Izinkantolo zezephulamthetho zomhlaba wonke zimi njengezinsika zobulungisa bembulunga yonke, zisebenza ngokumangalela ubugebengu obusabekayo kakhulu − ugenocide, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu obungahlaseleka kubantu. Kodwa lezi zinhlangano zisebenzisa i-dibindingngngs enjwayezi engokomthetho, aziqinisi kunesimiso sobungozi obuphindwe kabili. Ezweni lonke yaziwa ngokuthi izibhisne ezisezingeni lokuzingela [[FLT] , lemfundiso ivimbela umuntu ukuba angakwazi ukuzama noma ajeziswa ngokuphindwe kabili icala elifanayo. Nakuba ukusebenza kwayo kusezimisweni zasekhaya, ingenawo amapulani ahlukene futhi iphikiswa izinselele ezinkulu. Lesihloko sihlola ukuziphendukela kwengozi eyingozi ephindaphindiwe ezindaweni zobugebengu zomhlaba, izigebelo zayo, nezinganiso ezikhona ngokuqhubekayo.

Ukuqonda Inkolelo - ze Ekabili: Kusukela Emthetho Wesizwe Kuya Emfundisweni Yomhlaba Wonke

Ingozi ephindwe kabili isukela emuva kumthetho wamaRoma kanye nomthetho ovamile i-nemo debet bis vitera eaem causa. Ku-Folet thiwa memo ohlukunyezwe kabili ngenxa eyodwa futhi efanayo. Kuzimiso zomthetho zanamuhla, igcinwe ezivikelwe ngokwemithetho ewumthetho njengeSiphendulo seNguqulo se-Unic ku-United States noMthetho 50 we-Charter of the Fundament Rights of the European Union. Isisekelo esiyinhloko siwukuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba ungasebenzisi imithombo yawo ephakeme ukuze uhluze abantu ngokuqulwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ukuze ulondoloze ukuvikelwa komthetho, futhi uvikele isithunzi sabamangalelwa.

Kumthetho wobugebengu wezizwe zonke, lesi simiso sivumelana neqiniso eliyindida. I-International Criminal Tribunal yezwe elaliyiYugoslavia (ICT), i-International Criminal Tribunal yeRwanda (ICC), i-International Criminal Court (ICC), nezinkantolo ezixubile ezifana neNkantolo ekhethekile yaseSierra Leone (SCL) ngayinye ilwisana nokulinganisela kokuthi ingaba isibopho sayo nalesivikelo esiyisisekelo. Ukusuka ezimisweni zesizwe kuphela kuya kwezinye izizwe kuveza izilinganiso ezimbili ezihlukene: ukuphakama okungaphakathí nangaphezulu (phakathi kwezinkantolo zezizwe ezimbili noma phakathi kwezifunda).

Isimiso Sabangewona Amabhungane Ezinsimbini Zezizwe Zonke

ISiphakamiso 20 semithetho yeRome yeNkantolo Yesigebengu yeNkantolo yezizwe zonke sihlanganisa amabine kusigebe esimweni ngokukhethekile ngenxa yomongo we-ICC. Indima 1 no 2 inqabela i-ICC ekuzameni umuntu ukuziphatha okwase kuvivinywe enye inkantolo, ngaphandle kokuba izitebhisi zangaphambili zaziklanyelwe ukuvikela omangalelwa noma ukungaphathwa ngokuzilawula. Isigaba 3 sithi akekho umuntu oye wazanywa yi-ICCORTY ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Ngokufanayo, iSiphakamiso 10 se-ICTYSTIGUM neSiphakatho 9 se-ITRTTTTTT iqukethe amalungiselelo afanayo, nakuba umehluko phakathi nendawo ehlukile.

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu neNkantolo yaseMelika ePhakathi-Melika nayo iye yanezela ekuthuthukeni kwalemfundiso, isebenzisa amabhuleki e-inteneemome ezindaweni zomhlaba. Nokho, ukuntuleka kwesivumelwano sendawo yonke esibusa izingozi eziphindwe kabili kuzo zonke imibuso yezephulamthetho yomhlaba wonke kusho ukuthi izinkantolo zithembele emithethweni yazo esungulweyo nasemthetho wezizwe ngezizwe ukuze zixazulule izingxabano.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Enkantolo Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukusetshenziswa kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili ezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke kubhekana nezithiyo zokwakha nezingatho zomthetho. Lezi zinselele zivela ekuphileni kwezwe, izifunda, nezizwe, ngasinye sinezinhlonze ezihlukene zomthetho nezichazwayo zobugebengu.

Ukuzisola Ngokweqile Nengozi Yokumangalelwa Ngezindlela Eziningi

Uma izinkantolo eziningi zinegunya lokuziphatha okufanayo cishe, i-ICC kanye nenkantolo yasekhaya, noma i-ICC kanye nenkantolo eqinile njenge-Expagrant African Chambers @ ingozi yokuphindaphindwa kwemizalelo iba yiqiniso. Icala likaHisène Habréne, owayengumongameli waseChad, libonisa lokhu. UHabré wazanywa amaCreenter ase-Express eSenegal ngenxa yobugebengu obumelene nesintu, ubugebengu bempi, nokuhlushwa. Ingabe kamuva angabhekana necala phambi kwe-ICCC ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo? I-Scyste nomthetho wesiko uphereal upherea njalo, kodwa ukuchaza kuxhomeke ekutheni inqubo yangaphambili yayiqotho yini futhi imangalelwa noma ingenziwa ngendlela efanayo ngo-Cénegal.

Ubunkimbinkimbi bujula uma amacala ehlelwa ngokwehlukile---"ubunye ubukhoma obungamangalela ukuqothulwa kohlanga, obunye bobugebengu obungabuswa abantu obuvela ngezenzakalo ezifanayo. Izinkantolo kumele zinqume ukuthi "uvivinyo olufanayo" noma "izakhi ezifanayo" ziyasebenza yini. I-Pre-Trial Chamber ye-ICC incike ekuchazeni okubanzi "ukuziphatha okufanayo" ukugwema ukwahlulela okuhlukene.

Isimiso Esivumelanayo Nezingxabano Zaso Nezibi Ezisemqoka

I-ICC isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokuphelelisa: izinkantolo zesizwe zinegunya eliyinhloko, futhi amanyathelo e-ICC athathwa kuphela lapho amazwe engazimisele noma engakwazi ngobuqotho ukumangalela. Lokhu kudala inselele ekhethekile yezingozi ezimbili. Uma uhulumeni wenza icala eliyinqaba lokuvikela umuntu osolwayo, futhi kamuva i-ICC ithatha icala, omangalelwe angase aphikise ukuthi akhanselwe kakade. I-Rome Signete ikheli elicacile lalokhu: Isigaba 20(3) (a) () ivumela ukumangalelwa nge-ICCC uma ukuqua kwangaphambili kungenxa "yokuvikela umuntu onecala lobugebengu."""""" lokhu kuhlobana isidingo sobulungisa kuyilapho isekela umoya wobulungisa [[FLT:].[FLD]]

Nokho ukunquma ukuthi icala kwakuyi-sham kunzima. Kudingeka i-ICC ukuhlaziya ukuzimela nokungakhethi kophendlo lwezwe lwejaji--aucotary. Icala elinjenge- .Saif al-Illam Gaddafi e-ICC yaqokomisa lokhu kucindezeleka. I-Libya yafuna ukumangalela uGadafi ngokwezelo, kodwa i-ICC yathola i-Libya ingakwazi ukwenza izindaba eziqotho, kanjalo ivumela icala le-ICC ukuba liqhubeke naphezu kopheno lwangaphambi kokuhlola kuka-Libya.

Izinguquko Ezichaza Ubugebengu Ngokomthetho

Yini eyakha "uhlobo oluhlukile" ngaphansi kwe-ICC Slective ingahluka kancane kumthetho wezizwe zonke noma imithetho yezinkantolo ze-ad hoc. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqapha kwe-CTY ngengqondo yokuqothulwa kohlanga kudinga injongo ekhethekile ngendlela i-ICC echazeka ngendlela ehlukile. Uma umuntu ekhululwa ngokuqothulwa kohlanga nge-ICTY, futhi kamuva i-ICC ifuna ukuzimangalela "ukuqeda icala eliyicala elisekelwe ohlangothini olufanayo lomphakathi", ingabe leyo yingozi ephindwe kabili? Impendulo ishintsha ukuthi ukuziphatha kufana ngempela noma kumane nje kufana.

Izimiso zezomthetho zesizwe zichaza ubugebengu ngokwehlukile. Izwe lingase lenze ubugebengu "ukuhlushwa" ngezinga elibanzi kune-ICC. Lokhu kungaholela ezimweni lapho izenzakalo zasekhaya zilawula khona ukuqulwa komthetho okungokomhlaba wonke uma ukuziphatha kufana, ngisho noma ukubekwa komthetho kuhlukile. ICIC nezinye izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zamukela indlela esekelwe emaqinisweni: ukuthi yiziphi izindaba eziyisisekelo sokuziphatha, hhayi ilebula elingokomthetho.

Ukuhlola Icala Nezibonelo

Amacala abonisa ukuthi izinto zihamba kahle phambi kwezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke anikeza imifanekiso ecacile yokuthi kwenzeka kanjani ukuba kube nezimpikiswano eziphindwe kabili.

USlobodan Miloševĭ e - ICTY

USlobodan Miloševĭ, owayengumongameli wase Serbia naseYugoslavia, wamangalelwa yi-ICTY ngo-1999 ngenxa yobugebengu obuhlanganisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu obungahlangani nomphakathi eKosovo, eCroatia, nase Bosnia. Icala lakhe laqala ngo-2002 kodwa alizange liqedwe; uMiloševiâ kwaye wafa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo ngo-2006 ngaphambi kokuba kufiwe isinqumo. Ukufa kwakhe kwaqedwa kwesinqumo ngaphansi kwe-ICTYTY, kodwa akuvelanga lutho ngenxa yecala elingaphezulu. Nokho, uma icala liveze liqokome ukuthi i-ICUxvine yaphinde yabekwa phansi ngokuziphatha okufanayo? ICTH yaba negunya elikhulu ezinkantolo zesizwe kodwa igunya likahulumeni wezwe langaphambili. I-ICRCURCRY yalingadingi isinqumo sokugcina icala ngenxa yesinqumo somthetho womthetho ka-2002200, kodwa akuzange ukuphakama kwecala.

ULaurent Gbagbo e - ICC

ULaurent Gbagbo, owayengumongameli weCôte d'Ivoire, wadluliselwa e-ICC ngo-2011 emacala obugebengu obungasolwa isintu (umder, ukudlwengula, noshushiso) phakathi nobudlova bangemva kokhetho luka-202011. Ngemva kwecala elide, i-ICC Treadement Irregip Gbagbo ngo-2019, yathola ubufakazi obunganele. Umgwebo wavunyelwayo ngo-2021. Lokhu kwaphakamisa umbuzo: iCôte d’Ivoire's sh wamangalela uGbagbo ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo? Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso saseRoma, Gbabo wayenotshekwa "ka ngu- - ngokomthetho [ICCC] futhi ngenxa yalokho inkantolo yakhona. I-ICCPU yakhankanyela ukwahlulela kokugcina icala lokuqulwa kwecala lokugweba emhlabeni wonke? Ilunga isikhulu sesizwe sikhohlise iziphathimandla sesizwe.

UCharles Taylor Enkantolo Ekhethekile YaseSierra Leone

UCharles Taylor, owayengumongameli waseLiberia, waqulwa iNkantolo ekhethekile yaseSierra Leone (SCL) ngo-2012 ukuze asize futhi anikeze ubugebengu bempi nobugebengu kubantu phakathi nempi yangaphakathi yaseSierra Leone. Walahlwa icala futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-50. Ngemva kokuba i-SCSL igqibile, Taylor wayengaqulwa kwenye indawo ngo-89 semkhankasweni ofanayo we-ICC / ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo? I-SCLL's's yayinecala [[FL:0] amabhis e-intem [[[FLL:1] ilungiselelo] (ARICLE 9), elabethwa inkantolo yesenzo esifanayo. i-SCL yayiyingumthetho ovela esizwe nesizwe, kodwa ingujuqulukume yesizwe.

UJean-Pierre Bemba Nokwehlukana Okuyingqayizivele

Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, owayengumongameli weDemocratic Republic of the Congo, waqulwa yi-ICC ngenxa yobugebengu obubodwa kubantu nobugebengu bempi obenziwa e-Central African Republic. Ngo-2016, walahlwa icala, kodwa ngo-2018 i-Applices Chambers yamkhulula ngesisekelo sokuthi umthwalo wakhe njengomkhuzi wempi awuzange uvunywe. I-Central African Republic manje ingabe imangalela i-Bemba ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo? ISiphakamiso 20 se-Romete, no-ok. Nokho, uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha obungatholakali phakathi ne-ICURCC, abenzi bufakazi obungabo obungaboleki? Imthetho weRoma awuvumeli ukuqulwa okusha okusekelwe ebufakazini obusha ngemva kobuthusimu (ukunye isimiso sobuzwe). Lokhu kubonisa ukubaluleka komthetho wobulungisa bomhlaba wonke ngezinye izikhathi uma bungabekwa ngecala obusekelwe enkantolo se-ICURCRC.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Njengoba umthetho wobugebengu wezwe lonke ukhula, isimiso se amabhuki asemahlombe sisalokhu siyindaba yengxoxo yezazi nenguquko yezinhlangano. Izindlela eziningi zibhekiswa phambili.

Ukuvumelana NeBis Ezindaweni Ezingalé Kwezinhlangothi

Okwamanje, inkantolo ngayinye yomhlaba wonke noma yemivubukulo inelungiselelo layo siqu elingokomthetho eliyingozi ephindwe kabili, kanye nokungafani okucashile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ICTYS ivumela ukungakhethi kokuziphatha okunganqunywanga (umz., amacala angahlanganiswanga ngemvume yokuqala). I-ICCS i-revolution ebanzi ngenxa yezehlakalo. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zabiza umhlangano ohlangene amabhini emthetho wobugebengu wezizwe zonke, mhlawumbe ngaphansi kwe-United Nations General Assembly, ukunciphisa izitejikisholo nokunikeza imithetho ecacile yokusebenza okuthe tyaba nokuqonde.

Ubufakazi Obushukumisayo Bobuchwepheshe Nobudala Buyinselele

Izinkantolo zanamuhla zamazwe ngamazwe zincika kakhulu ebufakazini obungokwezinombolo, izihloko zezezokuxhumana, kanye nemininingwane engokwezenhlalakahle. Ingozi yokufa ngokuphindwe kabili ingavela uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokulahlwa. Abanye baphikisa inqubo elinganiselwe eyalandelwa i-Council of Europe’s Expactals eMpactal eMpatment eEuropean Convention on Human Rights (Protocol No. 7, ISiphakamiso 4), evumela ukuvuleka uma amaqiniso amashana noma amashasha atholakele kubonisa ukusheka kobulungisa. I-Unitholo lwase-Alcuptic's of Parties liye labheka i-mendementssssss i-line Camplictives kodwa alikathathwanga ukwamukela i-protancementodsmentedededededed on Human Rights (Promations. 7, Isigaba 4), sesaba ukuthi iyakuthoba ukuphela.

Ukuqinisa Ithonya Eliqinile

Umbango phakathi kokuphelelisana kanye nokufa kabili cishe uyoba mkhulu njengoba amazwe amaningi emukela imithetho yokulawula yonke indawo. Izwe elifana ne-Belgium ne-Spain liye lamangalela ababengabamashiqela ngenxa yobugebengu obungazanywa futhi futhi i-ICC. Uhlelo olucacile lokunquma ukuthi isiphi isiqalo esidingeka kuqala. I-ICC isungule isimiso so "ukuphelelisa," ikhuthaza ukuqulwa kwezwe ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwemithetho. Kodwa uma ukukholeka kwesizwe kamuva kuncishiswa ngokudluliswa kwecala, ingabe i-ICCC inethuba elithile? Ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje, uma i-ICCC iqhubeka yayinempumelelo, isenzo sokugcina se-ICRCRC, ngisho noma ushintsho lusekelwe ephuculweni olusekelwe ekuhleleni. Izinqunyweni zenguquko zisikisela ukuba i-ICCOR kuthathe isinyathelo esisekubekiwe ekuthatheni kwesahlulelo sesizwe uma kungu "ilungile kakhulu?"""."

Indima Yezinhlambi Ezisangulukile Nezigodi

Ukwakhiwa kwezinkantolo eziyingxubevange njengeKosovo Special Chambers, i-Extrant Chambers eQuerts of Cambodia, kanye neNkantolo ye-Afrika yeJaji namaLungelo e-Humani inezela izingqimba ezintsha kulendida eyindida. Lezinkantolo zivame ukuvumelana nezinkantolo zesizwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi zikwazi ukuphathana ne-ICC. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ye-Afrika yoMahlulelo wobulungisa ihloselwe ukuzama ubugebengu bomhlaba wonke, kodwa ubuhlobo bayo ne-ICCC ayixazululwanga ngokuphelele. Ingabe ukuqulwa kwenkantolo yase-Afrika kuxhomeke ekutheni inkantolo i-ICCCR ibhekwa njenge-"ubster" ngokwencazelo yeSiphaka-20 se-Stitlectricture seRomet.

Isiphetho

Ingozi ephindwe kabili ihlala iyisisekelo samalungelo alungile okwahlulela ekwahluleleni kwezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo ezindaweni ezihlukene zomthetho kugcwele ubunzima. Kusukela e-Miloševi ivigê ecaleni kuya eGbagbo ixoxile, izinkantolo ziye zalawula ukungezwani phakathi kokugcina nokulandisa, ngokuvamile zithembele ekubekeni imithetho engekho emthethweni nasemthethweni wezokwahlulela. Njengoba umphakathi wezizwe zonke uqhubekela esimisweni sobulungisa esihlangene kakhulu, uvumelanisa imithetho ye-ibheno ye-inte emakhoneni e-injini [FLT] kuyoba balulekile. Izinguquko eziyehlelayokuthatha icala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngesivumelwano noma ngezenzo zokwahlulela, kumelwe ulinganisele amalungelo okumangalelwa ekuphetheni icala emathuneni amathuneni.

" Akukho muntu ozoquliswa phambi kwenkantolo ngenxa yecala asulahlwe ngalo noma abekwe icala ngenye inkantolo ekugcineni. — Ivumelana ne-ICC Rome Signte, ISiphakamiso 20.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ongokomthetho we- Rome Triginal, i-aligte [, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezemfundo [[[FLT:]] izibhiki ezisemthetho wobugebengu [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] kumthetho wezizwe zonke kusuka kumthetho wezizwe zonke ne-Confdiction Law. Imibono eyengeziwe ingatholakala ngezincwadi zezindaba zomthetho nezeMicimbini ye-'umthetho].[FLT].C.T.[FLT] Inhlangano yeze-nex'stut [FT]