izingxabano zezizwe, nokungakwazi ukubhekana nezinkathazo zesizwe.

Ubuthakathaka bezihloko zeConfederation baba sobala kakhulu, okuholela ekubizeni uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu. IConstitution ye-Constitutional yaqala ukubuthelwa ukuba ibukeze izihloko, kodwa izihambeli zaqaphela ngokushesha ukuthi uhlelo olusha ngokuphelele lwaludingeka. Ngemva kwezinyanga zengxoxo enkulu, ukuvumelana, nokuxoxisana, zaveza uMthetho-sisekelo −a umbhalo ozobuyiswa futhi ulwenziwe eMelika.

UJames Madison, u-Alexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay basungula ukuvikela okuqinile koMthetho-sisekelo omusha kulokho okwabizwa ngokuthi amaFederalist Papers, okwakhishwa ngokungaziwa phakathi kuka-Oktobha 1787 noAugust 1788, okuhlanganisa izihloko eziyi-85 ezisalokhu ziwusizo olubalulekile ekuqondeni izinhloso zabahleli. Lezi zindaba zakhuluma ngezindaba ezimayelana noMthetho-sisekelo ohlongozwayo futhi zachaza indlela amalungiselelo awo ahlukahlukene asebenza ngayo.

Ukwakhiwa Komthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlelwe waba yizihloko eziyisikhombisa, ngasinye sikhuluma ngezici ezihlukene zesimo sikahulumeni nomsebenzi. Izihloko zokuqala ezintathu zimisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni − − i-legislative, isikhulu, ne-jaji (*) futhi zichaza amandla nemithwalo yawo. ISiphakamiso IV sikhuluma ngobuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso nohulumeni, kuyilapho iSiphakamiso V sichaza inqubo yokulunga komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. ISiphakamiso VI simisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mgamu wezwe, neSiphakamiso VII sichaza inqubo yokwakhelwa kwezwe.

Kulandela izihloko zokuqala eziyisikhombisa kunezinguquko ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa, kuhlanganise nezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ezaziwa ngokuthi iBhili lamalungelo. UMthetho-sisekelo uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-7 kusukela ekugudluzeni kwawo, ubonakalisa ukuvumelana nekhono lawo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Inqubo yokwenza ukulungisa inqubo inzima kakhulu ukuvimbela izinguquko ezizenzekelayo, idinga ukuvota okuzinhlathu kwezimbili zezindlu zomphakathi noma umhlangano obizwa ngama-35 e-United States, olandelwa ukuhlanjululwa ngezi-3 zezishaya-mthetho ezintathu ze-State noma ingqungquthela. Le nqubo enzima ngamabomu iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa ngokusekela okukhulu kwesizwe kungaba ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo kuphela.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo usekelwe ezimisweni eziningana eziyisisekelo ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kusungulwe isimiso sikahulumeni esilinganiselayo. Ukuqonda lezi zimiso kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uhulumeni waseMelika asebenza ngayo nendlela amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelwe ngayo.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uHulumeni we-Federal wase-U.S. wakhiwa amagatsha amathathu: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha nokwahlulela. Lengxenye yegunya likahulumeni ivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqoqeni amandla amaningi kakhulu nenkululeko esongelayo yezakhamuzi.

IGatsha Lemithetho lenza imithetho (iKhonsasi Eliphethe), igatsha eliphethe lifeza futhi liphoqelele imithetho (uMphathi, uMongameli onguKhosi, uKhabhinethi), negatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho (Inkantolo Yomthetho nezinye izinkantolo). Igatsha ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile echazwe ngokucacile eMthethweni.

UJames Madison waphikisa ngokuthi "ukunqwabelana kwawo wonke amagunya, i-propati, isikhulu, isikhulu, nomthetho, ezandleni ezifanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngawenye, ambalwa, noma amaningi, futhi noma ufuzo, ukuzihlela, noma ukuzikhetha, kungachazwa ngokufanelekile njengencazelo efanayo yobushiqela". Lesi simiso sibonisa ukukhathalela okujulile kwabalawuli ngamandla agxile nokuzimisele kwabo ukuvimbela ubushiqela ngemiklamo yenhlangano.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo wanika igatsha ngalinye amandla akhethekile futhi wamisa izinhlolo nezilinganiso ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi alikho igatsha elingakwazi ukulawula amandla amaningi kakhulu, kwakha ukuhlukana kwemibuso. Lesimiso sivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise izenzo zamagatsha alo, liqinisekise ukuthi amandla ahlala ekhona futhi elinganisiwe.

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha alo yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Nazi izibonelo ezisebenzayo zendlela lesi simiso esisebenza ngayo:

  • [ Isehlo esisemthethweni esiphethe:[[FL:1] Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa kwemifantu yomongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingase likhiphe uMongameli ehhovisi lakhe.
  • I-evictifications on Legist: Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angayifaka kuleyomithetho nge-Presidential Veto. Nokho, igatsha lemithetho lingayisusa leyo-veto ngamavoti anele.
  • Ukuhlola kobujudiyu emagatsheni womabili: Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho ngokungekho ngokomthetho. Ngokufanayo, igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephetheyo, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingazimemezela lezozenzo ngaphandle kwemithetho.
  • Izibalo ezisemthethweni nezigunyaza umthetho ekwahluleleni: uMongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lemithetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa kukaMongameli ngezikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi uMkhandlu ungakhipha noma imuphi walawomajaji futhi ubakhiphe ehhovisi.

Lolu xhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela luqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa uhulumeni noma lithathe isinyathelo ngaphandle kokulandisa kwamanye amagatsha.

Ubumbano

UFederalism ubhekisela ekuhlukaneni kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni. Ekuhlukaniseni umbuso kahulumeni, uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlanganyela ubukhosi nezwe ngalinye lama-50 emasimini awo ahlukene. Lesi simiso sivumela ukuba kugcinwe izikhundla eziphawulekayo kuyilapho kuseyingxenye yesizwe esinobunye.

Imibuso yegatsha ngalinye ihlelwe eMthethweni, enamagunya angabelwanga wona agcinelwe i - United States. lesi simiso sishiwo ngokucacile esiGujisweni seshumi, esimemezela ukuthi amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni uhulumeni agcinelwe imibuso noma abantu.

Umbuso usungula isimiso esimbaxambili sikahulumeni lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe benezici zabo zegunya. Uhulumeni wezwe usingatha izindaba zokukhathazeka kwesizwe njengokuvikela, ukulawula bezizwe, nezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, kuyilapho amazwe ephethe igunya ezindaweni ezinjengemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho wezwe, nezentengiselwano zamazwe. Lengxenye ivumela ubunye besizwe nokuhlukahlukahluka kwezindawo, ikwazi ukukhonza njengezindawo "zokusebenzela ukubusa ngentando yeningi" lapho izinhlangano ezihlukene zingavivinywa futhi zithuthukiswe khona.

Ukubusa Okuthandwayo

Ubukhosi obuthandwayo yisimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthola igunya lakhe emvumeni yababuswayo. UMthetho-sisekelo uqala ngamagama athi "Thina bantu," ugcizelela ukuthi umthombo oyinhloko wamandla kahulumeni ungowezakhamuzi. Lesisimiso sisetshenziswa ngokhetho oluvamile, lapho izakhamuzi zikhetha khona abameleli nabaholi bazo.

Abakhi baklama isimiso lapho izikhulu ezihlukahlukene zikhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukene nangamagama ahlukene, zidala amaphuzu amaningi okulandisa kubantu. Amalungu e House of Messistration asebenzisa izinqumo zeminyaka emibili futhi akhethwa ngokuqondile ngabavoti ezifundeni zabo, eqinisekisa ukuhlobana nezindawo zendawo. Iziphathi zifeza izinqumo zeminyaka eyisithupha, ekuqaleni ezazikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho kodwa manje zikhethwe ngokuqondile kusukela eSigqini se-Seventeenth Refection. Umongameli ukhonza igama leminyaka emine futhi ukhethwa ngesimiso se-Electoral College.

Uhulumeni Olinganiselwe

Umthetho-sisekelo umisa uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo. Ngokungafani nohulumeni abangasebenzisa noma yiliphi igunya elinganqatshelwe ngokuqondile, uhulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. ungasebenzisa amandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokuvimbela ukuphamba nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ayaqhubeka ecindezelwa.

Izinhlangano ezamiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo zazingasungulwa ukuze amaMelika angaziqhenyi ngokuba namagatsha amathathu kahulumeni, ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bezwe, noma ukuhlola nokulinganisela, kodwa njengezindlela zokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko, njengalezo ezichazwe eSimisweni Sokuqala. Zonke izici zomthetho-sisekelo ekugcineni zifeza injongo yokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela somthetho-mthetho, ``Igunya lezinkantolo lokumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''','amandla akhona anquma ukugumbuqelwa kwemithetho ye-Curtum'.' Lo mbuso, osungulwe enkantolo ewuphawulwe ka Marbury v. Madison, uqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-mthetho-mthetho uyaqhubeka nomthetho omkhulu futhi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezinhlelo zawo.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Ngemininingwane

Ukuqonda indlela igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni elisebenza ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uMthetho - sisekelo osebenza ngayo. Igatsha ngalinye linamandla akhethekile, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokulinganiselwa okusebenza ndawonye ukuze kukhiqizwe ukubusa okuphumelelayo kuyilapho kuvikelwa amalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ingqungquthela

Igatsha lemithetho lenziwa iNdlu yeSishayamthetho neSishayamthetho, eyaziwa njengeSishaya-mthetho, futhi phakathi kwemibuso yenza yonke imithetho, imemezela impi, ilawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle futhi ilawule ukukhokhwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho. ISishaya-mthetho siyigatsha lokuqala elichazwe kuMthetho-sisekelo, elibonisa inkolelo yabahleli bendlu yomthetho-mthetho ukuthi igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu nelibaluleke kakhulu.

Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-455, okumelelwe uhulumeni ngamunye ngokwenani lawo. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, abenza babe necala eliqonde kakhulu kubavoti. Indlu inamagunya amaningana akhethekile, kuhlanganise negunya lokusungula izikweletu zemali nokusungula iziteshi ngokumelene nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, isifundazwe ngasinye sinamalungu amabili e-senanta kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini inani labantu. Ama-Senator asebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esiphakanyiselwe ukhetho njalo eminyakeni emibili. ISigele sinamandla ayingqayizivele ahlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwesivumelwano, nokusingatha ukulingwa.

UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni olunamandla okukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuboleka imali, nokuqondisa indlela ezisetshenziswa ngayo izimali, futhi ayikho imali engathathwa kuNondyebo ye-U.S. ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya-Mkhandlu sigunyaze izindleko ngokunikeza imvume, senza le "gunya lesikhwama semali" libe elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu aweSishaya-Phosakramente. Lokhu kulawula ngokwezimali kunikeza isisekelo esiphawulekayo segatsha eliphethe izindleko zikahulumeni.

Igatsha Eliphethe: UMongameli

Igatsha eliphethe lakhiwa uMongameli, abaqondisi bakhe, iminyango nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, futhi linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho yezwe. UMongameli usebenza kokubili njengomphathi wombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, omelela isizwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe kuyilapho eqondisa imisebenzi yosuku lonke kahulumeni.

Amandla kaMongameli ahlanganisa ukusebenza njengoMyaleli-iNkulumbuso wamabutho ahlomile, izivumelwano (ozingaphansi kwemvume yeSigele), ukumisa amajaji kahulumeni nezikhulu eziphethe (othobela ukugunyazwa kweSishaya-mthetho), nokukhipha iziyalezo zezikhulu. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela nokubuyisela iziphambeko zecala likahulumeni futhi adlulisele iSizwe se-Union eKhondlu.

Umongameli angakhipha umthetho osungulwe yiSishaya-mthetho futhi athathe izinhloko zezinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye nabaphathi benkantolo ephakeme. Umbuso weveto unikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu ekwakheni umthetho, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho singayikhipha i-veto ngokuvota okungama-3 amabili emagumbini womabili.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa futhi noMongameli ophethe, okhonza njengoMongameli weSigele futhi othatha isikhundla sobumongameli uma uMongameli efa, eshiya phansi, noma esuswa esikhundleni. IKhabhinethi, eyakhiwe abaholi beminyango ephethe, yeluleka uMongameli futhi isebenzise izinqubo zikahulumeni ezingxenyeni zabo ezihlukene zomthwalo wemfanelo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Izinkantolo Ezihlangene

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni, lichaza imithetho futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi iyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo, namaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme akhonza ukuphila konke, anikeza ukuzinza nokuzimela ekucindezeleni okungaphandle. Lokhu kuphila kuvikela amajaji ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kubavumela ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe emthethweni nasezimisweni zomthetho kunokuba bavumelane nombono othandwayo.

INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe indikimba yomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni, isebenza njengomsunguli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kuneNkantolo Ephakeme, elalela izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda, neziNkantolo zeSithili, ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwesimiso sikahulumeni. Kukhona futhi nezinkantolo ezikhethekile zikahulumeni ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala, njengezinkantolo ezibolekwe amacala nayiNkantolo ye-International Tranti.

Amandla egatsha lokwahlulela adlulela ngalé kokunquma nje icala ngalinye. Ngesimiso sokuhlola ukwahlulela, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lapho izinkantolo zimemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni, zihluleka ngokuphumelelayo ukuvala leyomithetho, zibonisa indima ebalulekile yejaji ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-mthetho nokugcina umthetho.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu: Ukuvikela Inkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zakha iBill of Rights, eyabhalwa nguJames Madison njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zinguquko zenezelwa ekusingatheni ukukhathazeka okuphakanyiswe phakathi nezimpikiswano zokuhlobana, lapho amaMelika amaningi ekhathazekile ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuwanikezi isivikelo esanele samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo zanika izakhamuzi ukuthembela okwengeziwe kuhulumeni omusha futhi ziqukethe inkululeko yanamuhla eyigugu kakhulu kumaMelika. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kubalulekile kusazi ngasinye, njengoba zenza isisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika yomphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Isisekelo Senkululeko

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala simisa uchungechunge lwamalungelo ezombangazwe nawomphakathi kuhlanganise nalawo enkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, yokunyathelisa, nenkolo.

  • Inkululeko yenkolo:[ Uhulumeni akanakumisa inkolo engokomthetho noma anqabele ukusebenzisa inkolo ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kwakha umehluko phakathi kwesonto nombuso kuyilapho kuvikela amalungelo abantu okusebenzisa ukholo lwabo.
  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma:[ Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuveza imibono yazo ngaphandle kokucusumbulwa uhulumeni noma isijeziso, ngaphandle kwenkulumo ebangela ingozi esheshayo noma ehlazisayo.
  • Inkululeko yePress:[ Imithombo yezindaba ingabika izindaba futhi iveze imibono ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni, isebenza njengesehlo embusweni kahulumeni futhi igcine izakhamuzi zinolwazi.
  • [ Inkululeko yomhlangano:[ Abantu banelungelo lokubuthana ngokuthula ngenxa yobhikisho, imiboniso, noma ezinye izinjongo.
  • [ Inkululeko yokunxusa: Izakhamuzi zingacela isenzo sikahulumeni noma zilungise izikhalo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Lenkululeko yokuQala yeSichibiyelo isebenza ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi okhululekile lapho imibono ingashintshana khona ngokukhululekile, uhulumeni ungagxekwa, futhi izakhamuzi zingahlela ukusekela ushintsho. Zibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi “Amalungelo Okuqala Enguquko. ”

Isivikelo Sabamangalelwa: Izinqumo Ezine Kusukela Kwezesishiyagalombili

Izivumelwano zesine kuya kwesesishiyagalombili zinikeza isivikelo ekufuneni nokuthatheka okungacabangeli, ilungelo lokumelana nokuzimela, nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile nelisheshayo elizokhululeka ezijezisweni ezingavamile. Lezi zinqumo zimisa isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni okuqulwa icala alinganiswa ngamalungelo abamangalelwa.

ISichibiyelo sesine sivimbela uhulumeni ekufuneni umuntu ngokungacabangeli nasekuphathweni ngokungenangqondo noma impahla yabo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho udinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe endodeni engenzeka ngaphambi kokuhlola ikhaya lothile, umuntu, noma impahla.

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza izivikelo eziningana kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, sithi amacala angathi sína obugebengu kumelwe aqalwe yijaji elikhulu, umuntu akanakuqulwa kabili ngecala elifanayo (ingozi ephindwe kabili) noma athathwe impahla ngaphandle kwenkokhelo, futhi abantu banelungelo lokuzilahla futhi abanakuboshwa ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Inqubo yeSimemezelo sesihlanu efanelekile yeNguqulo itoliwe kabanzi ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo ahlukahlukene ayisisekelo ngaphandle kwezemthetho.

ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokutshelwa amacala, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakazele, nelungelo lokwelulekwa okungokomthetho. Lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kulungile nokuthi abamangalelwa bangazivikela ngokuphumelelayo.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli emacaleni omphakathi, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili sivimbela ibheyili ephakeme, ukuhlawuliswa ngokweqile, nesijeziso esinzima nesingavamile.

Izinqumo Zesi - 12 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Namandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo seNinth sikhuluma ngokukhathazeka kokuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile lungase luchazwe ngokuthi lawo ukuphela kwamalungelo abantu abanawo. Sisho ukuthi ukulinganisa amalungelo athile eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo ngeke kuthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa amanye amalungelo agcinwe abantu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi simisa imithetho efanelekile yenqubo yomthetho futhi silondoloza yonke imibuso engaphathiswanga abantu noma i - United States.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezibalulekile Ngalé Kwesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Nakuba iBhill of Rights yasungula isivikelo esiyisisekelo, izinguquko ezalandela ziye zawandisa amalungelo futhi zavumelanisa uMthetho - sisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo. Eziningana zalezi zinguquko kamuva ziye zawuthonya kakhulu umphakathi nohulumeni baseMelika.

Iziphendu Zokuvuselela

IziNguqulo zeshumi nane, zeshumi nanhlanu nezeshumi nanhlanu, ezamukelwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango, zawushintsha ngokuyisisekelo umthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu saqeda ubugqila kulo lonke elase - United States.

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sikhuluma ngezici eziningi zesizwe namalungelo ezakhamuzi, okunamagama avame ukusetshenziswa ngokuthi "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho", avelele kakhulu ezicabeni eziphawuleka kakhulu kuhlanganise neBrown v. Board of Education (ukucwaswa kwezemfundo), Roe v. Wade (ilungelo lokuthola imvume yokuzalwa), Bush v. Gore (ukhetho olulandisa), Reed v. Reed (ubandlululo), kanye neYunivesithi yaseCalifornia v. Bakke (izilinganiso zemfundo). Inqubo yeSiphendulo se 1448 yeNguqulo sezelelwe nezivikelo ezifaneleyo kanye nezokuvikelwa okulinganayo kuye kwaba isisekelo sentuthuko eyandayo.

Isichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu sasinqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma isimo sangaphambili sobugqila.

Ukwandisa Amalungelo Okusakaza

Izinguquko eziningana ziye zanwetshwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zihlanganise amaMelika amaningi. ISichibiyelo seSichithi se 19te, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanikeza abesifazane ilungelo lokuvota ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka empikiswano yokuvota. ISichibiyelo samaThird Amend station sanikeza izakhamuzi zaseWashington, D.C. ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni. ISichibiyelo seSichithi Esingamashumi Amahlanu namabiliyathu eSinambuzane senqabela ukuvota, esasisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela abantu abampofu, ikakhulukazi ama-Afrika, ekuvoti. ISiphendulo se-Sigqi sehlise iminyaka engu-20 se-Shixth sehla iminyaka yokuvota kusukela kwekhulu le-21 kuya kwengu-18, saqaphela ukuthi labo abadala ngokwaneleyo ukuba baviyo ukuba bangenelwe ekuvoleni inkonzo yezempi kufanele babe nelungelo lokuvota.

Lezinguquko zibonisa ikhono loMthetho-sisekelo lokuziguqula futhi ube ohlanganisa kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kancane kancane unwebe ukuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi emaqenjini ayengasayi ezakhamuzini eziphelele.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingalusebenzisa Ngayo Ulwazi Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kunezinzuzo ezisebenzayo ezinganika izakhamuzi amandla ekuphileni kwazo kwansuku zonke nasekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi. Nazi izindlela ezicacile ezisiza ngazo ulwazi olungokomthetho kubantu ngabanye nasemphakathini.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukufunda nokubhala kwemithetho yezomthetho kwenza izakhamuzi ziqaphele lapho amalungelo azo ephulwa futhi zithatha isinyathelo esifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqonda iziphetho zesine kusiza abantu ukuba bazi ukuthi bangawenqaba nini isicelo sokufuna esivela kumthetho. Ukwazi amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala kunika abantu amandla okukhuluma ngezindaba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni. Ukuvumelana nenqubo efanelekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu bayawaqonda amalungelo abo uma bemangalelwa ngobugebengu.

Lapho izakhamuzi ziwaqonda amalungelo azo angokomthetho, zingawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi zifune amakhambi angokomthetho lapho kuphulwa. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zinikeza imithombo yezimali ukuze zisize abantu baqonde futhi basebenzise isivikelo sazo somthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zentando Yeningi

Ulwazi lomthetho luthuthukisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ngokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo nendlela ezingawuthonya ngayo. Ukuqonda isimo sikahulumeni kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngezindlela zokufuna ukubhapathizwa nangezokuvota. Ukwazi indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukusekela ngokuphumelelayo izinguquko zenqubo ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezifanelekile nokuqonda inqubo yomthetho.

Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho zingahlanganyela ngokunengqondo kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi ngokuphathelene nesimiso sikahulumeni. Zingahlola ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zingachaza izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo ngezimiso ezithile noma ngokumelene nezinqubo ezithile. Lokhu kuhlanganyela okunolwazi kuqinisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi futhi kusize ukuba uhulumeni ahlale enesibopho kubantu.

Ukubheka Uhulumeni Njengonecala

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza izakhamuzi amathuluzi okugcina uhulumeni unecala uma udlula igunya lawo noma uphula amalungelo awo. Ukuqonda imingcele engokomthetho egunyazwe uhulumeni kwenza izakhamuzi ziqaphele uma izikhulu zephula igunya lazo.

Izakhamuzi zingasebenzisa ulwazi olungokomthetho ukuze zibeke inselele emithethweni engekho emthethweni noma ezinhlangothini zikahulumeni. Zingasebenzisa nenqubo yezombangazwe ukuze zisuse izikhulu eziphula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma zisekele izinguquko ezisingatha ukuswelakala komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqashelwa komphakathi kwezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo kungabangela ukucindezela kokushintshwa nokwembulelwa kukahulumeni.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezimpikiswaneni Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izimpikiswano eziningi zezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi zihilela imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo. Izindaba ezinjengenkululeko yokukhuluma ngemithombo yezindaba yomphakathi, izindaba zomuntu siqu enkathini engokwezinombolo, amalungelo ezibhamu, inkululeko engokwenkolo, kanye nobukhulu bamandla okubusa konke kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka komthetho - sisekelo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo zingahileleka ngokucabangela ngokwengeziwe kulezi mpikiswano futhi zibe nengxenye enqubweni eqhubekayo yokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo.

UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi eqinile enezincazelo ezimisiwe − incazelo iyashintsha njengoba izinkantolo zisebenzisa izimiso zazo ezimweni ezintsha nanjengoba ukuqonda komphakathi amalungelo namandla kahulumeni kukhula. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zifeza indima ebalulekile kule nqubo yokuchaza ngokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yasobala ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo nangokusekela amafilosofi okwahlulela ahambisana nokuqonda kwazo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.

Imibono Evamile Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuchaza lokhu kungaqondani kahle kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kangcono isimiso sazo somthetho - sisekelo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Umane Ubeke Imingcele Kuhulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

Ekuqaleni, iBhili of Rights yavimbela kuphela uhulumeni kahulumeni, hhayi ohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni. Nokho, ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-compliation, iMikolo yamaLungelo eminingi iye yasetshenziswa kohulumeni bamazwe ngenqubo efanelekile yeSichibiyelo seNguqulo seshumi Nane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo manje baboshwe yimithetho engokomthetho efanayo esebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uvikela abantu ngokwesiko ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, hhayi ezenzweni zamaqembu angawodwa. Izinkampani zomuntu ngamunye nabantu ngabanye ababoshwe yimingcele engokomthetho enqabela inkululeko yokukhuluma, ngokwesibonelo, nakuba bengase bazithobe kweminye imithetho evimbela ukucwaswa noma ukuvikela amalungelo.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Aphelele

Nakuba amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo eyisisekelo, awawona angenamingcele. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi amalungelo angangaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo lapho kudingekile ukuze afeze izithakazelo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkululeko yokukhuluma ngenkululeko ayikuvikeli ukuhlanjalazwa, ukusongelwa kweqiniso, noma ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze. Ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali lingaba ngaphansi kwezimiso ezinengqondo. Inkululeko engokwenkolo ayivumeli izenzo ezephula imithetho esetshenziswayo.

Isihluthulelo siwukuthi noma imiphi imingcele emalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kumelwe ithethelelwe yizithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphawulekayo futhi kumelwe ivumelaniswe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ifeze lezozithakazelo ngaphandle kokugxambukela ngokungadingekile emalungelweni avikelwe. Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela imingcele kahulumeni engokomthetho ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi ingokomthetho futhi iyalingana.

Umthetho - sisekelo Usingatha Zonke Impikiswano

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni futhi uvikele amalungelo ayisisekelo, kodwa awuxazululi yonke indaba noma umbuzo. Izindaba eziningi zishiyelwa ukuba zixazululwe ngomthetho ovamile, umthetho, noma umthetho wezwe. UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele futhi umise izimiso, kodwa kuleyomingcele, kunendawo enkulu yokwenza izinqumo nezimiso zentando yeningi.

Lokhu kuvumelana kunamandla oMthetho - sisekelo, ukukuvumela ukuba uhlale ubalulekile ezimweni ezishintshayo ngaphandle kokudinga ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo. Abaklami bakha uhlelo olungazivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho belondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni olinganiselwe namalungelo avikelwe.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Imithombo eminingi ikhona ezakhamuzini ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo uMthetho-sisekelo. IZinqolobane zeNational zilondoloza uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala futhi zinikeza izinto ezifundisa kakhulu ngokuphathelene nale ncwadi nomlando wayo. I- Library of Congress inikeza izincwadi eziyinhloko zemithombo kanye neziqondiso zokucwaninga ezihlobene nomlando nomthetho - sisekelo.

Amayunivesithi amaningi nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zinikeza izifundo zesihle ze - Internet nemithombo yomthetho - sisekelo. i - National Constitution Center ePhiladelphia inikeza imibukiso nezinhlelo ezifundisayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge - American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ne - Bill of Rights Institute zinikeza imithombo egxile emalungelweni omthetho - sisekelo nasemfundweni yezakhamuzi.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuchazeni nasekusetshenzisweni komthetho-sisekelo, ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme kungakhanyisa. Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo Ephakeme inikeza ukuvunyelwa kwezinqumo zamuva, kuyilapho i-metarusism nezinhlangano zezindaba zinikeza ukuhlaziywa nokuchazwa kwezindaba ezibalulekile zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukulandela iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nemithetho elandelwayo kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zinolwazi ngezindaba zamanje zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nezimpikiswano.

Imitapo yezincwadi yendawo ivame ukuba nezincwadi eziphathelene nomlando womthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ezingenisweni ezifinyelelekayo kuya ezinhlabeni zezazi eziningi. Amakholiji omphakathi nezinhlelo zemfundo zabadala zivame ukunikeza izifundo kuhulumeni waseMelika nakumthetho-sisekelo. Ukuhlanganyela nalemithombo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ngokujule ngokwengeziwe, nangokuqondana ngokwengeziwe kwesimiso sazo somthetho-sisekelo.

UMthetho - sisekelo Osemhlanganweni Wesikhathi Esidlule

Izindaba ezinjengezindaba zomuntu siqu, imithetho yezokuxhumana, i - Internet, i - biotechnology, ne - computer kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha engokomthetho edinga ukuba izinkantolo nabenzi bezimiso bakhulume ngezimiso ezimisiwe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvimbela ukuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngokwesibonelo, kumelwe sisetshenziswe ekwazini ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe nokuhlola kogesi. Izinkantolo ziye zabuza ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga yini izicelo zokungena endaweni yocingo noma ukuphenya okuqukethwe ama-makhalekhukhwini. Lamacala adinga ukuba abahluleli basebenzise izimiso ze-apixpiter ezingamashumi amabili-khulu lokuqala.

Ngokufanayo, izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezasungulwa emongweni wemithombo yezindaba nezinkulumo zomphakathi manje kumelwe zisetshenziswe ezikhungweni zezokuxhumana, enkulumweni ye - Internet nasezingxoxweni ze - Internet.

Ukuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo nokugxila kwawo ezimisweni eziyisisekelo kuwenza uhlale ubalulekile njengoba izimo zishintsha ngokuphawulekayo. Ukugxila kwencwadi ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ekulinganiseleni amandla kahulumeni, nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa ngentando yeningi kunikeza uhlelo lokusingatha izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho kugcinwa namasiko omthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufundisa Ukufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezizayo ziyawuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Izikole zifeza indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni abafundi ngoMthetho-sisekelo, inqubo kahulumeni, nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi. Nokho, imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo akumelwe iphele ngemfundo engokomthetho, kodwa iyinqubo yokuphila konke yokufunda nokuthembisana.

Abazali bangasiza izingane ukuba ziqonde izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ngokuxoxa ngezenzakalo zamanje ngomthetho - sisekelo, ukuvakashela izindawo ezingokomlando ezihlobene noMthetho - sisekelo, nokulingisa ukuhlanganyela kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zinganikeza izinhlelo ezisiza abantu abadala ukuba baqonde amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo. Imfundo yokufunda nokubhala imithombo yezindaba ingasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izimpikiswano ezibhekana nazo ezindabeni nasezinkulumweni zezombangazwe.

Imfundo ephumelelayo yomthetho-sisekelo idlulela ngalé kokuthatha ngekhanda amaqiniso aphathelene nokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo. Kuhilela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okucabanga abucayi ukuze kucaciswe izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda umongo ongokomlando owaguqula amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo, nokwazisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Kusho futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihilela izahlulelo ezibalulekile nokuthi abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisana ngokuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kufanele zisetshenziswe kanjani.

Impikiswano Ephilayo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Enye yezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu eziphathelene noMthetho-sisekelo iphathelene nendlela okufanele ichazwe ngayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi "ubudala," umbono wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi lapho ugunyazwa. Abanye basekela indlela yokufinyelela "Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo", bephikisa ngokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele ishintshele ezindinganisweni ezishintshayo zezenhlalo nasezimweni.

Abasekeli bomthetho - sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi ukumisa incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo ekuqondeni kwawo kwasekuqaleni kunikeza ukuzinza, kuvimbela amajaji ekubekeni inqubo yabo siqu yentando yeningi ngokufuna izinguquko ezinkulu.

Le mpikiswano ayikona nje ukufunda kuphela, kodwa inemiphumela yangempela yezindlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngazo amacala ahilela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo nemibuso kahulumeni. Ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole izinqumo zokwahlulela futhi zihlanganyele ngokucabangela kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvikela Intando Yeningi Yomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, kodwa ukulondoloza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi zithembisene ngokuzikhandla.

Izakhamuzi zivikela idemokrasi engokomthetho - sisekelo ngokuhlala zinolwazi ngezenzo zikahulumeni, ngokuvota okhethweni, ngokuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ngezindaba ezikhathazayo, nangokubheka uhulumeni ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganise nokuphikisa, nokuhlela okungokombangazwe. Ukusekela ukubusa okuzimele, okusiza ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi kukahulumeni futhi kwazise umphakathi, nakho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa ngentando yeningi.

Idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo ixhomeke futhi ezimisweni ezithile nemikhuba engadingwanga ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo kodwa esekela ukusebenza kwawo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuhlonipha abaphikisi bezombangazwe, ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, ukuzimisela ukuba neqiniso enkulumweni yasobala, nokuzimisela ukuyekethisa. Uma lemithetho elawulwa ngomthetho-sisekelo iwohloka, ingasongelwa ngisho noma izakhiwo ezingokomthetho zingahlukani.

Isiphetho: UMthetho - sisekelo njengomsebenzi Ophilayo

UMthetho - sisekelo ulokhu uyisisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika nomvikeli wamalungelo abantu ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka uqediwe.

Ukuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo azo, athathela phambili ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, futhi abeke uhulumeni icala. Kunikeza uhlelo olufanayo lwengxoxo yezombangazwe nezimiso ezihlanganyelwe ezihlanganisa amaMelika naphezu kokungavumelani kwawo. Ukufunda komthetho-sisekelo akukona nje ukwazi amaqiniso − okuphathelene nokuqonda izindinganiso nezimiso ezilawula amaMelika futhi okukwazi ukusebenzisa lezozimiso ezindabeni zanamuhla.

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uphendukela futhi ubhekane nezinselele ezintsha, uMthetho-sisekelo uzoqhubeka uchazwa futhi usetshenziswe ngezindlela ezintsha. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zingahlanganyela kulenqubo eqhubekayo yokuthuthuka komthetho - sisekelo, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo uyaqhubeka ufeza izinjongo zawo eziyisisekelo zokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni, ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, nokusiza ukuba uzenze ukuzimisela kobuntando bentando yeningi.

UMthetho-sisekelo awusona isahlulo sakudala kodwa uhlaka oluphilayo olusaqhubeka lubumba ukuphila kwaseMelika. Ngokufunda ngoMthetho-sisekelo, ukuqonda izimiso zawo, nangokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zifeza umthwalo wazo wokulondoloza nokuqinisa idemokrasi yomthetho-sisekelo wezizukulwane ezizayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzovota okhethweni, ukhonza ejajini, usebenzise amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sokuqala, noma ngokumane uhlale utshelwe ngezenzo zikahulumeni, uhlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula ngomthetho - sisekelo owenziwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo nendlela okuthinta ngayo ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, vakashela i-National Archives, ukucwaninga imithombo yezeNguquko zezwe , noma ukubukeza izinto zemfundo ezisuka ku-USA.gov[. Le mithombo ethembekile inikeza ukwaziswa okunembile, okufinyelelekayo okukusiza ukuba ujulise ukuqonda kwakho ibhulo lokusungula iMelika nokubaluleka kwalo okuqhubekayo emphakathini wanamuhla.