Umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ungenye yezinsika zokwakha ezihlala njalo zikahulumeni wase-United States, eziklanywe ngokucophelela oFata abasungula inkululeko. Lesimiso sihlukanisa igunya likahulumeni libe amagatsha amathathu ahlukene, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongasebenzisa imisebenzi eyisisekelo yenye. Kubafundisi nabafundi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lombono kubalulekile ekuqondeni izisekelo zedemokrasi yaseMelika nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo komklamo womthetho-sisekelo.

Imvelaphi EwuFilosofi: Abacabangi Abakhanyiselwe Nokuhlangenwe Nakho Kwamakoloni

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuzange kuvele ngaphandle. Kwakuthonywe kakhulu izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe ze-Lighteology, ikakhulukazi ama-French Baron de Montesquieu, asebenza ngawo ngo-1748 uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ukuthi inkululeko ilondolozwa kangcono uma amandla kahulumeni ehlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene. OFathers, bafunda ngokujulile kulemibhalo, besaba ukunqwabelana kwamandla ayeholela ekubuseni ngonyamezelo ngaphansi kokubusa kweBrithani. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kwekoloni ngaphansi kweNkosi uGeorge III, lapho isikhulu, i-projectal, nemisebenzi yokwahlulela ngokuvamile ifaka isidingo sesimiso esesahlukahluka.

UMontesquieu

Montesquieu waveza izinhlobo ezintathu zamandla kahulumeni: ukubusa, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela. Wagcizelela ukuthi uma amagunya amabili noma ngaphezulu ehlanganiswa kumuntu oyedwa noma emzimbeni owodwa, inkululeko iyalahleka. Imibono yakhe yasakazwa kabanzi phakathi kwabasunguli baseMelika, ababemcaphuna njalo kuyi-Federalist Papers. UJames Madison, ikakhulukazi, wadwetshwa kakhulu nge-Montesquieu lapho eklama uhlelo lwemithetho-siseko, ethi “ukuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amandla, umthetho womthetho, isikhulu, isikhulu, nesazulu, ngezandla, ezandleni ezifanayo... kungachazwa ngokufanelekile kanye incazelo yobushiqela.[FLT][FLT] [1]

Ukwehluleka Kwezihloko Zokuhlanganisa

Ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo, iZihlokwana zoMcimbi wakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka ophakathi ongenakho ukubusa okuzimele noma ikomiti elawulayo. Lokhu kuhlola kwazibonakalisa kuyinhlekelele: Umkhandlu wawungenakukwazi ukuphoqelela imithetho, ukulawula ezentengiselwano, noma ukuphakamisa izintela ngokuphumelelayo. UShays Regiverging ngo1786-1787 wabonisa iziyaluyalu ezibangelwa ukungabi namibuso enamandla, ehlukene. Isizukulwane esisungulile safunda ukuthi inkululeko ayidingi nje kuphela imingcele egunyeni kodwa futhi nesakhiwo esiqinile esivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lisebenze ngaphandle kwemvume yokuzimela. I-Filadelphia Convention ka-1787 yaqhutshelwa ngokuqondile ukusingatha lokhu kuphazamiseka.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Ukwehlukana Okungenacala

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., owagunyazwa ngo-1788, wamisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni alinganayo. ngalinye lanikezwa imithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile nezindlela zokumelana nokungezwani nezinye. Lengxenye yayingezona ezabo abazenzakalelayo; yabonisa ukuqashelwa okucophelelayo mayelana nobuntu kanye nesidingo sokufuna ukuvelela.

IGatyathiwe iGaza leSishayamthetho (I-Artle I) inomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imithetho. Ihlanganisa i-bimearral Congress: Indlu yabameleli, enamalungu akhethwa ngokuqondile ngabantu njalo eminyakeni emibili, neSigebethi, ekuqaleni ikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho kodwa manje ikhethwe ngokuqondile. Isakhiwo se-bidaral ngokwaso simelela ukwehlukana okuqhubekayo, okungaphezulu, okuthi iNdlundlu ye-omgada yalinganiswa yiSishaya-mthetho esincane, esineswini sokuvimbela umthetho osheshayo. Igatsha leSishaya umthetho libamba amandla esikhwamayo, limemezela impi, futhi limisa ukuhlelwa komongameli.

Igatsha Eliphethe (Artle II) limisa imithetho futhi liholwa nguMongameli. Abahleli baphikisana ngokuthi umphathi kufanele abe umuntu oyedwa noma umkhandlu, ekugcineni anqume kumphathi wombuso ophetheyo ukuqinisekisa amandla nokulandisa. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-iNkulumbuso, uqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi angafaka umthetho. Nokho, amandla okumisa nokwenza isivumelwano adinga imvume yeSishayamthetho, ukuhlola umsebenzi wesikhulu.

Igatsha lokwahlulela (Artle III) lichaza imithetho futhi lihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Ama-framers amisa i-jaji elizimeleyo kanye ne-hentiture (ethobela ukuziphatha okuhle) ukuze avikele amajaji ekucindezelekeni kwezombangazwe. IJaji elinguJohn Marshall kamuva waqinisa amandla okubukeza kokwahlulela Marbury v. Madison [183]), evumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho ephula umthetho. Leligatsha lesithathu lisebenza njengesazi sokugcina sencazelo yomthetho.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Umqondo Wokuqondisana

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso ngokwako kwakunganele; abakhi be-flamers bahlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze igatsha ngalinye limelane nokuphambana kwezinye. Njengoba uMadison achaza kuFederalist No. 51, “Ubugovu kumelwe benzelwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela.” Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi nakuba imibuso ihlukene, ibuye ihlanganiswe ngezindlela ezivimbela ukubusa.

Izibonelo Eziyinhloko Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela

  • I-Legislative Anchers kuMphathi-Mphathi: Ingqungquthela ingadlula i-veto enomongameli omningi ophindwe kathathu kuwo womabili amakamu. Ingamsusa uMongameli futhi ikhiphele “amacala amakhulu kanye namaphutha,” futhi ilawula ukuxhaswa kwemali ngenqubo yokushayana kwemiboniso.
  • [ Inquzulwano Yomthetho: UMongameli angaveza noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba iveto ingangaphili. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuhlanganisa iziKhongolo ezikhethekile futhi angakhipha iziyalo zezikhulu eziphethe amandla omthetho phakathi kwemingcele ethile.
  • I-Jodicial Checks ku-Bomibili: INkantolo ePhakeme ingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingavumelani nomthetho ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Nokho, abahluleli bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswe yiSigele, banika amanye amagatsha amandla phezu kokwakheka kwejadicary.
  • Itshekisi elinomthetho eSikhungweni: Umkhandlu ungajikijela futhi ususe amajaji kahulumeni, ushintshe inani lamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi usikisele izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuze uthathe izinqumo zenkantolo.

Leziziphathimandla ezihlalisanayo zakha ukuhleleka okunamandla okuye kwavela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, amandla eSigele eseluleko nokuvuma kwemithetho yokwahlulela kuye kwaba isici esivelele sengxabano ehlukanisayo, esiqokomisa indlela ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuhlala kusemqoka ngayo ekubusweni namuhla.

Izinhloso Nokuphikiswa Kobaba

OFata Abasungulwayo babecabanga ngohulumeni ozovikela inkululeko ngokuvimbela ukuvela kobushiqela. Izinhloso zabo zazingekona nje ukudala ukuphatha okusebenzayo kodwa ukuklama isimiso esingazivumelanisa nokushintsha kwezikhathi kuyilapho silondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo. Izimpikiswano ze-Constitution of the Constitution zembula ukungavumelani okujulile ngokulingana okuqondile kwamandla, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaFederalist nabalwi be-Antifedalist.

Amaphepha Asemasikweni Nethonya Lokuhlala Kwehlukana

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, noJohn Jay babhalela i-Federalist Papers ukuba banxenxe i-New Yorkist the Constitution. No. 47, ebhalwe nguMadison, ivikela ngokuqondile ukwahlukana kwemibuso njengebalulekile enkululeko. Umbaleki uNo. 48 uxwayisa “ukusebenzisa amandla ahlukene ahlukene kahulumeni" — ukuthambekela kwegatsha lokulawula ukuthatha amandla — futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani ukwehlukana kwephepha nje kwanele ngaphandle kokuhlola izakhiwo. Umbangiselwano nomthetho uNo. 51 unikeza ukuthethelelwa okusemqophelweni okuvelele kokuhlola nokulinganisela, uveza ukuthi“ ukusebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ahlukene... kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwenkululeko.[FL:][FL:] [2] [FLD]

Izinkinga Ezilwa Nomlando

Abagxeki abanjengoBrutus (cishe uRobert Yates) baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuzange wenele ekuhlukaniseni imibuso nokuthi uhulumeni omusha uyoba namandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uhulumeni ophethe nowejaji. Basaba uhulumeni oqinile ozobhubhisa ubukhosi bukahulumeni. I-Bill of Rights, ikakhulukazi iSichibiyelo seshumi leSiphendulo, wenezelwa ukuxoxa ngezinye zalezizinto ngokubekela imibuso nabantu amandla. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwamandla ombuso nobukhosi buhulumeni kulokhu kuyimpikiswano eyisisekelo yokwahlukanisa imibuso yanamuhla.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Esikhathini Sanamuhla

Isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya siyaqhubeka sihlela ukubusa kwaseMelika ekhulwini lama-20. Nakuba isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sisalokhu siqinile, kuye kwavela izinselele ezintsha ezihlola imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ukuze siqaphele ukuthi umbono wokuqala usebenza kanjani namuhla.

Inkulumo Ebusa Abaqondisi Abaphethe Nenhlangano Ephethe Iqembu

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abanye amongameli baye bathuthukisa inkolelo-lwazi “yobunye”, bephikisa ngokuthi uMongameli uphethe ngokuphelele igatsha eliphethe igatsha eliphetheyo nokuthi uMkhandlu awunakulilinganisela lelogunya ngezinhlangano ezizimele noma ngemingcele yokususwa. Lenkolelo iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela iziyalezo zezikhulu eziningi, izenzo zempi ngaphandle kwemvume yenhlangano, nokugomela okukhulu kwelungelo lokuphatha. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi intengo ezinjalo zilulaza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngalezindaba ezikatheni ezifana [[FLT: 0] i-Stown ne-CURC. v.[FFFFOM], i-FOURLT] [2]

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nemingcele Yakho

Amandla okuhlola kokwahlulela aye akhula kakhulu kusukela uMarbury v. Madison. INkantolo Ephakeme manje ivame ukunquma imibuzo ebekwe kakhulu yezombangazwe, kusukela emalungelweni okukhipha isisu empilweni yezezimali. Impikiswano engaphezulu kwe- “impicabadala” iphikisana“ nokunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda kwecala” okuqhubekayo ngendima efanele yejaji. Isinqumo sezwemark njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo yezemfundo [1954]] futhi [FLT] iveza ukumiswa kwemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho, [i-FLT] futhi [FLT] i-ogrome. v [FLT] "5] .5] [0] [iK] bonisa indlela izinkantolo ezingamele ukubusa, kodwa abagxeki abacushicileyo ababhisa ukubusayo. Inqubo yezehlulele.

I - Gridlock Engokomthetho Ne - Partisan Polary

Umphumela ongalindelekile wokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ungabangela ukuhlelwa kwe-rockbock lapho amagatsha ahlukene elawulwa amaqembu aphikisanayo. I-monilbuster eSigeqeni, ekuqaleni ithuluzi lengxoxo ebanzi, iye yaba isikhali sokuvimbela umthetho. Omongameli baye baphendukela kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha ukuze bagweme ukuthatha isinyathelo, okuthi ngokulandelayo kubangele izinselele zokwahlulela. Lomjikelezo uphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi umklamo wabenzi wokwakha usengasebenza ngokuphumelelayo yini endaweni ehlukene kakhulu. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi isimiso sasiyinqaba ngamabomu ukuvimbela ushintsho olusheshayo, kuyilapho abanye bebiza ukulungisa isimilo.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso Nokuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akulinganiselwe ezingeni likahulumeni; yonke imithetho-mthetho yombuso ihlukanisa futhi igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwesikhulu, i-progastic, negatsha lokwahlulela. Nokho, isho okuhluka kakhulu ngokuthi ikuphi ngokunenzuzo lokhu kwahlukana. Ezinye izifunda-zwe, njenge Nebraska, zinesimiso somthetho we-adaral. Abanye bavumela ababusi ukuba bahlukanise izinto ngazinye ezikwehlwini ezihambelanayo ezikwehlwini zomthetho — amandla aMongameli wezwe akanawo. Isimiso sombuso ngokwaso sinezela esinye isici esiyinkimbinkimbi: i-U. U. Umthetho-Constitution ihlukanisa izikwengamela ngokuqondeneyo phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni, ngaphezu kokuhlukaniswa okuthe tyaba.

Ithonya Lembulunga Yonke Lesibonelo SaseMelika

Isimiso saseMelika sokuhlukanisa amagunya siye sasebenza njengesilinganisi sedemokrasi emhlabeni wonke. Amazwe anjenge-Brazil, i-Mexico, i-Nigeria, ne-South Africa aye athatha izimiso zokuthatha ama-trartite eziphefumlelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Nokho, ambalwa aye asebenzisa amasheke nezilinganiso eziqondile ngenxa yokungafani kwamasiko nomlando. Izinqubo zePhalamende, ngokwesibonelo, ukufakwa kwemithetho ephethe kanye nemithetho yemithetho ehlukile. Ukunxusa okuqhubekayo kwe-Melika kusekelwe ekuzikhuthakazeleni kwayo inkululeko ngokwe ngokwezikhawulo, njengoba nje isizwe ngasinye siyivumelanisa nezimo zendawo. Izinkantolo ze-U. Izinkantolo zemithetho ye-Omplinialgate zivame ukubhekisela ekuchazeni imibuzo ehlukanisayo-amandla.[FLD:0][FLD]

Ukufundisa Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Ukuhlanganyela Esizukulwaneni Esilandelayo

Othisha banomthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile ekudluliseleni ukubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubafundi. Le nqubo ingaba yindlela elula yokufunda ewusizo newusizo kakhulu. Ngokwenza ukwaziswa kube sobala, othisha bangathuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngesimiso somthetho-sisekelo futhi bashukumisele ukuba abe yizakhamuzi ezikhuthele.

Izinqubo Eziphumelelayo Zekilasi

  • Iziphakamiso nempikiswano ye-Mock: hlela isimiso sokushaya umthetho sobugqeqeba lapho abafundi kumelwe badlulise khona umthetho, bese beba ne-“denting”, futhi ekugcineni“ikhonco” ibukeze ubunjalo bayo bomthetho-sisekelo. Le zandla-okanye ziqinisa indima yegatsha ngalinye.
  • Umthombo wobuzwe u-Ayastry: Sebenzisa izingcaphuno zezincwadi ze-Federalist Papers, ikakhulukazi uNo. 47, 48, no-51, futhi yenza abafundi baphikisane ngezimpikiswano zikaMadison emongweni wanamuhla. I-National Archives inikeza izinguqulo ezifinyelelwe zale mibhalo.
  • Ukuhlolwa komthetho-sisekelo Crisnes: Hlola izenzakalo ezingokomlando njengehlazo leWatergate, ukugunyazwa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton, noma indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme kukhetho lukamongameli ka 2000. Lezizibonelo zezwe zangempela zibonisa indlela ukusebenza nokulinganisela ezikhathini ezinzima.
  • Uhulumeni ohlukanisayo: Qhathanisa isimiso sase-U.S. nezimiso zephalamende (umz., i-United Kingdom) ukuze uqokomise ukuhluka kwemibuso ehlukene. Abafundi bangaxoxa ngezinzuzo nezimo.
  • C Izehlo zamanje Ukuhlolwa:[[FLT: 1] Ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathole izihloko zezindaba eziphathelene neziyalezo zezikhulu, izimemezelo zokwahlulela, noma izinqumo zomthetho futhi baphawule ukuthi yimaphi amagatsha ahilelekile. Lomkhuba uhlanganisa ukufunda amakilasi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

Othisha bangasebenzisa namathuluzi asebenzisa imiyalezo exhumanayo emithombo enjenge - Library of Congress noma i - iCbics ukuze bagcizelele izifundo.

Isiphetho

Umbono kaBaba osungulwe wokuhlukanisa imibuso ulokhu uyisisekelo sokubusa kwaseMelika, njengoba kusebenza namuhla njengango 1787. Izimpande zayo zefilosofi ngomqondo wokukhanyiselwa, ukumiswa kwayo emagatsheni amathathu oMthetho-sisekelo, nokuqiniswa kwayo ngemishini yezobuchwepheshe nokulinganiswa kwayo kuye kwadala isimiso esiqinile esivumelanisa inkululeko nokuhleleka. Nakuba izinselele zanamuhla — impikiswano yokwahlulela, i-projected lolu gqi — ihlola imingcele yayo, isimiso sihlala njengesivikelo ekubutheni idede. Kubafundisi, bafundisa lomqondo ngekhono nangokuba nezindlela eziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izizukulwane ezintsha aziqondisi nje kuphela ukuthi uhulumeni zisebenza kanjani kodwa ukuthi kungani zihlela izindaba zazo. Njengoba isizwe siqala, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kumiswe njengomthetho wokwakha isisekelo sokwakha izakhamuzi.

[[NTL:0][FLT]1 James Madison, Federal List No. 47 (1788). Umbhalo ogcwele ukhona e [ Isikole se-Avaton Project ye-Orthol[[[FLT:]].

[[IQULT:0][[FLT]2] James Madison, Federal List No. 51 (1788]. Umthetho-Msebenzi. imithombo yemali[.

[[QULT:0][FLT]3 Ukuze uhlaziye ngokuqhathanisa, bheka [ Iprojekthi yeConstitute[ ukusuka eYunivesithi yaseTexas e-Austin.