Table of Contents

I-activism isebenza njengesizathu esinamandla sokuguqula umphakathi, futhi ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho ezilawula imizamo yokulawula ukuphatha izigebengu kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwenza ushintsho olunengqondo. Noma uhlela umhlangano womphakathi, uqala umkhankaso wesicelo, noma uhileleke ekungalalelini komphakathi, ukwazi amalungelo akho nemithwalo yakho ngaphansi komthetho kungenza umehluko phakathi kokulawula okuphumelelayo kwezeluleko kanye nezinkinga ezingokomthetho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola ubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezenzo zobufundisi nezinqubo ezingokomthetho, sinikeza izishoshoshoshoshosholo ngolwazi okudingeka ukuba ziqondise ushintsho oluyinkimbinkimbi lwendlela ezenhlalo ngesikhathi sisebenza phakathi kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho.

I - Constitution Foundation of Activalism E - Democratic Societies

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ngemibono yakhe, ukuhlangana njengeqembu, ukuya kuhulumeni ukuze akhononde ngendlela abaphathwa ngayo, nokucela uhulumeni ukuba aphathe abanye abantu ngokulungile. Lenkululeko eyisisekelo yakha itshe elihloselwe i-lickrock lapho zonke izinkampani zomshisekeli zakhiwe khona, inikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho ezakhamuzini ezifisa ukubekela imingcele kahulumeni inselele, ukusekela imiphakathi encintisana elulazayo, noma ifuna izinguquko zesimiso sezwe.

Nokho, abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala simane sisho ukuthi abantu bangavota, bahlanganyele emkhankasweni wothile, babhale izingosi, babhale, babhalele izishaya - mthetho zabo noma babhalele amalungu esizwe noma bakhulume. Lezi izibonelo ezinhle zokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe. Nokho, kunezinye izindlela zokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe nokusebenzisa amalungelo omuntu, futhi. Ukwanda kwezenzo ezivikelweyo kudlulela kude kakhulu kuthathelwana okungokwesiko kwezombangazwe, kuhlanganisa uchungechunge olubanzi lwezenzo eziye zathonya umlando waseMelika.

I-project ihlala emnyombweni wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusukela eBoston Tea Party kuya eMdlalweni Wamalungelo Abantu kuya ekubhikisheni kwanamuhla, izakhamuzi bezilokhu ziphikisa izenzo zikahulumeni futhi zifuna ushintsho. Lokhu kuphikisana kuye kwasiza ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sezisebenzi, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezinye izinguquko zezenhlalo ezichaza imiphakathi yanamuhla yentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda lezisivikelo zomthetho ngokomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kubashisekeli ngoba njengawo wonke amalungelo nenkululeko ebekwe eCharter, nokho, lezizibopho azinamkhawulo. Izindlela ezingokomthetho zokubhikisha (ukungavunyelwa) ziyavunyelwa, kuyilapho izenzo ezingekho emthethweni (ukungalaleli kwezesigebengu) zingaphansi kwethonya eligcwele lomthetho wobugebengu. Lomehluko phakathi kokuvukela okungokomthetho nokungalaleli komphakathi umelela omunye wemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu kubashisekeli ukuba bawuqonde njengoba behlela izindlela zabo zokulwa.

Ukuqonda Ukwehluka: Ukuphikisa Umthetho Kuyaphikisana. Ukungalaleli Komphakathi

Lokho Izifebe Ezisola Ngakho Umthetho

Ukubhikisha okungokomthetho kusho ukuveza ukungavumelani ngemithetho, izimiso, noma izenzo zikahulumeni lapho uhlala ungaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebenzi ehlanganisa ukumasha okuhleliwe ngemvume efanele, imibuthano ehleliwe ezindaweni ezimisiwe, izinkulumo zasobala, ukunxusa izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokuziqhayisa ngokuthula.

Izenzo zokubhikisha ezingokomthetho zinikeza abashisekeli izinzuzo eziningi. Zivumela ukuboniswa komphakathi kokwahlukana ngaphandle kwengozi yokuboshwa, ukumangalelwa ngecala, noma eminye imiphumela engokomthetho. Zingadonsa ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, zinikeze ukusekela komphakathi, futhi zibonise ukuphikisa okukhulu ezimisweni ezithile noma emikhubeni ethile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhikisha okungokomthetho kungahlelwa ngezinga elikhulu, kuhlanganise izinxulumani ezihlukahlukene zabasekeli abangase bangafuni ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini efaka izingozi ezingokomthetho.

Izibonelo zokubhikisha okungokomthetho zihlanganisa ukuthola imvume yokuhamba nokubhikisha, ukuhlela imikhankaso yokuvota izincwadi, ukuqondisa imikhankaso yokuvota, ukuhlanganisa izikhungo zemfundo, ukwenza izisekelo zobuciko ezidlulisa imiyalezo yezombangazwe, nokusebenzisa amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ukuze kuphakanyiswe ukuqapha ngezindaba. Lamacebo aye abonakala ephumelela ngokuphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela emzamweni wokuzifica wesimo sezulu sanamuhla.

Imvelo Nenjongo Yokungalaleli Kombango

Ukungalaleli komphakathi kuwukwenqaba kwesakhamuzi ukulalela imithetho ethile, izimfuno, iziyalezo, noma imiyalo kahulumeni (noma noma iliphi elinye igunya). Kwezinye izincazelo, ukungalaleli komphakathi kumelwe kungabi nabudlova ukuze kubizwe ngokuthi "i-cil". Ngakho, ukungalaleli komphakathi ngezinye izikhathi kulinganiswa nokuvukela okunokuthula noma ukumelana okungenabudlova.

Ukungalaleli kwangaphakathi kuyisenzo sokubhikisha, sobuqaba ngamabomu, esingekho emthethweni, nesingokomthetho nasobala. Ukungalaleli kombango kuhlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zokubhikisha ngokuthula ngoba kunokwephulwa komthetho okungokwesayensi okunjengokuphambuka, ukuvimbela ukufinyelela komphakathi, noma ukuziphatha okungahleleki; futhi ukwephula umthetho kuyingxenye yomzamo womphakathi wokunaka obala imbangela. Lokhu kwephula umthetho ngenhloso kuhlukanisa ukungalaleli komphakathi ekuvukeleni okungokomthetho futhi kuhambisana nakho kokubili izingozi ezinkulu nethonya elikhulu.

Indaba kaHenry David Thoreau ethi Resistance to Civil Government, eyaqale yakhishwa ngo-1849 futhi yakhishwa ngemva kokufa ngo-1866 njenge-Pologne Ukungalaleli kwe-US, yaduma ngegama le-US, nakuba lomqondo ngokwawo wawusetshenziswa esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwale misebenzi. Isimiso sefilosofi sikaThoreau sagcizelela unembeza womuntu ngamunye njengomsekeli wobulungisa wokugcina, iphikisa ngokuthi izakhamuzi azinalungelo kodwa zinesibopho sokuziphatha sokwenqaba ukuthobela imithetho engalungile.

Umboniso ongcono kakhulu wesikhathi samanje wokungalaleli komphakathi nguMartin Luther King, Jr.''s "Lettter yase Birmingham Jail," eyabhalwa ngo-April 1963. Kulencwadi yesandla sekhondali, iNkosi yamisa uhlelo lokuziphatha lokungalaleli kwesizwe oluye lwathonya izizukulwane zabashisekeli emhlabeni wonke, oluhlukanisa phakathi kwemithetho elungile nengalungile nokuphikisana ngesidingo sokuziphatha sokubekela inselele okulandelayo inselele.

Ukungalaleli Okuqondile Komphakathi

Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi − okungaqondile nokungaqondile. Ukungalaleli okuqondile komphakathi kuhilela ukwephulwa ngenhloso komthetho othile okuthi kuwo ngokwawo, kubekelwe inselele njengokungalungile. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho abashisekeli bephula imithetho yobandlululo ngokuhlala emalini yokuvuna abamhlophe kuphela emini yasemini phakathi ne-Civil Rights Movement, babehileleke ekungalalelini ngokuqondile komphakathi, ."ukuphula yona kanye imithetho ababefuna ukuyishintsha.

Ukungalaleli okungaqondile kwezakhamuzi, ngokungangabazeki okuwuhlobo oluvame kakhulu lokubhikisha, kuhilela ukwephulwa komthetho okungekhona okwawo umbango wokubhikisha. Ukungalaleli komphakathi ngokuqondile kuzama ukuhlobisa umphakathi, ngokwesibonelo ngesenzo esingokomfanekiso. Abangalaleli bamakhaya ngokuvamile baphula imithetho engqubuzana nomthetho noma isimiso ababhikisha ngaso. Ngokwesibonelo, abashisekeli boxolo abaphazamisa imisebenzi ezindaweni zokuhlola izikhali zokuvikela abaphikisi imithetho ngokumelene nokuphambana, kodwa basebenzisa ukungalaleli komphakathi ukuze babonise ukuphikisa kwabo izikhali zenuzi.

Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile kubashisekeli bahlela amasu abo. Ukungalaleli okuqondiswe ezakhamuzini kudala ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kwesenzo nesizathu, okwenza kube lula ngomphakathi ukuqonda injongo yalokhu kubhikisha. Ukungalaleli kwesizwe okungaqondile, nakuba kungenzeka kube yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngokomthetho, kuvumela abashisekeli ukuba badonsele ukunakekela ezindabeni okungenzeka ukuthi azinakwephulwa ngokomthetho ngokuqondile ukuba zibeke inselele ngokuqondile.

Izindlela Ezingokomthetho Ezihlelekile Zokuthatha Icala

Ukunxusa Nobufundisi Obuphethe

Ukunxusa kumelela olunye lwezinhlobo zezenzo ezifinyele kakhulu nezivikelwe ngokomthetho. Izakhamuzi zinganxusa izindikimba zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga(endaweni, umbuso, nohulumeni) ukuphendula izikhalo, izinqubo ezishintshiwe, noma ukumisa umthetho omusha. Lelilungelo livikelwe ngokucacile yiSichibiyelo sokuqala futhi liye lasetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika ukuqhubekisela phambili izimbangela zezenhlalo.

I-advocation ihlanganisa ukuhlanganyela nezinhlangano zikahulumeni phakathi nezinqubo zokushaya umthetho, ukunikeza izinkulumo zomphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo, nokuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi. Leminyango engokomthetho ivumela abashisekeli ukuba bathonye ukumiswa kwezimiso ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amaqhinga engeziwe. Izindawo eziningi ezizungezile, isivikelo sabathengi, nokunqoba amalungelo omphakathi kuye kwafezwa ngokusekela kokuqondisa okuqhubekayo.

Ukunxusa nokuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda izinqubo ze-bureaucracy, ukuhlangana kwezikhathi zokukhulumela umphakathi, nokunikeza izimpikiswano eziphenyiswe kahle ezisekelwa ubufakazi. Nakuba lezindlela zingabonakala zingamangali kakhulu kunemibhikisho yasemgwaqweni, zingaveza izinguquko zenqubo yangempela futhi zimise izenzakalo ezibalulekile zemizamo yokuzimela esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuqamba Amanga Okuqeqeshiwe Nomphumela

Ukuqulwa kwecala okungaqediwe, okuyaziwa nangokuthi ukuphenyelwa kwemithetho, kuwumkhuba wokuletha ukumangalelwa okuhloselwe ukuletha ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle. Amacala abangela ukumangalelwa komphakathi angase abe ukumangalelwa kwesigaba noma ukumangalelwa kwabantu ngabanye okunokubaluleka okukhulu, futhi kungathembela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho noma ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho. Lendlela isebenzisa izinkantolo njengendawo yokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo nokumisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezidlulela ngalé kakhulu kwecala.

Kumalungelo abantu, i-ligigation i- "statiggy" uma iklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukucaciswa, inhlonipho, isivikelo nokufezeka kwamalungelo. Injongo iwukuguqula imithetho, izimiso, nokusebenzisa, nokuvikela amakhambi noma ukukhululeka ngemva kokuphulwa. I-statigletive ivame ukuthuthukisa ukuqashelwa komphakathi kokungabi nabulungisa.

Esinye isenzakalo esivelele salokhu yiBrown v. Board of Education. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinethoba namashumi amabili nasekuqaleni, i-American Civil Liberteries Union and National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (ngezinye izikhathi nge-Legal Defense Fund yayo) zombili zaphishekela isinyathelo esingokomthetho ukuze zithuthukise futhi zivikele amalungelo omphakathi e-United States. Lezinhlangano zasungula i-patroligation eqhubekayo ethuthukisa ukubusa kobulungisa namuhla.

Ukuqulwa kwecala okungokomthetho kuwukuveza nokulandela amacala njengengxenye yecebo lokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu. Kugxila ecaleni lomuntu ngamunye ukuze kukhishwe izinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini. Lamacala abeka izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezibalulekile ngokudalula obala ukungabi nabulungisa, ukuphaphamisa nokuletha izinguquko ekwakheni umthetho, isimiso nomkhuba.

Amandla empicabadala axhomeke emakhonweni ayo okudala izenzakalo ezibophayo ezingokomthetho ezithinta wonke umphakathi. Icala elilodwa eliphumelelayo lingase liqede imithetho yokukhipha ubandlululo, limise amalungelo amasha, noma liphoqe izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zishintshe imikhuba yazo. Nokho, ukuqamba izimali ezikhethekile, ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, nesineke, njengoba amacala engathatha iminyaka ukuxazulula futhi adinga ukunxusa okuningi ukuze afinyelele umphumela ofunekayo.

Ukuzitika Nokushaya Indiva Imithetho

Ukuzitika kuhilela ukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile nabashaya imithetho nabenzi bemithetho ukuba bathonye ukusungulwa, ukulungiswa, noma ukunqotshwa kwemithetho.

La masu ahlanganisa ukuncenga iziqondiso nomthetho, ukukhuluma nezindaba, ukwakha imifelandawonye, ukuhlela imikhankaso yezimpande zotshani, ukufundisa amakhasimende, ukuthonya izikhulu zikahulumeni, nokusebenza namanye amaqembu enzalo. Uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo bafaka inguquko yezimiso ezisiza abathengi bamaqembu omphakathi ukuba bafune isithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukuzama ukufinyelela impumelelo kudinga ukwakha ubuhlobo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe nezisebenzi zazo, ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho, ukuhlela imizamo yokuqondisa izigwegwe ukuze ziqondane namakhopho ayinhloko, nokuqoqa abameleli ukuba bathintane nabameleli bazo. Abalweli bomthetho banganxusa ngemihlangano eqondile nabamisi-mthetho, banikeze ubufakazi obubhaliwe, bahlele amabhange ocingo, futhi bahlele imikhankaso yokubhala izincwadi.

Imithetho egunyaza umthetho idlulela ngalé kokufuna ukuthotshelwa ukuba ihlanganise ukugadwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo, ukuhlaziya imiphumela yayo engenzeka, ukwakha imifelandawonye nezinhlangano ezihlangene, nokukhuthaza ukusekela komphakathi noma ukuphikiswa. Izinhlangano eziningi eziphumelelayo zobushisekeli zihlanganisa izimpande ezihlela ngekhono eliphambili lokulawula ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze zifinyelele imigomo yazo.

Ukuhlela Izenzo Zokulwa Nokubonisa Okunokuthula

Imikhosi yokuziqhayisa nokuqhayisa okunokuthula kusephakathi kwezindlela ezibonakala kakhulu nezinamandla kakhulu zobugada. Lezizenzakalo zingasukela kubalindi abancane kuya kumasha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abahlanganyelayo. Uma zihlelwe kahle futhi zibulawa, zibonisa ukusekela komphakathi ngenxa yesizathu esithile, zidonsela ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi zidonsela abenzi besinqumo esicindezelayo ukuba baphendule izimfuno zobushisekeli.

UMatshi eWashington for Jobs and Freedom (1963): Lesi senzakalo esihlelwe ngokucophelela sachazwa ngokucacile ngokuthi "isicelo esiphilayo" sokucindezela umqondisi weKennedy ekwakheni umthetho wamalungelo abantu. Abahleli basebenza eduze neziphathimandla zikahulumeni ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imisebenzi ihlala iphakathi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala. Lo mbukiso wabonisa ukusekela okukhulu, okuphindiwe kwenkululeko yomphakathi, ukunaka okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi wasiza ekwakheni intuthuko ye-Civil Rights Act ka-19464.

Ukuhlela ukubhikisha okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, kuhlanganise nokuthola imvume edingekile, ukuhlela nokugcinwa komthetho, ukuhlela izimiso zomsindo nezigaba, ukuqasha amanxusa okuzithandela ukuba alondoloze ukuhleleka, alungiselele izimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha, futhi athuthukise ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ecacile ethinta kokubili abahlanganyeli kanye nomphakathi omkhulu. Abahleli abaphumelelayo bahlela futhi ukuthembisana kwemithombo yezindaba, beqinisekisa ukuthi izintatheli ziyakwazi ukuxoxa nabantu nokuthi isigijimi salesi senzakalo siyaqondakala ngokucacile.

Modern protests increasingly incorporate digital organizing tools, using social media to coordinate logistics, spread information, and amplify messages beyond the physical gathering. This hybrid approach combines the symbolic power of bodies in the streets with the reach and speed of digital communication networks.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Nezivikelo Zalabo Abalwayo

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

ISichibiyelo sokuqala seSichibiyelo senkululeko yokukhuluma sihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ehlanganisa ukukhuluma, ukukhulumisana ngamazwi, inkulumo engokomfanekiso (njengokufaka amafulegi avuthayo noma amafulegi avuthayo), kanye nokuveza ubuciko. Izinkantolo ziye zalokhu zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni akanakulinganisela inkulumo esekelwe ekuquketheni noma embonweni, ngaphandle kwezindlela ezihlukene njengezinsongo zeqiniso, ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, kanye nehlazo.

Nokho, uhulumeni ungabekela imingcele enengqondo, indawo, nezindlela zokukhuluma, uma lemingcele ingaba yileyo egcwele, ehlangene kakhulu ukuze ifeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni, futhi ushiye eminye imigwaqo evulekile yokuxhumana. Kubantu abashisekela ukushisekela, lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba benamalungelo amade okuveza imibono yabo, kungase kudingeke ukuba bathole imvume yokuhlangana okukhulu, bagcine imithetho yomsindo, futhi bagweme ukuvimbela ukungena ezakhiweni noma emendweni.

Ukuqonda imingcele yenkulumo evikelwe kusiza abashisekeli ukuba bakhululeke kakhulu kuyilapho benciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho.

Ilungelo Lokuya Emhlanganweni Onokuthula

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ngokucacile "ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula," siqaphela ukuthi isinyathelo esihlangene sibalulekile ukuze kuphumelele ukuqashwa. Leli lungelo livumela abashisekeli ukuba bahlanganise ezindaweni zomphakathi ukuze baveze imibono yabo, babonise ubunye, futhi banxuse uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Nokho, ilungelo lokubutha aliphelele. Iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zingabeka imingcele enengqondo esikhathini, endaweni, nakuhlobo lwemihlangano ukuze zifeze izithakazelo zomphakathi ezingokomthetho njengokuhamba kwezimoto, ukuphepha komphakathi, nokungena ezakhiweni zikahulumeni. Lemingcele kumelwe ingangeni hlangothi futhi ayinakusetshenziswa ekucindezeleni imibono ethile noma imiyalezo.

Ama-orum omphakathi − njengamapaki, amagceke, nemigwaqo — amukela izinga eliphakeme kakhulu leSichibiyelo sokuqala semihlangano. Imingcele kahulumeni emihlanganweni kulezindawo ibhekene nokuhlolwa okuqinile futhi kumelwe ihlonishwe ukuze ifeze izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo. Ngokungafani, impahla kahulumeni engavunyelwe ukuvezwa umphakathi ngokwesiko, njengezindawo zezempi noma izakhiwo ezingaphakathi zezakhiwo zamahhovisi kahulumeni, ingabekwa ngaphansi kwemingcele emikhulu.

Abashisekeli bezokuxhumana kufanele baqaphele ukuthi ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula alihlanganisi ilungelo lokuvimbela ukungena ezakhiweni, ukuba nendawo yomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume, noma ukuhlanganyela ebudloveni noma ekubhujisweni kwempahla.

Isivikelo Ekuphindiseleni

Abasebenzi bavikelwa ekuphindiseleni kukahulumeni ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQaphela iSichibiyelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni azinakubopha, zijezise noma zibajezise abantu ngenxa nje yokuthi baye bahlanganyela enkulumweni evikelekile noma emhlanganweni. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi usongo lokuphindisela lungathuntubeza futhi luveze izimfundiso ezingokomthetho zokuvikela ekuxhashazweni okunjalo kwegunya likahulumeni.

Nokho, ukuveza ukuthi ukuziphindiselela kuyinselele, njengoba izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasho ukuthi izenzo zazo zazisekelwe ekubekeni umthetho osemthethweni ezikhathazayo kunokuba zisekelwe emazwini avikelwe umshisekeli. Abashisekeli abakholelwa ukuthi baye bahloselwe ukuziphindiselela kufanele babhale imisebenzi yabo, bagcine ubufakazi bezenzo zikahulumeni, futhi bathintane nabameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho ekuhlawulweni kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Abaqashi bomphakathi nezikhungo nabo futhi babhekene nemingcele yokuphindisela izisebenzi noma amalungu ahlanganyela ekuthatheni isinyathelo, nakuba lezisivikelo zihluka kuye ngokuthi ubuhlobo bemisebenzi bunjani futhi imiphi imithetho esebenzayo kahulumeni nohulumeni. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinesivikelo esikhulu ekuphindiseleni ezindabeni zomphakathi, kuyilapho izisebenzi zasezinkampanini zingaba nesivikelo esilinganiselwe.

Izingozi Ezingokomthetho Nemiphumela Engaba Khona

Amacala Ezigebengu Ahlobene Nemisebenzi Enzima

Abagaxeli abahileleke ekungalalelini komphakathi noma abasunduza imingcele yokubhikisha okungokomthetho bangase babhekane namacala ahlukahlukene obugebengu. Amacala avamile ahlanganisa ukweqa umthetho, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ukuvimbela imisebenzi yezimoto noma uhulumeni, ukwehluleka ukuhlakaza, nokunqanda ukuboshwa. amacala angathi sína kakhulu, njengokuhlasela iphoyisa noma ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla, angabekwa emacaleni ahilela ubudlova noma umonakalo wempahla.

Imiphumela yamacala obugebengu ingasukela kumali encane kuya esikhathini esiphawulekayo sasejele, kuye ngobukhulu bamacala kanye nomlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Ngisho nezinkolelo ezingafanele zingaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo, ithinte amathemba emisebenzi, amalayisense ochwepheshe, isikhundla sokufuduka, kanye nokungakholeki kwezinzuzo ezithile zikahulumeni.

Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, izinkantolo zenqaba ngempela ukuthethelela abavukeli bokubhikisha okungekho emthethweni ngesisekelo sokubekela kwabo inselele ukuvinjelwa ngokomthetho kweMpi yaseVietnam; izinkantolo zanquma ukuthi kwakuyindaba yezombangazwe. Isidingo sokuvikela ngezinye izikhathi siye sasetshenziswa njengesivikelo esiwuthunzi ngabangalaleli abawesizwe ukuphika icala ngaphandle kokulahla izenzo zabo ezishukunyiswa kwezombangazwe, nokuveza izinkolelo zabo zezombangazwe enkantolo. Amacala asenkantolo anjengeUnited States v. Schon aye anciphisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwempi yezombangazwe.

Abashisekeli bemithetho kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha noma ukulunga kwenhloso yabo ngokuvamile akuzivikeli ezinkantolo zobugebengu.

Ukuhlala Ngobunye Nemithetho

Ngaphandle kwamacala obugebengu, abashisekeli bangase babhekane nokumangalelwa kwezakhamuzi befuna izindleko zemali ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yokubhikisha. Abanikazi bempahla bangase bamangalele ukuphambana noma ukulimala kwempahla.

Icala lombango lingaba elibalulekile ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi umonakalo ungaba imiklomelo eqinile, engase ilahlekelwe yizishoshozeli noma izinhlangano. Amanye amagunya aye amisa imithetho eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukwandisa isibopho semisebenzi ethile yokubhikisha, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlasela izakhiwo eziyingozi noma izimboni ezithile.

Abathathi-nxaxheba nezinhlangano kufanele bacabangele ukuthola umshuwalense wecala uma kungenzeka futhi balinganisele imisebenzi yabo ukuze banciphise ingozi yokubekwa isibopho somphakathi. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhikisho ihlala inokuthula, ukugwema umonakalo wempahla, nokuxoxa ngokucacile nabahlanganyeli ngemingcele yokuziphatha okungokomthetho.

Isilinganiso Semali Nokuhlola

Abaqaphi bomthetho kufanele baqaphele ukuthi izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zingaqaphela izenzo zokubhikisha ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuqapha ngokomzimba, ukuqapha kwezokuxhumana, nokusetshenziswa kwabaqaphi noma izikhulu zasesitokisi.

Inkathi yemishini iye yandisa ngokuphawulekayo amakhono okuhlola, njengoba abaphoqeleli bomthetho bekwazi ukulandelela abashisekeli bezokuxhumana ngezindawo zabo zezokuxhumana, ngemininingwane yezindawo ezikuzo ngomakhalekhukhwini, nangezokuxhumana ngocingo. Izazi ezikhathazekile ngokuqapha kufanele zizifundise ngezindlela zokuzivikela zemishini, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kokuxhumana okuyimfihlo, ukulawulwa kokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezindaba engokwenhlalo, nokuqaphela indlela unyawo lwazo lwezokuxhumana olungasetshenziswa ngayo ekulandeleleni imisebenzi yazo.

Nokho, abashisekeli bempi kufanele baqaphele nokuthi ukuveza obala imisebenzi yabo kungakuvikela ekumangalelweni ngamanga futhi kubonise ukuzinikela kwabo ekubhikisheni ngokuthula, okungokomthetho.Isinqumo sokuthi kungakanani ukuvikela ekuqapheni sihilela ukulinganisela izinkathazo zokulondeka ezimayelana nezinzuzo zokubona nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Imiphumela Engokwenhlalo Neyobuchwepheshe

Ngaphezu kwezenzo ezingokomthetho, abantu abangalaleli emphakathini bangase bathinteke emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi ababhikishayo bangase baxoshwe noma baxoshwe esikoleni. Abangalaleli abasemthethweni bangase bakhishwe noma bahlukaniswe nemikhaya yabo. Lemiphumela engeyomthetho ingaba ebaluleke njengesijeziso esingokomthetho, ithinta ubuhlobo babantu abashisekela imfundo, namathemba okufunda.

Abaqashi bangase banikeze isiyalo noma bashiye izisebenzi eziboshwa phakathi nokubhikisha, ikakhulukazi uma ukuboshwa kwenzeka phakathi namahora omsebenzi noma uma isenzo somsebenzi sibhekwa njengesiphikisana nezithakazelo zomqashi. Amabhodi asebenza ngokuqapha angacabangela ukuboshwa noma izinkolelo lapho kuqashelwa izicelo noma ukuvuselelwa. Iziqubulo ezingagunyaza ukujeziswa kwabafundi abaphula imithetho yasesikoleni phakathi nemisebenzi yokubhikisha.

Abanye abantu kufanele bacabangele lemiphumela engenzeka lapho behlela imisebenzi yabo futhi benza izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ngokuphathelene nengozi abazimisele ukuyamukela.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuncintisana Ngokomthetho Empilweni

Yazi Amalungelo Akho Ngaphambi Kokukhononda

Ngaphambi kokuba bahlanganyele kunoma ikuphi ukubhikisha noma ukubukisa, abashisekeli kufanele bazijwayeze amalungelo abo angokomthetho, imithetho yendawo elawula ukubhikisha, nemithetho eqondile esebenza endaweni abahlela ukuyibonisa.

I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU): Inikeza imithombo yamalungelo aphakeme ababhikishi nesiqondiso sikahulumeni esicacile. I-ACLU ivikela amalungelo omuntu ngamunye nenkululeko ezweni lonke. National Lawers Guild (NLG): Inikeza iZibonelo Zakho Zokulunga kanye nokusekela okungokomthetho kwabashisekeli bempi. I-NLG ivame ukunikeza izingqapheli ezingokomthetho ukuphikisa futhi imelela ababhikishi ababhekene namacala.

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza "Yazi Amalungelo Akho" izikhawu zokuqeqesha ezihlanganisa izihloko ezinjengokuthi yini okumelwe yenziwe uma imiswa amaphoyisa, ukuthi ungasabela kanjani ezicelweni zokuzichaza, lapho kudingeka uvumelane nama-oda amaphoyisa, nokuthi yini okumelwe uyilindele uma uboshwa. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kungasiza abashisekeli ukuba benze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini ezimweni ezicindezela kakhulu futhi bagweme ukuwathatha ngokungaqondi amalungelo abo.

Abasebenzi kufanele baqonde futhi umehluko phakathi kwezicelo nemithetho yesikhulu samaphoyisa. Nakuba ungase ukhethe ukuvumelana nezicelo njengendaba yenhlonipho noma icebo, ngokuvamile kudingeka ngokomthetho kuphela ukuba uvumelane nemithetho engokomthetho. Ukuqonda lomehluko kungasiza abashisekeli baqinise amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokulwa okuya ngokungemthetho.

Ukuthola Imvume Nemvume Edingekayo

Kuzo izikhalo ezihilela amaqembu amakhulu, ukusebenzisa umsindo okhulisiwe, noma ukusebenza ezindaweni zomphakathi, ukuthola imvume ezidingekile ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ngokomthetho. Nakuba imfuneko yemvume ngokwayo kumelwe inganeliswe futhi ingakwazi ukusetshenziswa ekucwaseni imibono ethile, ukuhluleka ukuthola imvume edingekayo kungaphumela ekuboshweni nasekuthwesweni icala.

Inqubo yokusebenza evumela idinga ukunikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nomkhosi ohleliwe, kuhlanganise nosuku, isikhathi, indawo, inani elilindelekile labadlali, nokuthi umsindo okhulisiwe uzosetshenziswa yini. Iziphathimandla zingabeka izimo ezinengqondo kwimvume, njengokudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezimisiwe, ukulinganisela amahora esenzakalo, noma ukudinga abahleli ukunikeza ukulondeka noma izinkonzo zokuhlanza.

Abashisekeli bemithetho kufanele basebenzise imvume ngaphambi kwezenzakalo ezihleliwe, njengoba izikhathi zokulungisa izinhlelo zingase zihlukahluke futhi kungase kudingeke ukuba kudluliswe izikhalo uma imvume inqatshelwa noma kubekwa izimo ezingenangqondo, abashisekeli bangase babe nezizathu zokubekela inselele isinqumo enkantolo, bephikisa ngokuthi imingcele iphula amalungelo abo okuHlaziya Isinqumo Sokuqala.

Abanye abashisekeli bezombangazwe bakhetha ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume njengohlobo lokungalaleli komphakathi, bevuma ingozi yokuboshwa ukuze baveze iphuzu ngohulumeni ophambayo noma balondoloze ukuqapha nokuphuthuma komyalezo wabo.

Bhala Yonke Into

Izincwadi ezikhombayo zemisebenzi yokubhikisha zifeza izinjongo eziningi. Inikeza ubufakazi bokuziphatha okunokuthula uma abashisekeli bemangalelwa ngobudlova noma ukuchithwa kwempahla. Ibhala ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa uma kuvela ukumangalelwa kokungalawuleki kwemithetho noma ukuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Ababhikishi kufanele basho ukuthi abantu ngabanye abazothatha izithombe, abanomthwalo wokuthwebula nokuthwebula izenzakalo, babhale amaphuzu aphathelene nalokho okwenzekayo, futhi balondoloze ubufakazi.

Izingqapheli ezingokomthetho − ngokuvamile izisebenzi zokuzithandela eziqeqeshwe yizinhlangano ezinjenge-National Lawyers Guid − zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuvuleni impikiswano. Lezi zingqapheli zigqoka izingubo ezihlukanisayo ezibonisa indima yazo, zizimisele ukubona ukusebenzelana phakathi kwababhikishi namaphoyisa, futhi zithathe amaphuzu anemininingwane angasetshenziswa emacaleni angokomthetho uma abashisekeli beboshwa noma amalungelo abo ephulwa.

Ukubhalwa kwezincwadi akufanele kuhlanganise lokho okwenzekayo kuphela lapho kubhikishwa kodwa futhi nenqubo yokuhlela, yokuxhumana neziphathimandla, nanoma yiziphi izinsongo noma ukuhlukunyezwa okutholwa abashisekeli.

Misa Imithetho Yokukhulumisana Ecacile

Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukubhikisha okukhulu nasekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha okuhilelekile. Abahleli kufanele bamise amaketanga acacile okuyala, basho abantu abazoxhumana nemithombo yezindaba nokugcinwa komthetho, futhi bakha izimiso zokuxhumana nabahilelekile phakathi nezenzakalo.

Izindawo eziningi zokubhikisha zisebenzisa izikhulu zokuzithandela ezigqoka izingubo ezihlukile futhi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhumana nabahilelekile, zisiza ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka, futhi zisebenza njengezokuxhumana nomthetho ogunyaziwe. Lezi zinhlangano kufanele ziqeqeshwe ngamasu okunqanda ukubhikisha futhi kufanele ziqonde imingcele engokomthetho yalokhu kubhikisha.

Imithetho yokuxhumana kufanele ikhulume futhi ngalokho okwenzekayo uma abahlanganyelayo beboshwa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukumisa umthetho onamandla ongabathinta, ukuqamba abantu ukuba babheke ukuboshwa nomzila obekwe ejele, nokuhlela ukumelelwa kwalabo abamangalelwe ngokomthetho.

Amathuluzi okuxhumana asetshenziswa ngezinombolo angasiza ekuxhumaneni phakathi nokubhikisha, kodwa abashisekeli kufanele baqaphele ukuthi lezi zingxoxo zingaqondiswa ukugcinwa komthetho. Izinqumo zokusebenzisa imiyalezo eyimfihlo noma ezinye izindlela zokuphepha kufanele zenziwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezithile nasezingeni eziyingozi zemisebenzi ehleliwe.

Zilungiselele Ukuboshwa Nemiphumela Engokomthetho

Ababezothatha isinyathelo bekwenza okungamelwe bagcine beboshwe noma behloselwe ukuboshwa kufanele balungiselele kusengaphambili lokhu.

Ngaphambi kokuba bahlanganyele emisebenzini engase iholele ekuboshweni, abashisekeli kufanele babhale phansi izinombolo zocingo ezibalulekile (kuhlanganise nencwadi engokomthetho esekela abantu abadinga usizo), bahlele ukuba othile anakekele abadinga usizo noma izilwane ezifuyiwe uma beboshiwe, futhi bacabangele ukuthi bananoma yiziphi izimo zezokwelapha ezidinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Kufanele futhi banqume kusengaphambili ukuthi bazonikeza amaphoyisa izimpawu, ukuthi bazokhuluma yini, nokuthi iliphi icebo abazolisebenzisa uma bephoqelelwa.

Ukwenza isinqumo ngolwazi: hlaziya ukubaluleka kwembangela kanye nokubhikisha okungaba nethonya elikhona ezingozini zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungokokuziphatha – ukuzidela komuntu siqu ngenxa yenzuzo ehlangene – amanga emnyombweni wokungalaleli komphakathi. Abalweli bomthetho kufanele baqaphele, baqaphele ukuthi bazimisele ukwamukela izinga lengozi engokomthetho, kunokuba babambelwe ekuboshweni noma ekumangalelweni.

Izinhlangano eziningi zabashisekeli zinikeza ukusekela "ujail" ababhikishi ababoshiwe, kuhlanganise nokugada ababoshiwe, ukuhlela ukufakwa kwebheyili, ukunikeza imvume engokomthetho nokusekela okungokomzwelo. Ukwazi ukuthi lesi simiso sokusekela sikhona kungasiza abashisekeli ukuba bazizwe beqiniseka ngokwengeziwe ngokuhileleka emisebenzini ephakeme.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuthatha Imithetho

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Iye yasetshenziswa ezinhlanganweni eziningi ezingenabudlova zokwenqaba ubudlova eNdiya (imikhankaso kaMahatma Gandhi yokuzimela eMbusweni waseBrithani), eMkhankasweni weNguquko yeCzechoslovakia, ekuqaleni komzabalazo weBangladesh wokukhululeka ngokumelene nobukoloni basePakistan naseMpumalanga Jalimane ukususa uhulumeni wabo wobuStalian. ENingizimu Afrika phakathi nomkhankaso wesidlali ngokumelene nombuso wesizwe wabangalawuleki, emzabalazweni waseMelika omelene nemithetho yenkululeko ka-Jimrow. Inkosi u-Martin Luther Jr.'s noJames Bevel abangenamandla ababhikidiyo ngokuthula phakathi nenhlangano yenkululeko yomphakathi eUnited States ngezinye izikhathi babeneziciko ezibalulekile zokungalaleli kwesizwe.

Phakathi kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi, kwakuwumehluko phakathi kwababhikishi abangenabudlova nokusabela ngobudlova kwamaphoyisa aseningizimu okwasiza ekuvuseleni umbono womphakathi futhi kwakhuthaza ukungenela kukahulumeni kahulumeni ekusekeleni ukulingana kwezinhlanga. Lokhu kusetshenziswa okuwujuqu kokumelana nobudlova kwabonisa indlela abashisekeli abangasebenzisa ngayo izimiso ezingokomthetho nezingokokuziphatha ukuze badalule ukungabi nabulungisa futhi basekele ushintsho.

I-Civil Rights Movement yasebenzisa inhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yamasu angokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-NAACP Legal Defense Fund, ukubhikisha okuqondile njengokuhlala phansi nenkululeko, ukuvota, izihambeli zokuvota, nokunxusa umthetho kahulumeni. Lendlela ehlukahlukene yaqaphela ukuthi ushintsho oluhlala njalo ludinga kokubili ukunqoba okungokomthetho nokushintsha komphakathi.

Amaningi alamacebo aduma phakathi nomzabalazo wamalungelo omphakathi ka - 1960 e - United States, owasebenzisa inkululeko yokuhlala, ukushayela izingoma zenkululeko, nokuvota ukuze ugqugquzele abenzi bemithetho ukuba bamise uMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka - 1964 kanye nezinye izinyathelo eziningi zamalungelo abantu ezanikeza isivikelo, ukunqanda ukuhlangana kwezinhlanga, ngisho nemishado yezinhlanga engokomthetho ngo - 1967.

Inhlangano yabesifazane Ecasulayo

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokungalaleli kwesizwe ziye zasetshenziswa abashisekeli abavelele, njengomholi wabesifazane waseMelika uSusan B. Anthony ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Umzabalazo wabesifazane wahlanganisa ukukhomba ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokunxusa nokukhuthaza, namasu amaningi anjengesihlukumiso sokuhlukumeza iWhite House nokugadla indlala lapho beboshiwe.

Izincwadi zale zincwadi zabhekana nezithiyo ezingokomthetho ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nemithetho eyayivimbela abesifazane ngokuqondile ekuvotelweni nasemikhubeni yezenhlalo eyayinqanda ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane kwezombangazwe. Umkhankaso wabo wamashumi amaningi wasebenzisa uchungechunge lwamacebo, kusukela emikhankasweni kahulumeni ngamunye ukuya ekuthumeleni imithetho yokuvota ukuya ekulungiseni imithetho yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke eyaphumelela ekugcineni ngokuncishiswa kweSichibiyelo se-19 ngo-19.

Lapho enye indlela ihluleka, abashisekeli bashintsha amasu abo, bafunda ezithibeni, futhi baqhubeka becindezela ushintsho nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingokomthetho nezingokombangazwe ezazikhona.

Ukusebenza Ngezisebenzi

Umlando wenhlangano yezisebenzi yaseMelika uhlangene kakhulu nokulwa okungokomthetho mayelana namalungelo ezisebenzi ukuba zihlele, zishaye, futhi zidlale njengeqembu. Abashisekeli bezisebenzi bakuqala babhekana nezimo ezingokomthetho ezingezwani, futhi izinkantolo zikhipha iziyalo ezimelene nokuhlasela futhi ohulumeni basebenzisa amandla ukuze baqede ukubhikisha kwezisebenzi.

Abashisekeli bezisebenzi basebenzisa amasu amaningi, kuhlanganise nokushaya imoto, ukugawula, ukuvota, nokuhlela kwezombangazwe ukuze kukhethwe abasebenzi abaphambili. Imizamo yabo ekugcineni yaholela emthetho ophawulayo njengeNational Labor Relations Act, eyamisa amalungelo ezisebenzi ukuhlela nokuhlela kanye nokuhlela, kanye ne-Fair Labor Standard Act, eyamisa iholo elilinganiselwe nesivikelo eseqile.

Ukunqoba kweqembu okungokomthetho kubonisa indlela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqhubekayo okungalungisa ngayo izinqubo zomthetho ngokuyisisekelo, kuguqula imisebenzi eyayingekho emthethweni noma eyayingaphansi kokucindezelwa okunokhahlo ibe ngamalungelo avikelwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa kwadinga kokubili izimpande zotshani ezihlelayo neziqalile ezingokomthetho ukuze kusungulwe izenzakalo ezintsha nezinguquko ezilondekile zemithetho.

Inhlangano Yendawo Ezungezile

Abashisekeli bendawo ezungezile baye basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho zokuvikela imithombo yemvelo nokulwa kokungcola.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund (manje eyiSigemfento) zasungula ukusetshenziswa kwesuthi yezakhamuzi − izinhlangano zemithetho yendawo ezungezile ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zidlulisele icala ukuze ziqinisekise isivikelo sendawo ezungezile lapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni zehluleka ukwenza kanjalo. Lenguquko engokomthetho yagunyaza abashisekeli abagunyazi ukuba bakhonze njengabameli abazimele, benezela imizamo yokugcinwa komthetho.

Abashisekeli bendawo ezungezile baye bathatha isinyathelo esiqondile, kuhlanganise nokuhlala kwezihlahla ukuze bavimbele ukugawulwa kwemithi, ukuvinjelwa kwezindawo zokwakha, nokuhlala ezikhaleni ezisongelwa intuthuko. Ngezinye izikhathi lamasu aye aphumela ekuboshweni nasemiphumela engokomthetho, kodwa futhi baye baphumelela ekubambeni noma ekuvimbeleni ukunaka indawo ezungezile nokuqaphelisa umphakathi ngokusongelwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Ezisekela Ngokomthetho

Izinhlangano Ezikhulula Abantu

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni abashisekeli nakuvikela amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. I-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) mhlawumbe iyinhlangano eyaziwayo kakhulu kulendawo, enezinhlangano kuzo zonke izifunda ezinikeza ukumelelwa okungokomthetho, isimiso sokulawula, nemfundo yomphakathi ezindabeni zenkululeko yomphakathi.

Lezinhlangano zisekela abashisekeli benkolo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokumelela ngokomthetho labo ababoshwa noma abamangalelwa ngobugebengu obuhlobene nezenzo zokubhikisha, ukumangalela imithetho noma imikhuba kahulumeni engekho emthethweni, ukunqabela imithetho yokuguqula imithetho evimbela amalungelo abashisekeli, nemfundo yomphakathi ngoMbuso Wenu Amalungelo Kahulumeni nangezigaba zokuqeqesha.

Izisebenzi kufanele zizijwayelanise nezinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ezisebenza endaweni yazo futhi ziqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezinikezwa yilezi zinhlangano. Abaningi banikeza abashisekeli usizo olungokomthetho mahhala noma oluphansi, nakuba izimali zilinganiselwe futhi kungezona zonke izindaba ezingathathwa.

Izinhlelo Zokuqapha Okungokomthetho

Izinhlelo zezisebenzi ezihlolayo ezingokomthetho ziqeqeshelwa izisebenzi zokuzithandela ukuqapha ukubhikisha nokubhala izincwadi phakathi kwababhikishi nomthetho. Lezi zingqapheli zikhonza njengofakazi abangathathi hlangothi, zinikeza ungwengwengwezi olubanzi lokulandisa futhi zidala amarekhodi angasetshenziswa enkantolo uma amalungelo abashisekeli ephulwa.

I-National Lawyers Guild isebenza enye yezinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe kakhulu zokubuka, iqeqesha izisebenzi zokuzithandela ngezindlela zokuhlola, ukuqapha, nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezifanele ukubhikishwa. Izingqapheli ezingokomthetho ngokuvamile zigqoka izingubo ezihlukile (njengezigqoko eziluhlaza noma izingubo) eziveza indima yazo kanye nokuzimela kwazo ekuboneni ukusebenzelana okuyinhloko.

Ukuba khona kwezingqapheli ezingokomthetho kungaba nomphumela ovimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, njengoba izikhulu ziqaphela ukuthi izenzo zazo zifakazelwa yizibukeli eziqeqeshiwe. Imininingwane nokuphawula okuningiliziwe okuqoqwe yilezizisebenzi zokuzithandela kuye kwabonakala kuwusizo ezimweni eziningi ezihilela ukumangalelwa kokucindezelwa ngokweqile noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ababhikishi.

Izinkonzo Zezomthetho Ze - ProBono

Abameli abaningi banikeza izinkonzo zomthetho ezingokomthetho kubashisekeli nezinhlangano zokwahlulela emphakathini, lezi zinkonzo zingase zihlanganise ukumelela ababhikishi ababoshiwe, ukunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho ezinhlanganweni ezihlela ukubhikisha noma imikhankaso, ukudweba izincwadi zomthetho, nokusingatha ukuqulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi.

Izisebenzi ezifuna usizo lwe-probono olungokomthetho kufanele zithintane nezinhlangano ze-bar yendawo, ngokuvamile ezilondoloza izinhlelo zeproboo advetrary, noma zifinyelele emitholampilo yezomthetho, engase inikeze izinkonzo zomthetho zamahhala njengengxenye yezinhlelo zazo zemfundo. Izinhlangano zesizwe zigxile ezindabeni ezithile (njengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo abafuduki, noma ukwahlulela okungalungisi) zinganikeza noma zinikeze ukusekela okungokomthetho kweprobono.

Abameli kufanele bacabangele ukuhlela imitholampilo engokomthetho noma ulwazi lwezinkathi zamalungelo akho lapho abameli benganikeza khona ukwaziswa emalungwini omphakathi futhi bamise ukuxhumana okungase kubonakale kuwusizo uma kuvela izindaba ezingokomthetho.

Ukuhlanganisa Izindaba Ezingokomthetho Empini Yanamuhla

Ukudlala Ngezinombolo Nokukhuluma Nge - Internet

Ukukhula kwezokuxhumana nokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula ukuhleleka nokuqamba izintambo, kwavula amathuba amasha okuhlela nokuqamba amaphutha kuyilapho kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha engokomthetho. ISichibiyelo sokuqala somthetho ngokuvamile sithola isivikelo esifanayo nesikhulumi sokuxhumana ngaphandle kolayini, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi sivikelo ngohlelo lwezinombolo kuyaqhubeka kuzenzakalela.

Abasebenzi abasebenzisa iziteshi zezokuxhumana kufanele baqaphele ukuthi leziziteshi ziyizinkampani ezizimele ezingamisa futhi ziqikelele izimiso zazo siqu ezingaphakathi. Nakuba uhulumeni engeke akwazi ukucubungula inkulumo esekelwe embonweni, amapulatifomu angasusa lokho abakuqukethe noma abasebenzisi abaphula umthetho wenkonzo yabo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni ngokuphathelene namandla ezinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuze zilungise izinkulumo zeningi nokuthi kufanele zithonywe yini ngaphansi kwemithetho ethé xaxa.

Izinhlangano zomthetho eziqondisa ukuhlaselwa kwemibuthano yezokulwa zibangela futhi ukuba abantu bakhathazeke ngokunakekela izinto eziyimfihlo nezidinga ukuqashelwa.

UDoxxing jwayezi lokunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo ngabantu ngabanye kuyi-intanethi-* ibuye yaba ithuluzi elisetshenziswa yi-ovantswana nabashisekeli. Nakuba ukunyathelisa ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso ngokuvamile kuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala, i-Doxxx ingaholela ekuhlukunyezweni, ukusongelwa, nobudlova. Ababheki-mthetho kufanele baziqaphele lezi zingozi futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuvikela ukwaziswa kwabo siqu kuyi-inthanethi.

Imithetho emelene neProjekthi

Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho eklanyelwe ukwandisa izijeziso zezinhlobo ezithile zezenzo zokubhikisha noma ukudala izigaba ezintsha zobugebengu ezihlobene nokubhikisha.

Izinhlangano zenkululeko yomphakathi ziye zabekela eminingi yalemithetho inselele njengemithetho engekho emthethweni enqabela amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izinkantolo ziye zayishaya phansi eminye yalemithetho kuyilapho zisekela eminye, zakha isimo esingokomthetho esishintshayo abashisekeli okumelwe basebenzise ngokucophelela.

Abashisekeli balemithetho kufanele bahlale benolwazi ngomthetho omusha ezifundazweni zabo ongase uthinte amalungelo abo okubhikisha futhi kufanele bacabangele ukuhlanganyela ekumelaneni nemithetho evimbela imisebenzi yokushisekela izithakazelo ngokungafanele. Ukuqonda amalungiselelo akhethekile alemithetho kubalulekile ekuhleleni izinhlelo zokubhikisha ezinciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho kuyilapho zisafinyelela imigomo yokuzibekela imithetho.

Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba abashisekeli be - United States ngokuyinhloko besebenza ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo wasekhaya nomthetho - sisekelo, umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke unikeza izici ezengeziwe zokuqonda nokusekela amalungelo abashisekeli. izivumelwano nezimemezelo zezizwe zonke, njenge - International Paraven on Civil and Politic Rights ne - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ziqaphela amalungelo enkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nenhlangano.

Sihileleke ngentshiseko ekumangalelweni okungokomthetho ezinkantolo zezwe, zesifunda nakwezizwe ngezindawo, ngezinkantolo, ezinkantolo, amakomiti nezinye izindikimba zomhlaba. Lokhu sikwenza ngokuletha amacala njengekhasi eliyinhloko nangokuzithoba kwamaqembu esithathu ezinkantolo, kanye nokusekela abanye abaletha ukumangalelwa nokubambisana neziphathimandla ezishumayezayo.

Nakuba umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke ungagunyazwa ngokuqondile ezinkantolo eziningi zaseU.S., ungachaza umthetho wasekhaya futhi unikeze izimpikiswano zokuziphatha nezingosi zezombangazwe ngezimbangela zobushisekeli. abenzi bemithetho abasebenza ezindabeni ezithinta amazwe ngamazwe bangase bakuthole kuwusizo ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njengokuzithoba imibiko ezindikimeni zesivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangene noma ukufuna ukusekelwa ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke.

Ukulwela Isimo Sezulu Nokuvikela Okudingekile

Abashisekeli besimo sezulu baye baphendukela kakhulu ekungalalelini kwezakhamuzi ukuze baqaphele ukuphuthuma kwesimo sezulu. Abanye abashisekeli bempi baye bazama ukuveza i-"insensenser," bethi izenzo zabo ezingekho emthethweni zilungile ngoba kudingekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.)

Izinkantolo ngokuvamile azizange zivume ukuphoqelela ukuba ukuzivikela emongweni wesenzo sokuzimela kwesimo sezulu, zithole ukuthi izimfuneko zokuzivikela (kuhlanganise nokuthi ingozi iseduze nokuthi akukho ezinye izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuyisebenzisa) azinakuhlangabezana. Nokho, abanye abashisekeli baye baphumelela ekusebenziseni ukuqulwa kwecala njengamapulatifomu ukuze bafundise izigilamkhuba zokwahlulela kanye nomphakathi ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ngisho nalapho ukuvikela kwabo okungokomthetho ekugcineni kungaphumeleli.

Ukusingatha okungokomthetho ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokwesimo sezulu kuyaqhubeka kushintsha, eminye imibuso ebonisa ukuzimisela okukhulu ukucabangela izisusa ezibangela ukuvukela kwesimo sezulu nezinye izijeziso eziphoqelela ukuba zinqande imisebenzi enjalo.

Ukwakha Izinhlangano Ezisekelayo

Ukulinganisela Ingozi Engokomthetho Nemigomo Yokuhamba Ngenkampani

Nakuba ukungalaleli kwezakhamuzi namasu okubhekana nempikiswano kungaletha ukunakwa futhi kubonise isibopho, kuhambisana nezindleko zokuboshwa, ukukhokhwa kwemithetho, kanye nemibhalo egciniwe engokomthetho.

Ezinye izishoshozeli zingase zizimisele futhi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ekungalalelini uhulumeni futhi zivume ukuboshwa, kuyilapho ezinye zingase zikhethe ukusekela lenhlangano ngemisebenzi engokomthetho enjengokuqoqa imali, umsebenzi wezokuxhumana, noma ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukucabanga okunengqondo ngokuthi amasu azokwenyuka nini nokuthi kufanele aphishekele nini izindlela ezivamile kungasiza izinhlangano ukuba zilondoloze imfucumfucu kuyilapho zilondoloza imithombo futhi zivikela abahilelekile. Akuzona zonke izenzo ezidinga ukuhilela ukungalaleli kwezakhamuzi, futhi izinhlangano ezithembele kuphela emaqhingeni aphakeme zingaqeda asebezo noma abasekeli abangase bahlukaniswe.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuzibandakanya Okungokomthetho Emizamweni

Izinhlangano zabashisekeli abaphumelelayo ngokuvamile zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obungokomthetho, ngokujoyina abameli ukuba bajoyine lenhlangano noma ngokuqeqesha abashisekeli bezimiso eziyisisekelo ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nomsebenzi wabo.

Amaqembu asebenzayo angokomthetho noma amakomiti angasebenza njengezimali kumzabalazo obanzi, anikeze iNgxenye Yokuqeqeshwa Kwamalungelo Akho, aqondise izingqapheli ezingokomthetho, ahlele ukumiswa komthetho, futhi athuthukise amasu angokomthetho okuthuthukisa imigomo yokusebenza. Lamaqembu angahlola futhi intuthuko engokomthetho engase ithinte inhlangano futhi isekele izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezivikela amalungelo abashisekeli.

Ukwakha ubuhlobo nabameli abanozwela nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho kufanele kube yinto ephambili ezinhlanganweni ezilwela ukushisekela.

Ukufunda Ezinqindini Ezingokomthetho

Izithiyo ezingokomthetho azinakugwenywa emsebenzini wokuziphindiselela. Ukuboshwa, izinqumo zenkantolo ezingathandeki, nokunqotshwa kwemithetho kuyingxenye yezinhlangano ezishintsha umphakathi. Indlela izinhlangano ezisabela ngayo kulezi zithiyo ngokuvamile inquma impumelelo yazo yesikhathi eside.

Izinhlangano kufanele zithuthukise izinqubo zokuhlola ukuhluleka komthetho, ukuhlukanisa izifundo ezifundweyo, nokulungisa izindlela ngokuhambelana. Icala lenkantolo elilahlekile lingase lembule ubuthakathaka ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho ezingase zixazululwe esikhathini esizayo. Ukuboshwa kunganikeza ukuqonda ngamasu okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho anganikeza ukuhlelwa kokubhikisha esikhathini esizayo. Ukunqotshwa kwemithetho kungaqokomisa isidingo sokwakha ingxubevange noma imfundo yomphakathi engcono.

Ukubhekana nezinselele ezingokomthetho kudinga kokubili ukusekela okusebenzayo (njengemali yebheyili nemali yokuvikela engokomthetho) kanye nokusekela okungokomzwelo kwabashisekeli ababhekene nemiphumela engokomthetho yomsebenzi wabo. Izinhlangano ezingasekela abahlanganyela ezimpini ezinzima ezingokomthetho zisengozini enkulu yokufinyelela impumelelo yesikhathi eside.

Ukugubha Ukunqoba Okungokomthetho

Nakuba kuqashelwa kakhulu izinselele nezingozi zokwenza umbuyiselo, kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukuqaphela nokugubha ukunqoba okungokomthetho. Ukuphumelela kwempimpi, izinguquko ezivumayo zemithetho, nokulahlwa kwabashisekeli ababoshiwe konke kumelela izenzakalo ezibalulekile okufanele ziqashelwe futhi zisetshenziswe ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umsebenzi.

Ukunqoba okungokomthetho kungafeza izinjongo eziningi ezingaphezu kwemiphumela esebenzayo. Zibonisa ukuthi ushintsho lungenzeka, ukuthuthukisa ukuziphatha okuhle phakathi kwabashisekeli, ukudonsela abasekeli abasha kulenhlangano, nokumisa izenzakalo ezingasetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Izinhlangano kufanele ziveze amasu okumemezela ukunqoba kwazo nokuzisebenzisa ukuze zithuthukise imigomo yazo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlangano kufanele zibe neqiniso ngokulinganiselwa kokunqoba okungokomthetho. Isinqumo esivumayo senkantolo singase singaguquleli ngokushesha ekubeni imikhuba eshintshweyo esemthethweni. Izinguquko zomthetho zingaba eziphoqelelwe ngokungafanele noma ezilawulwayo. Ukuqiniswa kwekhono nokuqapha kudingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukunqoba okungokomthetho kuveza ushintsho oluhlala njalo.

Isiphetho: Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwemithetho Yomthetho

Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho akuyona into yokuphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo kodwa kubangelwa abashisekeli abanamandla bokwenza izinqumo eziwusizo ezithuthukisa ithonya labo lapho besingatha izingozi.

Empeleni, awukho umthombo ongashiwo ngomqondo wokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi njengendlela yokufinyelela ubulungisa. Umbono wokuthi imithetho engalungile kumelwe ibekelwe inselele, nokuthi isimiso somthetho esikhona manje singase sibe ingxenye yalenkinga, cishe sidala njengangesikhathi. Kuwo wonke umlando, ababoni nabashisekeli baye bawuthatha lombono futhi bawufaka inselele ukuze babhekane nokungabi nabulungisa okuthile abakubekela inselele.

Izenzo eziphumelelayo zidinga inhlonipho ngomthetho nokuzimisela ukubekela imithetho nemikhuba engalungile inselele. Lokhu kucindezeleka akuyona indawo ephikisanayo kodwa kuyisici sokusungula lapho kwenzeka khona ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Abasebenzi abaqonda izinqubo zomthetho bangasebenza phakathi kwalesi simiso uma leyo nqubo iphumelela futhi ibekela isimiso inselele uma kudingekile ukuthuthukisa ubulungisa.

Amathuluzi angokomthetho atholakalayo abashisekeli − kusukela ekuceleni nasekunxenxeleni ekufuneni ukuhlaziywa nokungalaleli kwesizwe − ukunikeza ithuluzi elicebile lokushintsha umphakathi. Akukho ndlela eyodwa efanelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi; izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zisebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene avumelana nezimo ezithile nemigomo. Okuhlala njalo yisidingo sokuba abashisekeli batshelwe, banikezwe inzuzo, futhi bazinikele ezimpathwini zabo.

Njengoba uhlanganyela ekuthatheni izivumelwano, khumbula ukuthi ulwazi olungokomthetho lunamandla. Zifundise ngamalungelo akho, qonda imiphumela engase ibe khona ngezenzo zakho, yakha ubuhlobo nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho, futhi wenze ukukhetha okunengqondo ngezinga lengozi ozimisele ukulamukela. Noma ukhetha ukusebenza ngokuphelele phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho noma ukuhileleka ekungalalelini komphakathi, yenza kanjalo ngokuqaphela ngokugcwele indawo engokomthetho futhi usebenzise amasu okuzivikela wena kanye nabashisekeli abakanye nawe.

Umlando wezinhlangano zezenhlalo ubonisa ukuthi abantu abavamile, abahlome ngesibindi, bazibophezele, nabacabanga ngendlela ehleliwe, bangabekela izinselele amandla aqinile futhi babangele ushintsho oluhlala njalo.

Kuzo ezinye imithombo yamalungelo abashisekeli nokusekela okungokomthetho, vakashela i ACLU's Sazi Amalungelo akho ikhasi, i-National Lawrs Guild[, [[FLT]] [FLT]] Amnety USAN [ [inhlangano ewusizo, iNhlangano yesizwe [[FLT]] i-RULTY] yokuqeqeshela ngokuqondile, [[[FLT:] ne[FLT:] FRON] Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation [FLD:]] [FLT] [9] ukuze kuvikwe ukuvikelwa kwemisebe. Lezinhlangano linikeza ulwazi oluwusizo, futhi lisekela ukusebenza emhlabeni wonke.