Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Ekuchazeni Ngomthetho - sisekelo: Ukuhlola Kwezazi

Ubuqanjisi buye basuka engxenyeni eyisisekelo yempikiswano yomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika phakathi nengxenye yekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Uma sekunendlela ephikisanayo ehlangene nedlanzana labahluleli ababambelele kakhulu, manje budinga ukubopha okungathi sína kwezazi ezihlukene. Umqondo oyinhloko we--"lo textalism" ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala − i-‘unika imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokusemthethweni, ukuzinza, nendima yezinkantolo emphakathini wentando yeningi. Izazi ezingokomthetho zihlala zihlukene kakhulu ngokuthi ubukhomba indlela eyisisekelo noma efiselekayo yokuchaza ngomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola imibono ephambili kuleyo mpikiswano, sihlola amandla nobuthakathaka bendlela yokungena komthetho, futhi sicabangela indlela imisebenzi yokuqala yokuzivivinya.

Ukuqonda Incazelo Yakuqala: Izinto Ezimbili Eziyinhloko

Ukufundisa kokuqala akuyona inkolelo eyodwa, ye-monolithic. Izazi zihlukanisa phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ezinkulu: inhloso yokuqala ne yakudala incazelo yomphakathi[[. Inhloso yasekuqaleni ibhekisa kulokho abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo ababekukholelwa noma ababehlose ukukuhlela noma ukuqinisekisa umbhalo. Lena kwakuyinguquko ehlobene kakhulu nabasekeli be-Attor Nenerney Edwiney noMahluleli uRobert Bork. Ikhono libonakala licacile: uma sifuna ukwazi lokho okushiwo ilungiselelo, kufanele sibheke lokho abalobi balo ababekucabanga.

Nokho, injongo yokuqala ibhekene nenkinga eyaziwa kahle: siqiniseka kanjani ukuthi iziphi izimo zengqondo zabantu abaningi noma abangamakhulu, abaningi babo abangashiyanga rekhodi? Ngisho noma singashiya babhali? Ngisho noma singakwazi, kungani izinhloso zeqembu elincane lamadoda amhlophe ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili kufanele zibophe iqembu elihlukene-kuqala? Lokhu kuphikisa kwabhebhethekisa abaqali abaningi ukuba bamukele incazelo yasobala [[[FLT:] yasobala , eyaziwa kakhulu nguMahluleli u-Anton Scalia nesazi uRandy Barnet. Ngaphansi kwale nguqulo, umhubi ubheka ukuthi ayiqondi imiqondo yangasese kodwa incazelo evamile yombhalo womthetho womthetho njengoba iqondwa ngumuntu ovamile. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi kwakuwubufakazi obuvamile.

Zombili lezi zinqumo zihlanganyela isibopho esiyinhloko: incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokumiswa. Izinguquko ezisezingenisweni zomphakathi, ezobuchwepheshe, noma zokuziphatha aziyishintshi leyo ncazelo, nakuba zingathinta indlela uMthetho-sisekelo osebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yeChwebo lika Claus ngo 1789 ayizange ilindele ukuhlelwa kweloli lasezweni elithile, kodwa umsunguli wakuqala angasebenzisa isingeniso kwezentengiselwano zesimanje ngokucabangela isimiso sokuqala.

Icala Lokukholelwa Ekudalweni Kwabantu Kudala

Ukuqina Nokubikezelwa

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ubuKhomanisi bunikeza isisekelo esiqinile somthetho-sisekelo. Uma incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imisiwe, abahluleli abakhululekile ukuyivuselela ngokwemibono yomuntu siqu noma yezombangazwe. Lokhu kuzinzisa kukhuthaza ukubikezelwa: izakhamuzi, izishayamthetho, nezinkantolo eziphansi zingazi kusengaphambili ukuthi yini efunwa nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ummeli kahulumeni ohlela umthetho ngaphansi kwe-Cmmercle Clause, ngokwesibonelo, angacwaninga ukuqonda okungokomlando kunokuba agembule ngemibono ye-diciary engalindelekile. Ngakho i-Exdramist inciphisa ingozi yokushintsha okungalindelekile komthetho-sisekelo ongalungisa izinjongo.

Ukuba Umthetho Wentando Yeningi

UbuKhomanisi busho futhi ukuthi busemthethweni wentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo wavunyelwa abantu, futhi ungashintshwa kuphela ngenqubo enzima yokulungisa i-Athigit V. Uma abahluleli beshiya incazelo yokuqala, bawulungisa ngokuphumelelayo uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuwuthatha leyo nqubo. Lokhu kuphikisa, abaqali, ululaza ubukhosi obuthandwayo futhi uthathele indawo intando yabantu ngentando yabahluleli. Ngokunamathela encazelweni yokuqala, izinkantolo zihlonipha ukuthelelana kwentando yeningi okuhlaziywe eMbusweni. Njengoba uMahluleli Scalia ebhala njalo, uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ephilayo eshintshayo ngezikhathi; umthetho, futhi njenganoma yimuphi umthetho, incazelo yawo akufanele ishintshe ngaphandle kokuba uguquke ngokuphelele.

Ukuzingelwa Ebuhlakani Bokwahlulela

Iphuzu lesithathu liphathelene nendima yokwahlulela. Abasekeli bayo bathi, banikeza indinganiso eqotho yokuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni zinqume. Ngaphandle kwendinganiso enjalo, abahluleli bashiyelwa ekuthembeleni ezinkolelweni zabo siqu zokuziphatha nezombangazwe, babe yifilosofi namakhosi. Umlando wencazelo yasekuqaleni usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola yangaphandle, uphoqelele amajaji ukuba athethelele izinqumo zawo ngokwezimo noma isiphi isakhamuzi esinengqondo esingazihlola. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni ezinengxabano ezinjengokukhipha isisu, amalungelo okudubula, namandla empahleni, lapho imibono yomuntu siqu ingabusa khona.

Ukuhambisana NoMthetho

Okokugcina, ubuKhomanisi busho ukuthuthukisa umthetho. Umthetho osho into eyodwa namuhla nenye kusasa awuwona neze umthetho. Ngokumisa incazelo, umthetho wokuqala uqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo uyaqhubeka uyimithetho kunomthetho kunamthetho wamajaji. Ngisho noma incazelo yokuqala iveza imiphumela umhumushi ayithola engathandeki ngokokuziphatha, umthetho ufuna ukwethembeka embhalweni. Le mpikiswano izwakala kakhulu kubafundi ababambelele kakhulu futhi abasekela izinkolelo, kodwa futhi isekela abanye abakhathazekile ngakwesobunxele.

Izimo Zokukholelwa Ekudalweni Kwakuqala

Ukungazi Ukuthi Incazelo Yomlando Isho ukuthini

Mhlawumbe i-critique ephikelelayo ukuthi ukukholelwa ekudalweni kokuqala akukwazi ukunikeza izimpendulo eziqinile ezithenjiwe. Incazelo engokomlando ngokuvamile ayicacile noma ayiphelele. Incazelo yama-dictiona asukela kuma-1780 inezincazelo eziningi zamagama ayinhloko afana "umkhakha," "izikhali," noma "impikiswano nengavamile" impikiswano yemihlangano yesifundazwe yembula ukuqonda okuhlukene phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Ngisho nencazelo yakuqala yomphakathi, encikekayo esekelwe ebufakazini obuqondile, ifuna umtolikisi ukuba enze ukukhetha okuphikiswayo ngokuphatheleneyo ngemithombo enegunya nendlela yokuhlola ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Njengesazi somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo [[FLT:] [[FLG] [FLD] [FLT] [12:1] isho ukuthi, abakholelwa ekuqaleni baye bagcina umlando we-earry-prochemotectivessionsworkings.

Inkinga Yesandla Esifile

Isigaba sesibili sokuphikisa sigxile "esabafileyoni" sakudala. Kungani izizukulwane ezifile kufanele zibe negunya lokubusa umphakathi wamanje ezindabeni ezingenakubonwa kusengaphambili? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wagunyazwa isigaba esincane, esingamele sezakhamuzi [1], swesilisa, sigodlela amadoda aphumile. Abesifazane, ama-Afrikaan America, amaNdiyawodwan, nabanikazi abangafaneleki bebopha umphakathi ngezindaba abangenakufakelwa kusengaphambili? Ukugoqopha ukuthi ukuqonda kwabo okukhona akugunyaziswe yintando yeningi kodwa akuyona idemokhrasi kodwa idemokrasi. Isigaba sobushina siphendula ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswe isikhathi esithile ukuze ulungise ukungalungi kwawo nokuthi inqubo yokushintsha iyaqhubeka ikhona. Kodwa abagxeki baphawula ukuthi inqubo yokushintsha inqubo ibhulo eliyikho ngempoqo, okusho ukuthi ukuvimbela inqubo yakuqala akuyona neze imithetho elandela imithetho engekhonamthetho.

Ukungavumelani Nomphakathi Ojikelezayo

Ubufandamentali buye bamangalelwa ngokwehluleka ukuhlanganisa ushintsho lwezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Unime Protection Claus, yaqondwa ekuqaleni ukuba ivumele ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga nobandlululo lobulili. Incazelo yokuqala yayiyokwehlisa amandla Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo futhi yonke isilinganiso esikhulu sokulingana kwekhulu lama-20. Ukugwema lomphumela, abanye abasunguli be-"inguquko ehlanganisa i-"incazelo yokuqala," iphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yokuqala yomthetho yayibanzi ngokwanele ukuba ihlanganise izicelo kamuva. Kodwa abagxeki bathi lokhu kuyi-post coption ukuthi ukushushumbisa izindinganiso zanamuhla ekuhlazisweni komlando. Ukuphikisana phakathi kokuqala nomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho kuhlala kuyinkinga ephakathi komgxame.

Ukuqhuba Imikhuba Yokuzitika Ngeziqu Zamehlo

Ucwaningo lwe-Empirées lusikisela ukuthi ukwenziwa kwemisuka kuveza imiphumela eqinile. ENkantolo Ephakeme, abahluleli abazisekela ngokwabo njengezazi zokuqala − njengoClarence Thomas kanye no-Antonin Scalia (oye washona) baye bavotela ukuvimbela amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu, ukwandisa amalungelo ezibhamu, ukunciphisa amandla kahulumeni, nokuvikela ukuveza okungokwenkolo. Nakuba u-reastristism engahambisani njalo nenkambiso elandela umthetho wemithetho eqinile (abanye abaqalayo basekela amalungelo akhululekile aphikisanayo), ukuvumelana kakhulu nokukhathalela ukuthi ubukhomba imvelo abuyona indlela ethatha uhlangothi kakhulu futhi buyithuluzi eliphendulayo lokuthuthukisa izigwebo zezombangazwe. [FLT:] uRharden [FLT] [FLT] uphikisa ukuthi ukudlulisa kwayo komthetho akuyona imfanelo yokuzingela kodwa ukufaneleka kwayo ekwahluleleni ukuveza imiphumela eqinile.

Izazi Zezomthetho Zesikhathi Esidlule Nemibono Ewubukhazikhazi

Izazi ezimbalwa namuhla zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yokuqala kufanele inqume imiphumela engokomthetho. Kunalokho, eziningi zinezimo ezixubile noma zihileleke ngokugxeka ukukholelwa kokuqala.

Amaqhawe obuQalo

u-Randy Barnett, uprofesa womthetho eGeorgetown, uyizwi eliphambili lalokho akubiza ngokuthi "incazelo yokuqala engokokuqala". uBarnett uphikisa ukuthi ukuqala kwakuqala, okusetshenziswa kahle, kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Ubhale kakhulu eMkhankasweni wezentengiselwano kanye neSimemezelo seSiphendulo se-Genetic, uJohnnin [FLT] [FT] [FT] [FT], lowo oweNyakatho] noweNyakatho, ubonisa ukuthi ubuBarnet abubosheki ngokomthetho obungokwesiko; uye wavikela amalungelo afanayo ezindaweni zokuqala. Okunye okuvelele yinkolelo ebanzi yesisekelo ye-Sant.[Foctive]

Abakholelwa Kukuqala Abagxekayo Nomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, [[FLT: 0] i-Erwin Chemerinsky (i-Berlin) ibingumhlaziyi wesikhathi eside we-listism. Uphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokukhanyiselwa nge-evocatery nethi i-ronastism, uma isetshenziswa ngokuqinile, ingaveza imiphumela abantu abaningi baseMelika namuhla abangayithola ingamukeleki ngokokuziphatha. [[[FLT:]] u-Laurence (I-Harvard)] ngokufanayo iphikisa ukuthi ubukhombandabu bungenakuchaza izinqumo eziningi zeNkanto, kuhlanganise nenani elikhulu lezezinsthiwe, kanye nenani elikhona. [FLT:] BB [FLT] ne-FLT] [FLT] [FLEN]

Izindawo Eziphakathi Nezindawo Ezimahhadla

Izazi eziningi ziphethe indawo ephakathi. Jack Balkin [Iyal] [Iyale] ngokudume kakhulu ihlongoze isisekelo esibizwa ngokuthi "ukuphila kwasekuqaleni" uBalkin uveza ukuthi incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo ihlanganisa imiqondo ethile engabonakali kunekhonkolo. Incazelo yokuqala "isivikelo semithetho," ngokwesibonelo, yayibanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela izinkantolo zamuva ukuba isebenzise izakhiwo ezintsha zobandlululo. Kulo mbono, i-Constitutionism ne-systivolution ayiphikisanga; kunalokho, incazelo yokuqala inikeza isakhiwo phakathi kwenqubo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo eyenzekayo. [FLT:] [1][FLPLD [F] [FF] [FFOR][5] kunye no-PUT][FUT] Insethromes (istrims) yomlando wokuqala futhi inikeza inselele yodwa.[olimi olumsulwa.[isho olumsulwa.[i

Ukuqalwa Kwabantu Bevela Enkantolo Ephakeme

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zanikeza ukuqamba phambili indima evelele ekwakheni umthetho-sisekelo. [[FLT]] i-Dialium of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [2008], umbono wobuKhosi obukhulu uScalia's uthembele kakhulu ebufakazini obungokomlando ukuze uphethe ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuzigcina nokuphatha izikhali zomuntu siqu. Umbono wesiNgisi, imithetho yamakoloni, imithetho yesizwe, ukuphendula kwemithetho yesizwe, nemithetho ye-Acean-Acean. Indlela kaScalia yayiwubufakazi obucacile, nakuba abagxeki benzile umlando wakhe wonke.

iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [202] , iNkantolo yaphindeka kabili ngokwesiqalo, iphethe ukuthi ukubekwa kwemithetho yebhamu yanamuhla kumelwe kulinganiswe ngemithetho engokomlando. Umbono kaJustice Thomas wamemezela "imvume nesiko" okudinga izinkantolo ukunquma ukuthi umthetho obekwe inselele uvumelana yini nesiko elingokomlando lomthetho webhamu. Lendlela ituswe abantu bokuqala njengethembekile kwincazelo yokuqala yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho futhi igxekwe ngabanye ngokungasebenzi, iphoqeleleki ukuba bangene emahluleleni amahdmi emisebenzi, izame ukuncintisana ekutholeni okuminyanisa okuncane.

Isinqumo seNkantolo . , futhi isebenzise ukucabanga kokuqala. UJackson's Health [202] , ijikijela i-Roe v., futhi isebenzise nokucabanga kobuPhovisi. Umthetho ka-Alto's uphikisa ukuthi ilungelo lokukhipha isisu alisekelwenga kakhulu kulomlando wesizwe nakumasiko" futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke kuthathwe njengengxenye yencazelo yokuqala ye-1456. Umbono waveza kakhulu imithetho yobugebengu kusukela enkathini yokuqala ekhona. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kobuhlanga kwakuphikisana; ukuphikisa okuningi ukubekwa kwemithetho eqondabeni futhi kungenamingcele yomthetho wokukhishwa komthetho.

Lezi zimo zibonisa indlela ukuzimisela okuye kwasuka ngayo emfundisweni yezemfundo kuya emfundisweni esebenzayo. Nokho zembula futhi ubunzima: uphendlo olungokomlando enkantolo luvame ukuphazamisa, ukunqamuka, futhi lungadibani. Isazi esingokomthetho uReva Siegel [[FLT]] (I-Yale]) luye lwaveza ukuthi umlando osetshenziswayo [[FLT:]] amaDobs [[ futhi [FLT]] Bruen[FLT] [5] ayichazeki nje kodwa wakhiwa ngenkuthalo yiNkanto ethethelela ukukhetha kwayo. Inkulumo yokuqala ekusebenziseni izibonakaliso lenkulumo: indlela yokushukuma kweze, noma imane nje inikeza imiphumela?

Ukulinganisela Ukungavumelani Nombono Wethu Namanye Amathuluzi Okuchaza

Ngenxa yobukhulu bale mpikiswano, izazi eziningi ezingokomthetho zisekela indlela ebanzi esebenzisa ukuchaza ithuluzi lokuqala njengethuluzi elilodwa phakathi kwabanye. Umbhalo, umlando, ukuhleleka, imiphumela esebenzayo, nokuqonda okuvumelanayo konke kunendima yokudlala. iSunsstein[ [i-Harvard] [indlela] (i-Harvard]) iphikisa ukuthi "umst" yenza isinqumo somthetho esivimbela izibopho ezinkulu futhi esikhundleni sokunquma imicimbi esekelweni ye-chaziquagn, isho ukuthi isekelwe esisekelweni sombhalo. Kulombono, ekuqaleni, inikeza iphuzu eliwusizo kodwa okungamelwe liphathweswe njengendlela ekhethekile. [FFONT] [FFONT] [FF]) ethuthukile kungokokuvunye ukuvunye ukuvunye ukuvunyelwa kwendlela yomthetho]

Omunye umkhondo wokucwaninga ukuthi u-Masterism angavumelana yini nalokho uMitwell Berman (Indawo ehlangeneyo yasePennsylvania) ubiza "ukwethembeka kumsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo" ngaphansi kwalombono, uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje iqoqo lemithetho emisiwe kodwa umsebenzi ophilayo wokuzilawula. Ukuchaza kumelwe kuthembeke ezinjongweni ezingaphansi komsebenzi, inkululeko, ukulingana [1] ukugxila kwemininingwane ethile engokomlando. Lokhu kuthathwa ekugcizeleleni kombhalo nomlando wokuqala nakuba kuvumela ukuguqula isikhathi.

Lemizamo yokuhlanganisa ubukhona bokuqala nezinye izindlela ibonisa ukuqaphela okubanzi ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo akunakuncitshiswa kube indlela eyodwa. Umthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi efeza imisebenzi eminingi: umisa uhlelo lukahulumeni, uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, futhi uveza izindinganiso ezigxile kakhulu. Umhumushi ohlakaniphile uyothola imithombo eminingi, kuhlanganise nencazelo yokuqala, kodwa uyoqaphela futhi imingcele yobufakazi obungokomlando nesidingo sokwahlulela kwamanje.

Ikusasa Lempikiswano Yokukholelwa KukaNkulunkulu

Inkulumo-mpikiswano yokuqala ayibonisi zimpawu zesinqumo. Uma kukhona, iye yaba evelele kakhulu futhi yahlukahluka kakhulu. INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu, enezimo eziphambili zezahluleli ezivame ukunxusa ukusikisela kokuqala, iye yenza ubuqalo baba indlela evelele ezicini eziningi zomthetho. Lokhu kuye kwabangela igagasi elisha lokucwaninga okugxekayo ukuthi ubufunda bungakho, njengoba kusetshenziswa, lithembekile ngokokuhlakanipha futhi ukuthi lifeza izithakazelo zentando yeningi.

Ezinye izazi, njenge Joshua Kleinfeld (entshonalanga), ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi ukugxila kobuStatusm ekuqondeni okungokomlando kuphazamiseni imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene nobulungisa nombuso omuhle. Uphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uqondwa kangcono njengomthombo wempikiswano yezombangazwe, hhayi njengomthombo wezimpendulo eziqinile. Abanye, njengaye Rhard Primis [, uye waveza ukuthi ukuphakama kokuqala kuwumkhiqizo womlando owempindayo, ikakhulukazi, imizamo esemthethweni eqinile yokuphikisana neNkakhulu. Njengoba kuphawula, incazelo ecacile ye-umthetho i-Prumon

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasunguli bezinto zakudala baye bayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezindleleni zabo zomlando futhi bazimisele kakhulu ukuhileleka ebufakazini obusekelwe emkhathini. [FLT]] i-boblog kanye ne- i-Originalist Blog[[ igcwele izingxoxo eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabagxeki nogxeki babo. Ingqungqungquthela yomthetho, ukubukeka kwe-smmotia, nokuqinisekisa ukuzwa njalo kwemicimbiso yezekelelwa ngezincazelo zakuqala. Ingxoxo ayithandeki futhi ayibonisi izimpawu zokuphetha.

Kumphakathi obanzi, impikiswano yesiqalo ibalulekile ngoba ithinta incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ezindabeni ezithinta amalungelo ezinto zansuku zonke, inkululeko yokuzala, amandla kahulumeni, inkululeko engokwenkolo, namalungelo okuvota. Ukuqonda amandla nobuthakathaka bokuqala akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo nje; kubalulekile ukuze ube umfokazi onolwazi futhi uqaphele izigxathu zokumiswa komthetho. Imibono yezazi ezingokomthetho ngokuphumelela kobuProstolistst izaqhubekeka ziqhubeke ziphendukela njengoba ukucwaninga okusha okungokomlando kuvela, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iveza izinqumo ezintsha, futhi njengoba isizwe sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo.

Isiphetho

I-renadiation iye yabonakala iyinkolelo eqinile nenethonya yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukugcizelela kwayo umbhalo, umlando, nokubekwa kwentando yeningi kuye kwazuza abalandeli abaningi, kuhlanganise nabanye kwesobunxele. Nokho abagxeki bayo baye babonisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukuqala akukwazi ukunikeza isiqinisekiso esiqinisekile nokuthi imiphumela yako ihambisana nezombangazwe ezingaguquki ngezindlela eziphakamisa imibuzo ekhathazayo ephathelene nokungathathi hlangothi komthetho-mthetho. Umsebenzi wemfundo engcono kakhulu namuhla uqaphela ukuthi ukukholelwa kokuqala kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile mayelana nokubaluleka kombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo kanye nenqubo yentando yeningi eyawuvezayo futhi kumelwe ihlanganiswe nezinye izindlela zokuchaza. Indlela elinganiselwe esebenzisa incazelo yokuqala njengesiqondiso, hhayi i-pallarn, inganikeza indlela ethembisa kakhulu phambili yomthetho womphakathi womphakathi.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[FLT: 0] Randy Barnett, "IOriginalism nomthetho woMthetho"; u-Palliam Baude, "Umbuso nomlando"[; [[FLT:] Erwin Chemernsky, "Uhlobo Lwenguquko"; [[FLT]] ne-Backin" [[FLT], "UMvelistritan"[FL:]