Izinyathelo Eziyisisekelo Zenqubo Yesichibiyelo

Ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ngamabomu noma ngesisekelo senqubo eyisisekelo, evame ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezihlukene eziqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa nokuvumelana okucophelelayo. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ukuhlongozwa okungokomthetho kokulungisa. Ezimisweni eziningi zentando yeningi, lesi siphakamiso singavela emithonjeni eminingana. Abameleli abaqanjiwe, njengamalungu ephalamende noma engqungqungquthela, bangaletha ukulungiswa kwenqubo ngemva kwengxoxo yangaphakathi ngaphakathi emagumbini abo. Okanye, eminye imikhakhakha egunyaza izakhamuzi ngesicelo esithathelwe phambili, lapho inani elanele lesayina liqala khona ukubukeza okusemthethweni.

Uma nje isilungiso sesihlongozwa, singena eqenjini lokuhlola okuqinile nengxoxo. Lokhu kwenzeka endikimbeni yemithetho − njengephalamende lesizwe, ingqungquthela, noma umhlangano womthetho-mthetho ohlelwe ngokukhethekile. Phakathi nale nkathi, ulimi oluhlongozwayo luyahlolisiswa, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi kungaqhutshwa, futhi amakomiti ahlole isilinganiso esingokomthetho, somphakathi, nesezomnotho. Umgomo kulebanga akukona ukuvuma noma ukulahla, kodwa ukucwenga kahle umbhalo ukuze ubonise ngokunembile ushintsho oluhlongokwabekiwe nomthetho - sisekelo okhona.

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, izinqubo eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga isinyathelo sesibili sokuvota ngokuphindiwe ngemva kwesikhathi esimisiwe . Njengasezimisweni ezilandelanayo zemithetho (noma ukuvunyelwa yizwe elikhulu noma izishaya-mthetho zesifunda ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Injongo yalemfuneko iwukuvimbela ukusheshisa noma ukukhungatheka okungokomzwelo nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo luhlala njalo kunokusekela okusheshayo kwezombangazwe.

Isigaba sokugcina ezinqubweni eziningi zokulungisa imvume eqondile yabavoti nge-astendium. Lesi sinyathelo sibeka isinqumo sokugcina ezandleni zezakhamuzi, sinikeza i-hemocracy ukuhlola okuqondile ngezenzo zezikhulu ezikhethiwe. Akuzona zonke iziphendu ezidinga i-arhenteum .__ezinye izimiso zincike ngokuphelele kumthetho we-athomosferity [1] kodwa uma kudingeka ivoti yomphakathi, imelela ithuba elinamandla ngezakhamuzi ukuba zimise umthetho wazo oyisisekelo.

Ukuhlukahluka Kwamacala

Nakuba uhlaka oluvamile ngenhla lusebenza ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo, imininingwane eqondile ihluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo okuhlongozwayo kudinga ukuvunyelwa yizingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko kokubili eNdlwini yabameleli neSigele, kulandelwa ukuhlaziywa ngezikhulu ezintathu zezindlu zomthetho-mthetho noma umbuso ogunyaza imikhosi yemihlangano emikhulu. Lokhu kuyimfuneko okumbaxambili kwenza u-U.S. umthetho-Constituration ube enye yezindawo ezinzima kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokungafani, amazwe afuna inani elivamile ezindaweni zokukhomba zesizwe ngemva kokugunyazwa kwemithetho-mthetho, kuyilapho ezinye zigunyaza izakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu ezisezindlini zombili zephalamende ngaphandle kokuvota. Ukuqonda lokhu ukuvumelana kwalokhu kuvumelana kwenza izakhamuzi ukuba bafune inqubo ephumelelayo yezwe labo abafuna ukuphumelela ngenqubo ye-osezweni labo.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlaziywa

Imingcele nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho-sisekelo zibekwe phezulu ngamabomu ukuze kuvikelwe ukuqina nokwethembeka komthetho oyisisekelo. Lezi zimfuneko zifeza imisebenzi eminingana: zivimbela izici ezinkulu ezithatha isikhathi esifushane ekwenzeni izinguquko ezihlala njalo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezezenhlalo, futhi zinqande izihlongozo eziwubala noma ezingacatshangelwe kahle.

Ukunikeza Izimfuneko Eziphakeme

Imfuneko evame kakhulu yivoti enkulu kakhulu ephakathi kwendikimba yomthetho. Lokhu kuvame ukusho izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu noma ezintathu zamalungu akhona kanye nokuvota, nakuba ezinye izimiso zidinga ukuba amalungu avelele kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ayekhona. I-scape icacile: iningi, elingase lanele ngomthetho ovamile, lithathwa njengesisekelo esincane kakhulu sokushintsha amalungiselelo omthetho wesisekelo. I-majorty iphoqelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bakhe izinxulumano ezisene nezindawo ezihlukene futhi bafune ukuhlehla, benciphisa izingozi zokuthatha i-agrount noma ukuncintisana.

Izihibe Eziwuketshezi Nezici Eziyimihubhe

Umthetho-sisekelo omningi ubeka izimfuneko zesikhashana ukuze kuncishiswe inqubo yokulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo kungadinga ukuvunyelwa ngezikhawu ezimbili ezilandelanayo zephalamende kanye nokhetho phakathi. Lokhu kuhlola ukuthi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo lusekela yini emijikelezweni ekhethiwe futhi luvimbela amagagagasi ahlukene ekuvaleni izinguquko ezihlala njalo. Ezinye izithiyo ezihlongozayo zihlanganisa inkathi yezincwadi ezigunyaziwe, izimfuneko zokuhlola umphakathi, kanye nokuhileleka kwezindikimba ezizimele ezihlola ukuthi inqubo ehlolwayo iphikisana yini nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziyisisekelo noma izibopho zomhlaba wonke.

Indima Yezakhiwo Ezihlangene

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukulungisa ngokuvamile kudinga ukuvunyelwa kwengxenye ephawulekayo yezindawo eziphakathi kwezizwe zonke − izifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma i-cantons. Lemfuneko iqaphela ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zithinta ukusakazwa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi nezifunda futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi inzuzo yesifunda iyazwakala futhi ihlaliswe. Ngokuvamile, imvume evela kuma-3, noma ezingxenyeni ezintathu zezindawo zomthetho-mthetho noma zemihlangano iyadingeka, ngokuvamile ngemfuneko yokuthi amaqoqo amukelekayo amele ingxenye enkulu yesizwe.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokulungisa izakhamuzi kudlulela ngalé kokumane uvote ekhonweni.

  • Hlala waziswe ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo: Njalo funda imithombo yezindaba ethembekile, izincwadi zikahulumeni, kanye nokucubungula okuzimele ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo, ozisekelayo, nokuthi kungaba yimiphi imiphumela engaba khona. Ukungazi kwezinguquko okuhlongozwayo kuyisithiyo esisodwa esikhulu kakhulu ekuthatheni iqhaza.
  • Ingxenye ekuhloleni komphakathi nasezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi: Izifunda eziningi zidinga ukuqulwa kwamacala obala noma iziphetho ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe ukuphendula. Izakhamuzi zingafaka iziphetho ezibhaliwe, zifakazele lapho zizwa, zikhona emihlanganweni yasehholo ledolobha, noma zihlele izingxoxo zomphakathi. Izimpawu zokubopha obala kubenzi bomthetho ukuthi abavoti banikeza ukunakekela.
  • Ukuvota ekuthatheni nasekukhetheni: Indlela eqondile yokuhlanganyela ukuvota. Ezimisweni ezisekelwe e-athrectionum, ivoti ngayinye inesici esilinganayo ekunqumeni umphumela. Ezimisweni zemithetho, ukuvota kwabameleli abavumelana nemibono yomuntu ezindabeni zomthetho-mthetho kubalulekile ngokufanayo.
  • Ukuhlangana nezinhlangano zomphakathi namaqembu azimele: Ukuhlangana noma ukusekela izinhlangano ezigxila ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-sisekelo / njengamaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi, ukubusa okuhle, noma izinxulumani ezingokomthetho zokuguqula izwi lomuntu futhi zinikeza ukukwazi ukuhlaziya nokwenza imizamo yobungcweti.
  • Abameleli abahlangene ngokuqondile: ukubhala, ukubiza, noma ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuveza imibono ekulungiseni okuhlongozwayo kungathonya impikiswano yemithetho. Abenzi bomthetho ngokuvamile bathonywa ukuhlangana okuqondile, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlakaniphe kahle futhi kuhloniphekile.

Ukuhlanganyela Emuva: Indaba Yokusakaza Ngolwazi

Uma kubizwa i-apendugu, izakhamuzi zibhekene nomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza isinqumo esizothatha isiphetho esingokomthetho nesinemiphumela ehlelile. Isilinganiso saleso sinqumo sixhomeke kakhulu ekwazisweni okukhona kanye nasekuzimiseleni komvoti ukuthatha lolu kwaziswa. Izakhamuzi kufanele zifune izinto zokufundisa ezingahambisani nesigaba semfundo, ziqhathanise izimpikiswano ezivela kubo bobabili abaxhasi nabaphikisi, futhi zigweme ukuthembela kuphela ekukhulumeni okungokomzwelo. Emazweni amaningi, abavoti abaqondisi bokwaziswa abasemthethweni bathunyelwa kuyo yonke indlu, futhi izinhlangano ezizimele ezinikeza imishwankampane yokuhlola. Ukuthatha isikhathi sokufunda nokuqonda le micebo ngaphambi kokuvota, kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu enikezwa umphakathi ongenza umsebenzi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zeziphendulo Eziphumelelayo

Ukuhlola umlando kunikeza umongo obalulekile wokuqonda indlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izici ezibangela impumelelo noma ukuhluleka. Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zoshintsho olungokomthetho - sisekelo.

IBhili Lamalungelo Lase - United States (1791)

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali zonke ezaziwa ngokuthi iBill of Rights, zamukelwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni emine nje ngemva kokuba u-Constitution wokuqala wagunyaziwe. Lezi zinguquko zaqhutshwa yisidingo somphakathi esande kakhulu senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, kanye nelungelo lokuphatha izikhali. Inqubo ehilela ukuphikisana okukhulu eMhlanganweni Wokuqala, kanye noJames Madison edlala indima ephambili ekusunguleni iziphakamiso. Iziphakamiso zavunyelwa yizidingo ezifunwa umphakathi ezidingekayo yizo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezifunwayo kuzo zombili izindlu futhi zavunyelwa yizikhulu ezintathu ezidingekile zemithetho ehlela amaqembu esizwe. Inqubo yamalungelo esheshayo ephakathi nenqubo yokulungisa inqubo ephakathi eminyakeni emibili nje.

I-Proftialtheid Constitution ye-South Africa (1996)

Ukushintsha kwe-South Africa kusuka ohlazweni lobuhlanga kuya embusweni wentando yeningi kwadinga uhlelo olusha kakhulu lomthetho-sisekelo kunokuba lulungiswe. Nokho, lenqubo inikeza izifundo mayelana nokwenziwa komthetho-sisekelo ohlanganisa indawo. UMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo, owakhiwa amalungu ephalamende, ohileleke ekuhloleni okukhulu komphakathi, kuhlanganise nokuthotshelwa kwamazwi abhalwe abantu abavamile. Umbhalo wokugcina wavunyelwa yinqubo enkulu kakhulu engqungqungqutheleni futhi wagunyazwa yiNkathiso-Mithemo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela ukuhlanganyela esekelwe ekwandiseni okubanzi okungathuthukisa ngayo ukufaneleka nokuqina komthetho wesisekelo.

Umshado wase-Ireland wokulingana

Ukulungisa i-Ireland ukuqaphela umshado ofanayo wobulili kwavunyelwa yi-parenceum ethandwayo enomphumela ophakeme ka-62% wabavoti abavumayo. Le nqubo yaqala njengomhlangano wezakhamuzi, owatusa ushintsho kuhulumeni. Khona - ke isishaya-mthetho sahlongoza ukubuyiselwa futhi sabizwa ngokuthi i-astendemu. Lomkhankaso waqokomisa ukuphikisana okukhulu komphakathi nezimpande zotshani ezihlela nhlangothi zombili. Umphumela ophakeme nowokugcina wabonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingahileleka ngokungathi sína emibuzweni eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo lapho zinikezwa ithuba nokwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze zenze ukukhetha kolwazi.

Ukubaluleka Kwesichibiyelo Kuyavikelwa

Ukuqonda le misebenzi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani kunzima ngamabomu ukulungisa izinqubo zokulungisa isimo.

Ukuvikela Ukuhlaselwa Kwebutho Elikhulu

Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu noma izigaba eziningi zokuvunyelwa, iningi lesikhashana lingase lilungise umthetho-sisekelo ukuze lifake amandla awo, licindezele ukuphikiswa, noma lisuse izivikelo zamaqembu amancane. Izinqanda ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga ukuphambanisa nokusekela okunganqamukiyo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma yiliphi icebo elilodwa ukuphanga lenqubo. Lesivikelo sibaluleke kakhulu kakhulu ekulondolozeni amalungelo ayisisekelo, ukuzimela kweminyango yezentando yeningi.

Ukuqina Komthetho - sisekelo

Imithetho-sisekelo iklanyelwe ukunikeza uhlelo oluqinile lokubusa, hhayi ukuguqula umoya wezombangazwe. Izinguquko njalo noma kalula zingase zilula ukubhuntshisa ukubikezela nokuqhubekeka okwenza uhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo ube nokwenzeka. Ngokufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuhlongozwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izivikelo zokulungisa ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zigcinelwe izindaba ezibalulekile ngempela nahlala njalo. Izakhamuzi zizuza ngokwazi ukuthi imithetho eyinhloko yesimiso sezombangazwe ngeke ishintshwe ngokuzenzakalela noma ngokungenangqondo.

Ukuqinisekisa Umthetho Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Uma ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kusinda enqubweni enzima, − kuhlanganisa nokungalawuleki kwemithetho, ukubambezelelwa kwesikhashana, kanye nokubekwa umphakathi (i-aderensums) kunezinga lomthetho ovamile ongenakuvumelana nalo. Izakhamuzi zithambekele kakhulu ukwamukela nokuhlonipha ushintsho uma ziyazi ukuthi luhlolwa futhi ludingwa kakhulu. Lokhu kugunyazwa kubalulekile ukuze zigcine ukwethenjwa umphakathi esimisweni somthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho zilungisa izindaba eziphikisanayo noma zihlukanisa.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngezinqumo

Ukungaqondi okuningi ngenqubo yokulungisa kwandile futhi kunganciphisa ukuhileleka kwezakhamuzi okuphumelelayo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Noma Imuphi Umthetho Ungashintshwa NgeSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kungaxazulula izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezindaba, ngokuvamile kulinganiselwe ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi inezimiso ezingalungiswa, njengalezo eziqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, uhlobo lukahulumeni wentando yeningi, noma ukuthembeka kwezwe lombuso. La malungiselelo angenakulungiseka abonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo ezichaza ukuma komthetho-mthetho futhi zivikele ngisho nezinguquko ezisezingeni elingcono kodwa elibhubhisayo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Izigwebo Aziphumeleli Kancane

Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinguquko eziningi ezihlongozwayo azizenzi zidlule isigaba somthetho, izinguquko eziphumelelayo zivame kakhulu kunalokho okucatshangwayo. Amazwe amaningi aye alungisa imithetho yawo kaningi, alungisa izimpikiswano zemibandela esukela emalungelweni okuvota nemingcele yezimiso zokwahlulela. Umbono wokuthi ukulungisa cishe akudluli neze ungasuka ekugxileni ekuhlulekeni okuphezulu, kodwa umbono olinganiselwe uqaphela ukuthi isimiso sisebenza ngendlela ehloselwe: iziphakamiso eziningi ezilula noma ezingahlakaniphile ziyahluleka, kanti izinguquko ezicatshangelwa kahle ngokusekela okukhulu ziyaphumelela.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Yizingqongqoshe Nezazi Zezombangazwe Kudingeka Bayiqonde Lenqubo

Ngenxa yokuthi ukulungisa ekugcineni kuthinta amalungelo nezibopho zesakhamuzi ngasinye, ukuqonda le nqubo kuwumthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi owenziwe ngaphandle kochwepheshe bomthetho. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela okuhlongozwa ngayo ukulungisa, impikiswano, futhi ezivunyelwe zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela izinguquko ezizisekelayo, zimelane nalabo abathola beyingozi, futhi zigcine abameleli bazo abakhethiwe benecala. Ukufundela umthetho kufanele kubhekwe njengengxenye ebalulekile yesizwe esinolwazi, ngokuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wokhetho noma imithetho yenziwa kanjani.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingalungiselela Ngayo Izinqumo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlanganyela nenqubo yokulungisa akuyona into engenziwa ngokuphumelelayo uma kuqashelwa kafushane. Izakhamuzi ezifisa ukwenza indima ethile kufanele zihlakulele imikhuba ezenza zihlale zikulungele ukubhekana nesicelo esibalulekile.

  • Ukufundwa njalo komthetho-sisekelo: Landela izincwadi zomthetho nezombangazwe ezihloniphekile, landela amaphephabhuku avela ezinhlanganweni zokucwaninga ezingezona ezangaphandle, futhi ufunde ukuphendula kwezazi zomthetho-sisekelo. Okujwayeleke kakhulu yindawo engokomthetho-sisekelo, okulungiselelwe kangcono umuntu uzokuhlola iziphakamiso ezithile.
  • Ukwakha inxathela yontanga abanolwazi: Xoxa ngezihloko zomthetho-sisekelo kubangane, umkhaya, osebenza nabo, namalungu omphakathi. Ukucabangela ndawonye kulola ukuqonda futhi kusize abantu ukuba bahlole ukucabanga kwabo ngokumelene nombono ohlukene. Amaqembu afundile, ama-album, kanye ne-inthanethi ezinikezelwe komthetho-mfantu zingaba imithombo ewusizo.
  • Izinhlangano ezithuthukisa imfundo yomthetho-sisekelo: Izinhlangano eziningi ezingazuzisi zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda komphakathi izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukusekela lamaqembu ngeminikelo, ngemisebenzi yokuzithandela, noma ngokukhuthaza imithombo yezokuxhumana kusiza ekuqiniseni izisekelo zezenhlalakahle ezisiza ukuba kungenele ukuthatha isinyathelo esinolwazi.
  • Ukuhlangana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ngaphambi kokuba kuvele inkinga: ubudlelwane obakhelwa abameleli bendawo ngezikhathi ezivamile kwenza kube lula ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo uma izitebhisi eziphakeme zilungiswa etafuleni. Ukuya emahholo edolobha, ukunikeza imibuzo ebhaliwe, nokuhlanganyela ekuhambeleni amahhovisi esigodi konke kusiza ekumiseni umkhondo wesikhathi esizayo wokuthembisana.
  • Yenza ukuhlolwa okucubungulayo kwemithombo yolwazi: Enkathini yokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile, ikhono lokuhlukanisa ukucusumbulwa komthetho-sisekelo othembekile kusuka ku-sspecian ss. Imikhuba yokuhlola imithombo, ukuhlola imibhalo yokuqala, nokufuna imibono eminingi ezimele ngaphambi kokwakha umbono kunoma ikuphi ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo.

Umbono Omude: Inqubo YeSichibiyelo Njengendawo Esekela Intando Yeningi

Izinqubo zesichibiyelo azizona nje izinqubo zobuchwepheshe obungokwezimo; ziyisici esibucayi sezesimiso sentando yeningi esidinga ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Ukulungisa okuhle kuvumela umphakathi ukuba uvumelanise umthetho wawo oyisisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ulondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo ezichaza ukuthi ziyini. Izakhamuzi eziqonda futhi zihileleke kulesimiso zifaka inzuzo empilweni yazo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ziyaqhubeka zikwazi ukufeza izinjongo zazo ezihlongozwe izizukulwane ezizayo. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza lesisekelo uxhomeke kubenzi bomthetho nabahluleli bazo kuphela kodwa nakunoma ubani ozuzayo ezivikeleni nasemathuba anikezwa umthetho.

Ukuze ifundwe ngokwengeziwe ezinqubweni zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, i-Constitute Project inikeza i-memoratori ebanzi yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Internationaltical Institute for Democracy and Electoral Consolation (IDEA) inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhathaniswa kwezinqubo zomthetho-mthethwe-siseko zokulungisa. Izazi ezinesithakazelo ekujuleni zingahlola [[FLT:] IJournal Journal of Constitutional Law Blog ye-Intelligement yophenyo ye-mthetho ye-Genestitual B[FLT] yokucwaninga kwamanje.