Ukuqonda Umthetho Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wombango ulawula izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele − abantu abazimele, amabhizinisi, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Injongo yawo eyinhloko ukuxazulula izingxabano nokunikeza amakhambi, ngokwendlela yokukhokha imali noma ukwenza okuthile, kunokuba ijeziswe. E-United States, umthetho womphakathi usuka emasikweni avamile eNgilandi futhi uye waqala ukuhlanganisa imicimbi eminingi engeyomthetho.

Izinga Lomthetho Wombango

Umthetho wombango uhlanganisa amagatsha amaningana amakhulu, ngalinye elisingatha izinhlobo ezihlukene zezingxabano:

  • Isivumelwano esisemthethweni: i-projects mentations phakathi kwamaqembu. Icala lihlanganisa ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukuchazwa kwemisho, namakhambi okungasebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, umninikhaya umangalela umkhandi ngokuhluleka ukuqeda ukuvuselela ngesikhathi.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho weTort: ukhuluma amaphutha omphakathi abangela ukulimala noma ukulahlekelwa. Ama-tort avamile ahlanganisa ukunganaki (umz., izingozi zemoto), ukuhlanjalazwa, kanye nomphumela wemiphumela. U-Foltiff ufuna umonakalo wokulimala.
  • [ Umthetho oshoyo: uvala izimpikiswano ngobunikazi, ukusetshenziswa, noma impahla engokoqobo neyomuntu siqu. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukungezwani komninindlu, izingxabano zomngcele, kanye nokuthatha isiphambeko.
  • UMthetho womkhaya:[ uhilela umshado, isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nokutholwa. Lamacala ahilela ukuyinkimbinkimbi ngokomzwelo nangokwezimali, nezinkantolo ezibeka kuqala izithakazelo ezingcono kakhulu zezingane.
  • [ Isivumelwano noMthetho wezisebenzi: ihlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwabaqashi nezisebenzi ngeholo, ubandlululo, ukunqanyulwa, nokuphepha emsebenzini.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Emacaleni Asemphakathini

Esinye sezici ezichazayo zomthetho wesizwe indinganiso esobala. Umlahli kumelwe abonise icala lawo nge- ukwazisa ubufakazi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa afanelwe yicala. Lolu umnyango ophansi kunendinganiso yobugebengu. Umthwalo usesilinganisweni esisobala ukuze anikeze ubufakazi bokuthi izilinganiso zihle ngisho nakancane eziyani zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, enkantolo elimazayo, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukunganaki kommangalelwa kungcono kakhulu kunokungabangela ukulimala.

Izigaba Nemiphumela

Abasemacaleni angokwenhlalo bangamachashaza achazayo (umkhandlu oletha isuti) ne impoqo [ (umkhandlu uyamangalelwa). Icala liqalwa uma abamangali bekhononda ngecala bekhala ngecala. Imali ihlanganisa ukulahlwa kwemali (imvume yokukhokha noma isijeziso), iziyalo (imvume yesibopho sokwenza noma sokuyeka ukwenza okuthile), noma ukwenza okuthile (ukwenza iqembu lokufeza isivumelwano). Ngokungafani nomthetho wecala, umthetho womphakathi awuphumeleli ekuboshweni. Nokho, ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nesahlulelo kungaholela ekuboshweni kwenkantolo, kuhlanganise nenhlebo noma ukudelelwa kwenkantolo.

Ukungena ngokujule kakhulu ezimisweni zomthetho we-pal, bhekisela ku- Cornell Legional Information Institute ka-'mthetho we-'pultive''..

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu uhlanganisa ukuziphatha okubhekwa njengokulimaza umphakathi wonke. Umangalelwa uhulumeni (isifundazwe noma umbuso) futhi uhlose ukujezisa izaphulamthetho, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, ukuguqula abenzi bobubi, nokuvikela umphakathi. Umthetho wesigebengu ugunyazwa ngemithetho echaza amacala nezijeziso zabo.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngobukhulu:

  • Icala elingathi sína: Amacala amakhulu ajeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Izenkolo ezithathelwe imvume zivame ukuthwala imiphumela emide, njengokulahlekelwa amalungelo okuvota noma ukulahlekelwa yizibhamu.
  • IMisdemers: Amacala amakhulu ancishisiwe agwetshwa unyaka wonke ejele, amafa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Iziphambeko ezivamile zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, kanye nokuthola izidakamizwa okuncane.
  • Iziphambeko: Ukuphulwa okuncane okuvame ukuphumela ekuhlawulweni kwemali kunokuba kuphumele esikhathini sokuboshwa. Amathikithi ezimoto, i-jaying, nokulahla avame ukuphambana.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Ezinkantolo Zezigebengu

Umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lena indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho, ebonisa imiphumela engathi sína yecala lobugebengu. Umqondo usho ukuthi ubufakazi kumelwe buqiniseke kakhulu ukuthi akekho umuntu onengqondo ongabaza icala lommangalelwa. Uma kukhona ukungabaza okungokomthetho, ijaji kumelwe likhululwe. Lendinganiso ivikela abantu ekuvumeni okungalungile nasekusekelweni kokungasolwa kwecala.

Izigaba Nemiphumela Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Amaqembu ayingxubevange yokushushisa (isilinganiso sombuso) kanye [umbuso] ne- dindendient[ [ummangalelwa]]. Umshushisi uholwa ummeli wesifunda (isikhalazo sezwe) noma i-U.S. Attorney (isinganga). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumelela ngokomthetho; uma engakwazi ukunikeza ummeli, omunye kumelwe anikezwe. Ukuhlawulwa kwecala lobugebengu kungahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa kwesigwebo, ukuhlawuliswa, ukukhokhwaliswa kwezisulu, ngisho nokujeziswa kwezehlakalo-nhloko yomphakathi. Icala libuye liphume embhalweni wecala lobugebengu.

Ukuze uqonde inqubo yomthetho wobugebengu e-U.S., hlola U.S. uMnyango woMthetho woMahluleli weCriminal’s Law .

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Komthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zifuna ukugcina ukuhleleka, ngokuyisisekelo zihlukene enjongweni, enqubweni nasemiphumeleni. itafula elingezansi lifingqa lokhu kuhlukanisa, kodwa izingxenye ezilandelayo ziyanda endaweni ngayinye.

Injongo Nefilosofi

Umthetho womphakathi [[QT:0] uhlose ukwenza iqembu elilimele liphinde liphele futhi ngokunxenxelwa noma ngokukhululeka okunganqamukiyo. Umthetho wobugebengu ungu isoko kanye nesithiyo `Ifuna ukujezisa owenzela izono futhi inqande abanye ekwenzeni izenzo ezifanayo. Icala lomphakathi liyisenzo sangasese; icala lobugebengu lilethwa ngumbuso ngenxa yomphakathi.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Zobufakazi

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, izenzakalo zomphakathi zisebenzisa ukucabangisisa ngobufakazi (inani elingaphezu kuka 50%), kuyilapho amacala obugebengu edinga ubufakazi obunengqondo [ (ngokuqinisekile). Lomehluko unemiphumela ejulile. Kwezinye izimo, umuntu angatholakala enecala enkantolo yomphakathi kodwa akhululwe enkantolo yobugebengu ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo .] Isibonelo esidumile sika-O.J. Simpson siremplectle.

Imicimbi Nemifanekiso

Ezimweni zomphakathi, amaqembu ayizinhlangano ezizimele (abantu noma izinhlangano). Ezicaleni zobugebengu, uhulumeni uhlala engumquphi wamacala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abamangalelwa bezephulamthetho banamalungelo omthetho-mthetho angenawo wonke amalungelo agunyaza abamangalelwa abangomthetho - sisekelo abangawadluliseli ngokugcwele abamangalelwa abangohulumeni abamelene nokuzilahla bona kanye nelungelo lokuquliswa kwecala okusheshayo. Nokho, abakhokhi bomphakathi bangabhekana neziphakamiso kanye nophenyo okuphoqelela ubufakazi.

Imiphumela Nemali Ehliswayo

Izahlulelo zombango zivame ukuphumela ekubekeni izimali noma ekuyaleni ukuba uthathe isinyathelo. Izijeziso zobugebengu zihlanganisa ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, ukukhokhwa kwemali ekhokhwa embusweni, nokukhokhwa imiphumela efana nomlando wobugebengu ohlala njalo. Kwezinye izimo, ukukhohliswa kwecala kungaholela ekubekeni icala lomphakathi, noma ummangalelwa angayalwa ukuba akhokhe isijeziso sakhe (okufana nokulimala komphakathi) njengengxenye yesigwebo.

Umehluko Okhona

Inqubo yomphakathi ilawulwa yimithetho enjenge Federal Umthetho we-Civil Procedure (FRCP) ezingeni likahulumeni, kuyilapho inqubo yobugebengu ilandela iMithetho ye-Federal ye-Criminal Procediture ne-procedrected nomthetho-mgano wesivikelo njengesesine, sesihlanu, neseSihlanu seSikhundla. Ukuvubukulwa kwamacala omphakathi kwabanzi futhi kudlulwe-dintene; ezimweni zobugebengu, kulinganiselwe kakhulu futhi kulawulwa, kanye nokuqulwa okudingwa okudingeka ukuba kudluliselwe ubufakazi bokuquluza ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland[FLD:1].

Ukuze uthole ukuqhathanisa okunegunya, bheka U.S. umqondisi wenkantolo ekuhlukaneni phakathi kwecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu.

Izibonelo Zamacala Ezakhamuzi Nezobugebengu

Izindaba zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela isenzo esifanayo esingabangela ngayo kokubili ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu, noma indlela izimiso ezisingatha ngayo ukulimala okuhlukile.

Izibonelo Zamacala Angaphakathi

  • [ I-Injiry yomuntu siqu:[ Umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo oshaywe umshayeli onganaki ukhalaza ngezindleko zokwelapha, iholo elilahlekile, nobuhlungu nokuhlupheka.
  • Ukungenela kweContract:[[[FT:1] Umklami we-fremulance amafayela amacala amelene nekhasimende enqaba ukukhokha ngenxa yomsebenzi oqediwe, ifuna inkokhelo yesivumelwano kanye nomonakalo.
  • [ Ukukhipha: Umnini webhizinisi umangalela umncintiswano ngokusakaza izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lenkampani, efuna ukukhokha nokujezisa.
  • [ Impikiswano engokwesisho: Omakhelwane ababili baphikisana ngocingo olungena ezweni lombango, okuphumela ekuhleleni kwenkantolo ukususwa nomonakalo.

Izibonelo Zecala Lobugebengu

  • Ukweba (Imali): [ Umuntu uboshwa ngenxa yokuthungatha izimpahla ezibayo ezibiza imali engaphezu kuka-R3,50, abekwe icala lokweba okungafanelekile, futhi angabhekana nonyaka ejele.
  • Assault ne Betrie:[ Ukulwa komgoqo kuholela ekumangaleleni kokuhlasela okulula, isigebengu, nezijeziso ezingase zihlanganise amahlelo okulawula intukuthelo, amafa, nesikhathi sasejele.
  • Ukuthutha izigwegwe: Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okusesilinganisweni okukhulu okuvubukulwe yi-DEA kuphumela ekukhokheleni kwecala elibi kakhulu kukahulumeni ngemisho elinganiselwe ebophekile.
  • ICrime-White-Collar: Umphathi wenza ukukhwabanisa kwezentengiselwano, ubhekene neminyaka ejele likahulumeni nezigidi eziboshweni, kanye nokuncishwa kwenzuzo esenzweni esifanayo se-SEC.

Phawula ukuthi amacala amaningi obugebengu angaba futhi isisekelo sokumangalelwa kwezakhamuzi. Ngokwesibonelo, isisulu sokuhlaselwa singamangalela umhlaseli ngebhetri (ibhethri yomphakathi) kuyilapho umhlaseli ebhekene nokuquliswa icala lobugebengu.

Inqubo Engokomthetho Emacaleni Omphakathi Nawesigebengu

Ukuqonda ukuqubuka kwecala kuyasiza ekususeni indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo.

Inqubo Engokomthetho Yangaphakathi

  1. I-Plaints kanye ne-Phompons: I-pacttiff i-face face isho isisekelo esingokomthetho sesuti nosizo olufunwayo. Ukunxusa kwenza ummangalelwa aqaphele ummangalelwa wecala.
  2. I-Responne:[ Ummangalelwa ufaka impendulo (ukumangalela noma ukuphika izinsolo) futhi angagomela ngokuthi i-claims.
  3. Incazelo: Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshisana ngokwaziswa, kuhlanganise namaphepha, izinsika, nophenyo. Ukuthola i-Discove ibanzi futhi ingathatha izinyanga ezithathayo.
  4. Iziphakamiso:[ Imicimbi ingathatha indiva, ukuze ikhishwe ukwahlulela okufingqiwe (ukuveza impikiswano engenayo eyiqiniso), noma ukuphoqelela ukutholwa.
  5. : Ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi (ukwahlulela) noma ukuqulwa kwejaji, kunikezwa ubufakazi. I-pallatiff ithwele umthwalo wobufakazi. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, umahluleli noma amajaji akhipha isinqumo.
  6. Iposi-Trial:[ Iqembu elilahlekile lingase likhalise enkantolo ephakeme, liphikisa amaphutha omthetho noma inqubo.
  7. [ Impoqo: Uma ummangalelwa ewina, kumelwe abuthe isahlulelo (*) ngokuphangwa, ama - master, noma ezinye izindlela (uma ummangalelwa engakhokhi ngokuzithandela.

Inqubo Yecala

  1. [ Ukugcinwa komthetho: kuhlanganisa ubufakazi, izingxoxo zofakazi, futhi kungathola imvume yokuhlola.
  2. Ukuthatha nokubhala: Umsoli uboshwa, athwetshulwe iminwe, futhi athwetshulwe izithombe.
  3. Ukuhlanganisa:[ Umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi namafayela amacala angokomthetho (imininingwane noma ukumangalela okwenziwa ijaji elikhulu lamajaji).
  4. Icala:[ Ummangalelwa utshelwa ngamacala futhi angene esicelweni (icala, hhayi icala, noma ungenamncintiswano). I-Bail ingahlelwa.
  5. Impinda:[ Ukhuselo lungathatha amafayela ukuze lucindezele ubufakazi noma lulahle izikhalo ezisekelwe ekuphucweni komthetho-mthetho.
  6. Incazelo: Umshushisi kumele adalule ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nanoma ibuphi ubufakazi bokuqamba, kuyilapho ulwelwelo lunezibopho ezilinganiselwe.
  7. : Ijaji (elitholakalayo) lizwa icala. Ukushushisa kunikeza ubufakazi kuqala, futhi ukuzivikela kunganikeza ofakazi be-examine. Ummangalelwa uthathwa njengongenacala, futhi umshushisi kumelwe afakazele icala ngokungenakungabaza okunengqondo.
  8. Isigwebo ne-Sentect: Uma uthola icala, isigwebo esihlukile sokugweba sinquma isijeziso (isib., ijele, i-face, i-freasure). Iziqondiso zokujezisa zingasebenza.
  9. Appals:[ Ummangalelwa angadlulisa imvume ezivumelwaneni zomthetho. Umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa ukunxenxwa ngenxa yesivikelo esiphindwe kabili sengozi.

Amacala ombango ngokuvamile axazululwa ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala; amacala obugebengu ngokuvamile aphumela ekufakeni izikhalo ezikhokhelwayo, lapho ummangalelwa enxusa khona ukuba athole isigwebo esincane ngenxa yecala eliphansi.

Okwenza Kube Nendaba Ukubhala Ngokusemthethweni

Ukwehlukanisa umthetho wezentengiselwano nowezaphula - mthetho akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kunikeza abantu amandla okuqaphela lapho bephathwe kabi, beqonda amalungelo abo futhi beqondisa isimiso sobulungisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi umehluko kukusiza ukuba uthole ukuthi hlobo luni lwesenzo esingokomthetho okufanele ulwenze. Uma uyisisulu sobugebengu, awunakuzifaka icala lobugebengu ngokwakho, kodwa uyindima yomshushisi (*) kodwa ungaqala icala lomphakathi ukuze ukhokhele umonakalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umangalelwa ngecala, kumelwe uqonde ukuthi uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi nokuthi unelungelo lokuthula futhi ummeli. Empikiswaneni yombango, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthola ubufakazi futhi ufakazele icala lakho.

Ukuqonda Amasikela

Imiphumela ihluke kakhulu. Inkolelo yobugebengu ingasho ukulahlekelwa inkululeko nehlazo elihlala njalo; ukwahlulela komphakathi kungakuqeda imali kodwa kungakufaka engozini yokuboshwa.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuphileni Kobunye

Ukufunda okusemthethweni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde amacala aphakeme abikwa ezindabeni, kusukela ekuqulweni kwecala lobugebengu kuya ekumangalelweni kwezenyunyana ezinkampanini. Kusiza ukuba kuqashelwe izingqapheli ezifundile nokuhlanganyela komthwalo wemfanelo enkulumweni yasobala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqondwa okuyisisekelo kwezimiso zomthetho kungavimbela ukungaqondani nokugcinwa komthetho noma ezinkampanweni zebhizinisi.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-[QUE] American Bar Association’s Division for Public Education zinikeza imithombo yokuthuthukisa ukufunda okusemthethweni. Izakhamuzi ziyazuza ngokufunda ngezimiso zenkantolo zendawo nangezinhlobo zamacala eziwasingathayo.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezegebengu nowezelele uyizinsika ezimbili zesimiso somthetho wase-U.S. ezinezinjongo ezihlukene, izinqubo, nemiphumela. Umthetho wangaphakathi uxazulula izingxabano zangasese futhi unikeze amakhambi, kuyilapho umthetho wobugebengu ujezisa amacala emphakathini futhi usekela ukuhleleka komphakathi. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisisekelo sokwazi ukufunda okungokomthetho, kukuhlomisela ukuvikela amalungelo akho, ukuqaphela ukuthi ufuna usizo olungokomthetho nini, futhi uhileleke ngokunenjongo esimisweni sobulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, ongumfundi, onguchwepheshe, noma isakhamuzi esiqotho, ukukwazi lokhu kuqinisa ikhono lakho lokusebenzisa umthetho ngokuphumelelayo futhi ube nemfanelo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola I-Cornell LII ikhasi enqubweni yomphakathi [ ne U.S. iziqondiso zeNkantolo zokufaka icala [.