Iyini Inzuzo Yomphakathi?

Inhloso yokuhle komphakathi isekelwe ekutholweni kwenkolelo-lwazi yezezomnotho nezombangazwe, ethinta indlela imiphakathi ehlela ngayo ingcebo, izinhlangano zokwakha, futhi iphishekele inhlalakahle engcono. Ngamafuphi alula, inzuzo yomphakathi iyinto etholakala kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iye yanikela ekukhiqizweni noma ekulondolozweni kwayo. Lezi zinto ziyisisekelo sempucuko yanamuhla, zihlanganisa yonke into evela emoyeni esiphefumulayo esisivikela ezisongweni zangaphandle. Ukuqonda indalo, izinzuzo, nezinselele zezinto ezinhle zomphakathi kudingekile kubakhiqizeli bemithetho, amabhizinisi, nezakhamuzi, ngokufanayo ngenxa yokuthi siphatha le ngcebo ngendlela efanayo ithinta ngokuqondile impucuko yanamuhla, ukuhleleka komphakathi, nokuchuma okude.

Ezomnotho, impahla yomphakathi ichazwa ngokwezimiso ezimbili eziyinhloko: ingebizi ngokungenakusetshenziswa kanye no-unverry[. Ukungalondeki kusho ukuthi uma nje inzuzo inikezwa, akunakwenzeka noma kunqandwa ukuvimbela ukuyisebenzisa. Ukungasebenziseki komuntu othile kuveza ukuthi ukusebenziseka kobuhle akunciphi ukutholakala kwayo kwabanye. Isibonelo, ukuvikela kwesizwe kuvikela wonke umuntu emikhawulweni yezwe ngesikhathi esisodwa; ukuphepha komphakathi akunciphisani nokunye. Ngokufanayo, zonke imikhumbi eqondisayo imikhumbi esetshenziswa ngaphandle kwalezi zicinezekelele. Imikhumbi engoko, iyakwazi ukukhomba abantu ngenxa yokukhokha kahle, ngenxa yokuhluleka kwezentengo yomphakathi, izinhlangano zezentengo yomphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izimpahla ezisetshenziswa njengeqembu eziyimpahla yomphakathi ehlanzekile. Imishini ihlukanisa phakathi kwezimpahla zomphakathi ezihlanzekile, izimpahla zomphakathi ezingcolile, izimpahla zomphakathi, izikhokhi, nemithombo yemali esetshenziswayo ye-pool[[[FLT]]. . Isibonelo, ithelevishini iyakhishwa (udinga imvume) kodwa isibonisi esingathandeki (isinye isibonisi esiphansi silulaza), okwenza ukuba uphawu lungabi luhle. Inhlanzi, kwesinye isandla, iqhatha amaroude (inhlanzi ngayinye inciphisa amasheyayo) kodwa ngokuvamile (inhlanzi) engazinciphisa) kodwa isilwane esivamile esivamile esinenzuzo esitholakalayo esihlanzekile.

Izibonelo Zezinto Ezihle Zomphakathi Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ukuziqaphela kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi kungani kudingeka ukutshala imali nokubambisana kukahulumeni. Nazi ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zezimpahla zomphakathi ezizuzisa yonke imiphakathi:

  • Isivikelo sesizwe:[ Amabutho ahlomile, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, kanye nokulondeka komngcele kuvikela zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo. Akukho sakhamuzi esingakhishwa ekuvikelekeni, futhi ukuphepha komuntu akukunciphisi ukuphepha komunye.
  • Umoya ohlanzekile nokuzinza kwesimo sezulu: ugesi osesimweni sezulu kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyimpahla yomphakathi wembulunga yonke. Wonke umuntu uphefumula umoya ofanayo, futhi ukuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo kuzuzisa iplanethi yonke.
  • amapaki e-Public nezindawo eziluhlaza: [la mandla] anikeza ukuzilibazisa, izinzuzo zempilo engokwengqondo, nezinkonzo zendawo ezungezile (njengendawo epholisayo nokumunca amanzi esiphepho) kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, nakuba ukugxuma ngokweqile ngezinye izikhathi kungadala umbango.
  • ukucwaninga okuyisisekelo nolwazi lwesayensi: I-Discopees kwezokwelapha, i-physics, nobuchwepheshe (umzk., isakhiwo se-DNA, i-protocol yolwembu lwe-Internet) ayiyona i-roupedis--ace, ingasetshenziswa yiwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokuncipha.
  • Izibani ezikhanyisayo nesisekelo somphakathi: Imigwaqo enombala othe ukuhle ikhubaza ubugebengu, inciphisa izingozi, futhi yenza ukuba umuntu akwazi ukudayisa ukukhanya ebusuku, futhi ukusebenzisa komuntu ukukhanya akukufinyeleli omunye.
  • Ukungenela kezempilo: Imikhankaso yokugoma nokuhlola izifo ziyizinto zomphakathi ezivamile: ukugoma umuntu oyedwa kusiza ekuvikelekeni komhlambi, futhi akekho ongakhishwa engozini enciphileyo yokungenwa yizifo.
  • [ Izinkonzo zobuphekula:[ iminyango yomlilo, amaphoyisa, namaqembu asabela ngenhlekelele akhonza wonke umuntu ezwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhokhela intela yempahla ngamanye.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izinto zomphakathi zisukela endaweni (epaki elisendaweni yakini) kuya embulungeni yonke (ezingantengantengi).

Okwenza Izinto Ezinhle Zomphakathi Zidingeke Emkhayeni

Ukubaluleka kwempahla yomphakathi kudlulela ngalé kokuvumelana. Kuwukufakwa kwemigede esekela imiphakathi elinganayo, eqinile nechumayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ubulungisa Bezenhlalo Nobulungisa

Impahla yomphakathi isiza ekulolongeni inkundla yokudlala emiphakathini ephawuleka ngemali eholayo nangokonga ngokwezimali. Uma kunikezwa izinkonzo ezibalulekile njengemfundo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nezokuhamba emhlabeni wonke, banikeza wonke umuntu ithuba eliyisisekelo lokuchuma, kungakhathaliseki imithombo yezimali yemikhaya yakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, isikole somphakathi somphakathi esikhululekile senza izingane ezisemikhayeni ephansi zikwazi ukuthola amakhono neziqinisekiso ezingaziphakamisa ebumpofwini. Imitapo yomphakathi inikeza ithuba lokwaziswa nobuchwepheshe kulabo abangakwazi ukuthenga ibhayisela phezulu, imikhiqizo yomphakathi inciphisa ukudluliselwa okungenayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zomphakathi njengamanzi ahlanzekile nenhlanzeko ziyisisekelo sesithunzi nempilo yabantu. INhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo ilinganisela ukuthi ukungatholani amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza nendle enele kunengxenye ezigidini zabantu abafa abangavinjelwa unyaka ngamunye. Uma lezi zinto eziyisisekelo ziphathwa njengemithwalo yemfanelo yomphakathi, bonke abantu bayazuza emithwalweni yezifo encishisiwe nasezingeni eliphezulu zokuphila. Ngokungafani, ukuthembela kuphela elungiselelweni langasese kungaholela ekuhlukaneni kwabantu abampofu nabangefani kakhulu.

Ukuqinisa Ukubambisana Komphakathi Nezibopho Zomphakathi

Izindawo ezihlangene nezinkonzo zidala amathuba okuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo ezihlukene zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezempucuko. Amapaki omphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, iminyuziyamu, kanye nezigcawu zomphakathi ziyizindawo lapho abantu behlangana khona, bephana imibono, futhi bakha ukuthembana. Lokhu “kuhlanganisa inhloko- dolobha yezenhlalo” kubaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni kwentando yeningi nasekukhuthazeni komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zixhuzula amahlombe ezindaweni ezihlukene zokwenza imicimbi yomphakathi, emakethenkampane, noma emasimini emidlalo. Izifundo ziye zabonisa ukuthi imiphakathi enezingalo eziqinile zokuthembana, izinga eliphakeme lobugebengu, nokuhlanganyela kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano.

Impahla yomphakathi futhi ikhuthaza umuzwa wokuqhosha nokuba ngawedwa. Abantu abasebenzisa futhi banakekele imitapo yomphakathi, imikhondo, noma izingadi bavame ukwakha amaqembu okuzithandela ukuze bayilondoloze, aqinise izinhlangano zomphakathi nokubusa kwendawo. Emiphakathini ehlukene, impahla yomphakathi ingaba yisizathu sokungathathi hlangothi lapho umehluko ubekwa khona, futhi kuphishekelwa izithakazelo ezifanayo. Ukukhukhuleka kwezimpahla zomphakathi. /Ngoba iproductiona noma ukunganakwa noma ukunganakwa imiphakathi futhi ukwanda.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukwanda Kwezomnotho Nokukhiqiza

Isisekelo esithembekile siwumgogodla wezomnotho zanamuhla. Imigwaqo, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhumulo zezindiza, nemishini yezobuchwepheshe inciphisa izindleko zentengiselwano, yenza kube lula ukuhweba, futhi yenza amabhizinisi akwazi ukufinyelela izimakethe nemisebenzi. Ukutshala umphakathi ekucwaningeni nasekuthuthukiseni intuthuko (umz., i-Internet, i-GPS, ne-Human Genome Project) kuye kwaveza zonke izimboni nezigidi zemisebenzi. Imfundo nempilo yomphakathi ithuthukisa ngokuqondile inzuzo yezomnotho ngokuthuthukisa inhloko-nhloko- dolobha yabantu. Izisebenzi ezingcono, ezifunde kakhulu zisungula, zivumelana nezimo, futhi zikhiqiza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpahla zomphakathi zinciphisa ukungaqiniseki nengozi kwabatshali bezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso esiqinile somthetho kanye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo empahla (ukuhle komphakathi) sikhuthaza abathengisi ukuba baqale amabhizinisi futhi baqashe izisebenzi. Izimiso zendawo ezungezile (okunye okuhle komphakathi) zivimbela ukungcola okungalimaza impilo yomphakathi futhi kunciphise umkhiqizo wezinto ezingokwemvelo. [FLT:] [World Bank] Ibhulkn yomhlaba wonke (ukulungana nokuzinziswa kwemali, ukulawula izifo, nezimiso zokuhweba ezivulekile (ukungakhiqini) zibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho [, ikakhulukazi emazweni aphansi angenisayo.

Ukuvikela Impilo Nobuqotho Bendawo Ezungezile

Impilo yomphakathi kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ziphakathi kwezibonelo ezishukumisa kakhulu zesizathu sokuba izinto zomphakathi zitholwe. Umoya ohlanzekile, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nesimo sezulu esizinzileyo akunakuba ngedwa; zihlanganyelwa ngemithombo efuna ukuba ukuphathwa kweqembu. Umqedazwe we-COVID wagcizelela isidingo sezempilo zomphakathi wembulunga yonke, kuhlanganise nokuhlola, ukucwaninga ngemijovo, nokusakazwa ngokulinganayo. Uma amazwe angaphansi kwalezizinto zomphakathi, wonke umuntu uba sengozini yokuhlaselwa yizibhakela, ukumelana namagciwane, nezinye izinsongo ezisolwayo.

Ngokufanayo, izinto zendawo ezungezile njengongqimba lwe-ozone noma amahlathi emvula asendaweni eshisayo zinikeza izinkonzo zokusekela ukuphila okungaboniswa inani lentengo. I-Montreal Protocol, eyahlukanisa amakhemikhali akhucululayo e-ozone, iyindaba ephumelelayo yokubambisana kwezizwe zonke ukuze ivikele ubuhle bomphakathi wembulunga yonke. Ngaphandle kwesenzo esihlangene, inkinga ekhululekile ingaholela emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele [1] Izwe ngalinye noma inkampani ingazuza ekulawuleni kokungcola kuyilapho inqaba ukukhokha ingxenye yayo, iphumele “ekuhlobana nabavamile.”

Izinselele Ezinkulu Ekunikezeni Izinto Zomphakathi

Naphezu kwenani elikhulu lazo, izimpahla zomphakathi zitholakala njalo kwezentengiselwano zezomnotho.

Inkinga Ekhululekile

Isithiyo esidume kakhulu yinkinga ephansi kakhulu. Njengoba abantu bengajabulela izinzuzo zokuhle komphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokha ngenxa yakho, iziqondiso ezinengqondo zokuzicabangela ukuba bazame ukugwema ukunikela. Uma wonke umuntu enikeza le zizathu, okuhle ngeke kunikezelwe noma kunikezwe ngezinga eliphansi kakhulu kunenani elifunwa umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi bangasekela i-meya yomphakathi kodwa bangayiniki kuyo, bacabange ukuthi abanye bayokwehlisa isambatho. Lesi sisusa siwukuthi kungani izinto zomphakathi zixhaswa ngokukhokhelwa ngeminikelo esemthethweni.

Inkinga ekhululekile yokulawula imfuno yomphakathi wembulunga yonke njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Asikho isizwe esisodwa esingaxazulula lenkinga sodwa, kodwa izwe ngalinye linesisusa sokukhulula ekuncipheni kwegesi. Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, njenge-Parsa Law, zizama ukunqoba lokhu ngezibopho zomthetho, ngokuhlola, nangezimiso zokuphoqelela. Nokho, njengoba ukwehluleka kwasikhathi sonke kwezingxoxo zesimo sezulu kubonisa, ukunqoba amandla akhululekile kudinga izinhlangano eziqinile nokwethembana phakathi kwabahilelekile.

Inhlekelele Yabantu Abavamile

Inhlekelele ehlobene kakhulu kodwa ehlukile yinhlekelele yalezo ezivamile, esebenza emikhiqizweni evamile (izinto ezivamile kodwa ezinganciphiseki). Uma abantu abaningi behlanganyela inzuzo − njengedlelo, ipetroli, noma amanzi ahlanzekile angaphansi komhlaba (inye yezindlela zokuyikhipha phambi kokuba abanye bayiqede. Ngaphandle komthetho, umcebo uyasetshenziswa futhi uwe. Nakuba kungeyinhle emsulwa, inhlekelele yalabo abavamile ibonisa inselele efanayo: uma izithakazelo zabo ziphikisana nenzuzo ehlangene, imithombo ehlangeneyo iyahlupheka.

Amakhambi ale nhlekelele ahlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-privat (uma kungenzeka), umthetho kahulumeni (isib., izilinganiso zokudoba, izigqoko zokukhipha igesi), noma abaphathi abasekela umphakathi (umz., iziphakamiso zokunisela ngenkasa). U-Elinor Ostrom’s Nobel Prize-win wabonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yendawo ingasebenzisa imithombo efanayo ngokusekela imithetho evunyelweyo kanye nokuqondisa, ukugwema kokubili ukulawulwa kwesimiso kanye nokulawulwa kwesimiso. Nokho, lezi zidinga ukulawulwa okuphumelelayo, okuyinzuzo yomphakathi ngokwayo.

Ukungezwani Nemingcele Efushane Yezombangazwe

Ngisho noma ohulumeni bemukela umthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza izimpahla zomphakathi, babhekana nezithiyo zezombangazwe nezemali. Izimpahla zomphakathi ngokuvamile zidinga ukutshala imali eningi ngezinzuzo eziqhubekela phambili eminyakeni eminingi noma amashumi eminyaka “‘ ukucabanga ngokwakha inxanxathela yesitimela ephakeme noma ukuxhasa isayensi eyisisekelo. Abezombangazwe abanokwaziswa okufushane okuvotayo bangahlela indawo ebonakalayo, imisebenzi yokubuyisela ngokushesha ezimpahlani zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimiso zokukhokha intela nemikhankaso yokukhokha ingabulala imfuno yomphakathi yemali edingekayo, iholele ekuwohlolweni kwezakhiwo ezisaziwayo, ngaphansi kwezemfundo yomphakathi, nasemapaki abhidlikayo.

Ukwabiwa kwemithombo yemali phakathi kwezimpahla zomphakathi ezincintisanayo nakho futhi akunazimpikiswano. Ingabe idolobha lingasebenzisa imali eningi ekuthutheni noma empilweni yomphakathi? Ingabe uhulumeni wezwe kufanele ubeke indawo yokuqala yokuzivikela kwesizwe noma ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu? Lezi zinqumo zihilela ukuhweba nokukhipha izahlulelo eziyigugu, ngokuvamile eziholela ezingxabanweni ezinkulu nasekufuneni inzuzo. Ukuswela imali yokudayisa izinto zomphakathi kwenza kube nzima ukukala inani lazo nokuthethelela izindleko, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpahla zangasese lapho kufunwa khona intengo yentengo.

Ukubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke Nokungavumelani Kwezombangazwe

Impahla yomphakathi embulungeni yonke — njengalokhu ubhadane lulungele ukugcinwa, ukulawulwa kwezimali, nokugcinwa kokuthula − ukubambisana okukhona emazweni azimele, ngalinye linezithakazelo zalo, izinhlangano, nezinto eziza kuqala. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe Yezempilo, neWorld Trade Organization zikhona ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthukisa lokhu kubambisana, kodwa ngokuvamile azinawo amandla okuphoqelelwa futhi zincike ekuthotshelweni ngokuzithandela. Ukunyuka kobuzwelonke nokuncintisana kwezesayensi yezwe nesayensi yezwe kunganciphisa kakhulu isenzo esihlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nesifo se-COVID-19, ubuzwe (izinga eliphambili ngamazwe acebile) kuvimbela ukusabela kwembulunga yonke, kuhlanganise nabakhi bomhlaba, ukuvela kwezenzo zokuhlasela kwemidalo.

Izinselele zezombangazwe zikhona futhi endaweni yakithi. Izinto zomphakathi njengezindlu ezithengwayo, izinkonzo zempilo, nemitapo yezincwadi zingahlaziswa noma zincishiswe amaqembu athile azibheka njengezizuzisa “ukuhlanganisa” abantu. I-NIMBYYS (“Ingekho eBackyard Yami”) ngokuvamile zivimbela ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo, amakhaya amaqembu, noma imisebenzi yokuthutha engasiza umphakathi obanzi. Ukunqoba lezi zithiyo zezombangazwe kudinga ukuhlelwa kwesinqumo, imfundo yomphakathi, nobuholi obukhanga izindinganiso ezifanayo kunanezithakazelo ezincane.

Izinyathelo Zokuqinisa Nokusekela Izinto Zomphakathi

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, imiphakathi iye yasungula amathuluzi amaningi okunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi ngokuphumelelayo.

Ubudlelwane bomphakathi (PPP)

Ukuhlobana phakathi kukahulumeni nezinkampani ezizimele kungahlanganisa impumelelo kanye nokusungulwa kwengxenye ezimele kanye nokugunyazwa umphakathi kanye nobubanzi obude bombuso. I-PPPP kuvamile emisebenzini yezezisekelo njengemigwaqo ekhokhwayo, izakhiwo zokuphatha amanzi, nezimiso zokubopha izintambo. Ngaphansi kwe-PPPP elungiselelwe kahle, umklami womuntu ozimele, ukwakha izimali, futhi asebenze inzuzo, kuyilapho umngane womphakathi ebeka izindinganiso, eqondisa ukusebenza, futhi evame ukunikela ngezwe noma inzuzo. Isihluthulelo siwukwenza izingozi ngokufanelekile futhi siqinisekise ukulandisa ngezivumelwano, imibambobo, ukusebenza, nokubika okusobala.

I-PPP ingasetshenziswa futhi ezintweni zomphakathi zemishini, njengamasiteji e-software avulekile emisebenzi kahulumeni. Njengesibonelo, Digital Public Goods Alliance] ulwembu lobuchwepheshe obuvulekayo obusiza ekufinyeleleni izinjongo zentuthuko eSusela phambili [[FLT]]. Ngokusebenzisa amakhono amaqoqo azimele kanye nezimali zephilanthropic, lezi zingenza indalo yezimiso zezempilo ezifana nezemfundo yezemfundo progreeterssss.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokuthungatha Izixuku

Ukunika imiphakathi yendawo amandla okuthatha izimpahla zomphakathi kunganciphisa ukuthwala, ukwandisa ukusabela, nokuthuthukisa indlela yokusizana. Izinhlelo zokuzithandela zokuhlanza amapaki, izingadi zomphakathi, amaqembu okugada, nemikhankaso yokuhlokoma kwezindawo zomphakathi konke kuyizibonelo. I-Platforms njenge i-ifixit (iziqondiso ze-repair) kanye ne-OpenStreadtap (i-mephu yomsebenzisi) ibonisa indlela iminikelo yezixuku ekwazi ngayo ukwakha imithombo yomphakathi ewusizo ehambisana nemizamo engokomthetho.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, lapho izakhamuzi zivota indlela yokwaba ingxenye yemali yomphakathi, kuyindlela enamandla. Kusiza ekuhlanganiseni ilungiselelo lempahla yomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini, kwandisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle, futhi kwakhe ukuthemba. Amadolobha anjenge New York, Porto Alegre (Brazil), neParis aye azama ukusebenzisa imali yokuhlukanisa, ngokuvamile aholela ekuthengeni imali eningi ezindaweni ezigciniwe nasekwanelisekeni kwesakhamuzi ngezinkonzo zomphakathi.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Emisha

Ngaphandle kwentela nenkokhelo ezivamile, kuvela imikhokhi emisha exhasa izimali yokusekela izimpahla zomphakathi. Imiphumela yemiba ehlangene nomphakathi (noma “ukukhokhela ukuphumelela”) i-commental famists) iphakamisa inhloko - dolobha yezinhlelo zezenhlalo ezikhokhelwayo nezingalungiseki. Uma uhlelo luphumelela, uhulumeni ukhokha abatshali bezimali ngesithakazelo; uma uhluleka, abanikazi bayakwazi ukuthwala ukulahlekelwa. Lokhu kushintsha kwengozi kusuka kubakhokhi bentela kuya kubanikazi bemali futhi kuphumele imiphumela. Ngokufanayo, izibopho eziluhlaza kanye nezibopho zomphakathi ziphakamisa inhloko yezindawo ezizungezile noma izimpahla zomphakathi, ezikhangayo ukuzuza abanikazi abagcini bemali abangazi lutho.

Enye indlela entsha iwukusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi ezisemhlabeni wonke , njenge-Global Fund to Alwa nengculaza, TB noMalaleveva, ezinamanzi eminikelo evela kohulumeni, izisekelo, kanye nezinhlangano zokusekela ukungenela kwezempilo emazweni aphansi naphakathi afikayo. Izimali ezinjalo ezisekela imali, zinciphisa ukukhutshelwa, futhi zihambisane emikhawulweni. Ezintweni zomphakathi, izintengo zobuchwepheshe, izimpawu kanye nokunikeza izinhlelo (umzz., i-Mozilla Foundation noma i-Wikimedia Foundation) inikeza inkxaso egciniwe ezuzisa wonke umuntu.

Ukuvuselelwa Nezinsimbi Ezisekelwe Emakethe

Ukubuyiselwa kungaphoqelela iminikelo ephoqelelwe noma kulinganise ukuziphatha okulimazayo ukuze kuvikele izimpahla zomphakathi. Izimiso zokuhwebelana (ikhomputha ne-trade) nentela yekharbon kudala intengo ekungcoleni, okwenza umonakalo womphakathi wembulunga yonke ube ukunciphiswa kwezimali. Lemali ingasetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukucwaninga okuhlanzekile, ukujwayela isimo sezulu, noma ukubuyisela izindleko zemikhaya, kanjalo kuhlanganisa izindleko zangasese zokungcola ngokwenzuzo yomphakathi yokuncishiswa kokukhishwa kwegesi.

Ngokufanayo, imithetho ye-oral trading, amabhuloho okumisa izindiza, nezilinganiso zokudoba zonke ziyizindlela zokulawula imfucumfucu eyindlala lapho ugwema ukusebenzisa ngokweqile. Isihluthulelo siwukuklama imithetho ekhanyayo, eqikelelwayo, nengalingani. Uma isetshenziswa kahle, imithetho ingahlanganisa izisusa zomphakathi ngamunye nokuhle kwabantu ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba abe nohulumeni noma intela egcwele.

Ukubambisana Nezinqubo Zomhlaba Wonke

Impahla yomphakathi idinga ukubusa kwembulunga yonke. Izivumelwano nezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe (umz., i-Montreal Protocol, i-Paris Accomment, i-World Health’s International Health Regionalment) zinikeza izisekelo zokusebenza ndawonye. Zimisa izimiso ezivamile, zimise izisulu, zihlele izimiso zokuhlola, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zihlanganise ukuthunyelwa kwezimali noma izijeziso zokukhuthaza ukuthobela. Nakuba zingaphelele, lezi zinqubo zibalulekile ezinkingeni ezingekho zwe elilodwa elingazixazulula. Ziziqinisa / / ngokuziqinisa ngokuzinzisa okuthuthukisiwe, ngokusekela, nangokusekela okuphelele, futhi nokuxhasa okunenzuzo okubalulekile kwekhulu lama-21.

Isiphetho: Ukukusekela Esihlanganyela Nabanye

Umqondo womphakathi wokuhle usikhumbuza ukuthi eziningi zezinto ezenza ukuphila kube okuyigugu ukuze kuphile — umoya ohlanzekile, indawo ephephile, ulwazi, ubuhle, impilo, okungamelwe zithengwe futhi zithengiswe ezimakethe zangasese. Zinezici ezihlukene ezidinga ifa nezici ezihlangene ezidinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, ukugcinwa kwemali, ukubambisana. Ezweni elibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izibhebhebhe, ukungalingani, nokungalingani kwezombangazwe, isidingo sempahla yomphakathi esiqinile asikaze sibe sikhulu. Ngokuqonda izici eziyingqayizivele zezinto zomphakathi, izithiyo ezisemfazamweni zazo, namasu ahlukahlukene okuzikhulisa, singasebenza ndawonye ukuze sakhele izinhlangano ezizuzisa wonke umuntu noma ezingeni elingcono. Ngokulandelayo, ujabulela umtapo wezindawo ezingabonakali, izivumelwano zezizwe, futhi zikhona.