I-Age Discide in Account Act (ADEA) ingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho wesivikelo emsebenzini e-United States, ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Kusukela ekudluleni kwayo ngo-1967, i-ADEA iye yahlela indlela abaqashi abasondela ngayo ekuqashweni, ekukhushulelweni, ekutholeni izinzuzo, nasekuthatheni umhlalaphansi. Umlando wayo uhlobana nemizamo ebanzi yamalungelo omphakathi futhi ubonakalisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokwazisa nobandlululo. Lesi sihloko sihlola imvelaphi, izinhlelo eziyinhloko, izinselele, izinselele, kanye nokugobelwa kwe-ADEA, ukubukeka kahle komthetho oqhubeka nokuvikela izigidi zezisebenzi zaseMelika.

Umsuka Wobandlululo Lweminyaka

Ngaphambi konyaka ka-1960, ukucwasana ngeminyaka emsebenzini kwakuvamile kodwa kwakuvame ukuboniswa obala. Abaqashi babehlela iminyaka yokuqasha abantu, befaka umhlalaphansi ophoqelelwe ngeminyaka ewubudala, futhi benqaba ukuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi esezikhulile noma ukukhushulelwa esikhundleni esisekelwe kuphela ekuqondeni okuvamile ngamakhono anciphayo. Okwase kugcwele ukuthi izisebenzi ezindala zazingavumelani nezimo ezithile, zazibiza kakhulu uma kuziwa ezinzuzoni, futhi zingakhiqizi kakhulu.

Ukukhula kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yango-1960 kwaveza umthetho wesimo sezulu okhuthaza ukumelana nokungavumelani. Ukudlula koMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, owenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe, kwaphawula inkathi yoshintsho. Nokho, ubudala abufakwanga kulomthetho wesici sesifunda. Amaqembu abaphathi besizwe anjengeNhlangano yaseMelika yamaRoced Personalty (ARP) nezinhlangano zezisebenzi zacindezela iSishaya umthetho othile wezisebenzi ezindala. Umbiko ka-1965 kaNobhala wezisebenzi ngaphansi kukaMongameli Lyn Bdon B. Johnson waphawula ukucwasana okusakaze kakhulu futhi wabizwa ngesenzo sombuso.

Kwavela ukusekela kwe-Bhartisan, futhi i-Age Discrimination in Accomplication Act yasayinwa njengomthetho ngoDecember 15, 1967. Injongo eyashiwo yayiwuku "kuqashwa kwabantu abadala ngokusekelwe ekhonweni labo kunasebudaleni; ukunqabela ukucwaswa kobudala emsebenzini; ukusiza abaqashi nezisebenzi ukuba bathole izindlela zokubhekana nezinkinga ezibangelwa ukukhubazeka kweminyaka yobudala." i-ADEA yasetshenziswa kubaqashi abasebenzayo abaneminyaka engu-25 noma ngaphezulu futhi ekuqaleni izisebenzi ezikhokhele phakathi neminyaka engu-40 nengu - 65.

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko E - ADEA

I - ADEA yenqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abaneminyaka engu - 40 ubudala noma ngaphezulu kunoma isiphi isici somsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulwa, ukudilizwa, izinxephezelo, izabelo, izabelo zomsebenzi, nokuqeqeshwa. Lo mthetho usebenza kubaqashi abazimele abanezisebenzi ezingu - 20 noma ngaphezulu, abasebenza ezweni, ohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, izinhlangano zezisebenzi nohulumeni.

Imikhuba Ephambene

Abaqashi bangase bangakhuthazi:

  • I-Fail noma ukwenqaba ukuqasha othile ngenxa yobudala babo.
  • I-Dislation, idefice, noma isiyalo isisebenzi esisekelwe ebudalani.
  • [ Ukuthatha umsebenzi ngembuyiselo noma ngamazwi[[FL:1], kuhlanganise nezinzuzo.
  • Izisebenzi ezisebenzayo, eziziqedi, noma izigaba ngezindlela ezizozincisha amathuba omsebenzi.
  • [[UMTH:0] guqula [ ngokumelene nesisebenzi ngokufaka icala noma ngokuhlanganyela ekuhloleni noma ngokuqhubeka ngaphansi kwe ADEA.

Abaqashi Abanembozo Nendawo Yokubona Abaqashi

Ekuqaleni kwakumboza abaqashi abangaba ngu-25 noma ngaphezulu bezisebenzi, lolu mnyango wehliswa lwabasebenzi abangu-20 ngo-1940. Lokhu kushintsha kwanwetshwa ezinkulungwaneni zezisebenzi ezengeziwe. Lomthetho uhlanganisa bonke abaqashi bomphakathi nababodwa abahlangabezana nemfuneko yobukhulu, kanye nezinkampani zezisebenzi nezinyunyana zezisebenzi ezinamalungu angu-25 noma ngaphezulu.

Izinhlebo Nezihlengo

I-ADEA ihlanganisa izinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Ngokuphawulekayo, ivumela ukuthatha umhlalaphansi okuphoqelelwe ebudaleni obuthile ukuba kwenziwe imisebenzi ethile lapho ubudala buyimfanelo engcono kakhulu (BFOQ), njengezikhulu zomthetho, abacimi bomlilo, nabashayeli bezindiza. I-BFOQ ichazwa kancane futhi ifuna abaqashi ukuba babonise ukuthi ubudala bubalulekile emsebenzini. Enye isihluthulelo sivumela abaqashi ukuba bahlukanise ngokusekelwe kwezinye izici ezinengqondo zeminyaka (RFOPA), njengokuhlangenwe nakho noma ikhono, ngisho noma lokho kungafani kwenzeka ekuhlanganiseni iminyaka yobudala.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngeziphendu Nezinkantolo

Kusukela ekumisweni kwayo, i-ADEA iye yenza izinguquko ezinkulu kokubili ngokulungisa imithetho nokuchaza kokwahlulela.

Izisebenzi Ezikhulile Ziyazuza Enzweni Sokuvikelwa Ka - 1990

Enye yezinguquko ezibucayi kakhulu yavela nge- i-Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA). Phambi kwe-OWBPA, abanye abaqashi banciphisa noma basusa izinzuzo zezisebenzi ezindala, bephikisa ngokuthi izindleko zokunikeza izinzuzo ezilinganayo zithethelelekile. I-OWBPA inqabela ngokuqondile ukucwaswa kweminyaka ngenzuzo yezisebenzi. Yamisa nezimfuneko eziqinile zokuhlupha abaxhaphazeli belungelo le-ADEAAA, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwezinhlelo zezenzwe zemhlalaphansi noma izivumelwano ezicatshaziwe. Ngaphansi kwe-OWBPA, kumelwe ukuba izigebengu eziqondileyo, zihlanganise ukutshela izisebenzi amalungelo azo, ukunikeza izivumelwano ezingamashumi amabili, futhi zivumele ukuvuma izinsuku eziyisikhombisa. I-OBBB imvume yokusebenzisa inzuzo engcono, kodwa inzuzo yeze inzuzo yezisebenzi ezingcono noma ezingcono.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo

Izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zathonya izinga lika-ADEA:

  • Phepha Co. v. Biggins (1993) – iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi isinqumo esisekelwe esimweni sempesheni (iminyaka yenkonzo) akuyona ngempela ukucwaswa kobudala, ngisho noma kuhlobene kakhulu nobudala. Lesi sinqumo saveza umehluko phakathi kokwelashwa okungalinganiyo okusekelwe ebudaleni nasezinqumweni ezisekelwe kwezinye izici ezingase zihlotshaniswe nobudala.
  • Smith v. City of Jackson (2005) - Esahlulelweni sephawu, iNkantolo yathi i ADEA ivumela izinqumo ezisekelwe [ ezibonisa imiphumela esukela [] .___ukusebenza okungathathi hlangothi ebusweni kodwa okulimaza kakhulu izisebenzi ezindala. Nokho, iNkantolo ilinganisela nalezo zikhangiso ngokuvumela abaqashi ukuba bazivikele ngokubonisa ukuthi lomkhuba wawusekelwe kwezinye izici ezinengqondo kunenkathi yobudala.
  • Mayam v. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (2008) – iNkantolo yasusa umthwalo wobufakazi ezinhlangothini eziphikisanayo, ifuna umqashi ukuba afakazele ukuthi umkhuba obangela ithonya elingenakulinganiswa wawusekelwe esicini esinengqondo, hhayi nje isidingo sebhizinisi.
  • Gross v. FBL Services Financial (2009) - Lesi sinqumo saphakamisa kakhulu ibhakede yamachashaza ahlukene ezinkantolo zokwelapha. Inkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi umlandu kumelwe abonise ukuthi ubudala buyimbangela yesenzo esinzima, hhayi nje isici esishukumisayo. Lesinqumo senza kwaba nzima ngezisebenzi ukuba zizuze iziphakamiso ze-ADEA uma kuqhathaniswa nesihloko se-VII, lapho i-part face exubile isebenza khona.

I - ADEA Ekhulwini Lama - 21: Izinselele Zanamuhla

Naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka entuthuko, ubandlululo lweminyaka lusadlangile, nakuba ngokuvamile lucashile kunangaphambili.

Ubudala bezentengiselwano [[FLT: 1] buye banikeza ukunakekela okukhulu. Imibiko yezindlela zokuqasha izimboni ezisemthethweni eSilicon Valley, lapho izisebenzi ezisencane zivame ukuthandwa, iye yaholela ekwahluleleni okuphezulu kweze-pane. Izikhankaphelo zemisebenzi yakudala zivame ukubhekana nezithiyo ezithikaza njengokungavumelani nemithetho-algorithm evala izinsuku zomsebenzi noma "iminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho" eziye zamukela ngokuphelele intsha efuna ukuqashwa. IEOC iye yaxwayisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izimiso zezimoto ngokuqashwa kumelwe kungaphumeli ekuxazululeni ijubane ezisebenzini asebekhulile.

Umsebenzi wokuhlela kabusha nokuvikela ama-RIFS (amasu anamandla) ngokuvamile izisebenzi ezindala kakhulu, ezikhokhelwa kakhulu. Abaqashi bangasebenzisa iziqondiso ezinjengokuthi "ukungavumelani nezimo" noma "ukungabi umkhuba ofanele" ukufihla ukucasha. Ukuvikela kwe-ADEA emikhubeni enjalo kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwezindinganiso zokukhetha nemiphumela yazo.

Umsebenzi owenziwe ngokulandelana kanye nomnotho futhi kunezimpikiswano ezinolwazi. Izisebenzi ezindala zinganikezwa amathuba ambalwa aqhelileyo, noma zithunyelwe emalungiselelweni okwakha angazinzi. I-ADEA's ihlala incintisana, njengoba eziningi zihlelwa njengezikhitshana ezizimele futhi ngaleyondlela zingahlanganiswa ngumthetho.

Enye indawo ephumayo ukuhlangana kweminyaka nezinye izici ezivikelwe.

Ukuqhathanisa i - ADEA Eminye Imithetho Emelene Nokungavumelani Nemibono

Ukuqonda amandla nezikhala ze - ADEA kudinga ukuqhathaniswa neSihloko se - VII soMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi ka - 1964 namaMelika noMthetho (ADA) wokukhubazeka.

  • Izigaba ezivikelweyo: isihloko VII senqabela ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, kanye nemvelaphi yobuzwe. I-ADEA ihlanganisa iminyaka yobudala kuphela (40). I-ADA ivikela abantu ngokukhubazeka.
  • i-Micted-Motive vs. Kodwa- Ngaphansi kwesihloko VITY: Ngaphansi kwesihloko VII, i-pacttiff ingawina uma ubandlululo luyi- i-motive factor[ enqubeni embi, ngisho noma ezinye izici zidlale indima. [Phakathi kwe-[FLT:] [FLT]] Gros v. FB[FFLT:5], ADEAFTTTTP kumele ukuba inkathi yobudala ibonise ubudala [[FL:6] kodwa-kayi-[FLT].[FL:]
  • Imiphumela ehlukanisayo: Kokubili i-Sihlokwana VII ne-ADEA ziyaqaphela ukuthi ithonya alilingani, kodwa i-ADEA inesivikelo esibanzi: abaqashi bangathethelela umkhuba ngokuwubonisa usekelwe "kwenye into enengqondo kunenkathi yobudala," okulula ukufakazela kunendinganiso ye-"isidingo sezebhizinisi" ngaphansi kwesihloko VII.
  • [[NTL:0] Amaphutha: isihloko VII sivumela isijeziso sokuvala nokujezisa (ibekwa ezihlangwini), kuyilapho i-ADEA inikeza kuphela iholo elibuyayo, umholo ongaphambili, nemali ephucukile (amabili ahhlawulo) emacaleni okwephulwa ngamabomu. Ngokungafani nesihloko VII, i-ADE ayinikezi izingozi ezingokomzwelo noma isijeziso njenge.
  • [[UMTH:0] [: I-ADEA, nge-OWBPA, inezimfuneko eziqinile ezingekho ngaphansi kwesihloko VII noma i-ADA.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nezindlela Zokwelapha

I-Umeal Opportunity Commission (EOC) iyinhlangano eyinhloko kahulumeni enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphoqelela i-ADEA. Abaqashwa kumelwe bafake icala lobandlululo nge-EEOC ngaphambi kokufaka icala langasese. I-EEOC ihlola amacala, izama ukubophela, futhi ingaqulela umuntu obolewe icala. Icala langasese lingase libekwe ngemva kokukhipha incwadi ye-EEOC.

Izifundiso zokulinganiselwa[: Ezizweni ngenhlangano yezwe noma yendawo emelene nobandlululo, inkathi yokuhlasela ithatha izinsuku ezingu-300 ukusuka kwisenzo sokukhipha umlomo; kwezinye izifundazwe, izinsuku ezingu-180. Isikhathi sokufaka icala sezinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva kokwamukela incwadi elungile yokudlulisela imvume.

Izivumelwano ezikhona [ ngaphansi kwe-ADE zihlanganisa iholo lemuva (iholo elilahlekile nezinzuzo), iholo elingaphambili (inkokhelo elahlekile uma ukubuyiselwa kungafinyeleleki), kanye nokulimala okuncishisiwe okulingana nenkokhelo yeqolo uma uphuzo luyi iphakamiso lokukhokha [. Ukuvota kuyikhambi elingenzeka, nakuba izinkantolo zicabangela ukubuyiselwa futhi zingadala ubutha. Inkokhisi nezindleko zobuthi.

Ukulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo kuwukungabikho kwezingozi zokukhungatheka ngokomzwelo noma ukujeziswa, okungenza izinqumo ezinkulu zibe ezivamile ngaphansi kwe - ADEA kunangaphansi kwe - Thit VII.

Izinselele Ezithintayo Neziqhubekayo

Ngokungangabazeki i-ADEA iye yanciphisa kakhulu izinhlobo zokucwasana kobudala. Iminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi (ngaphandle kwe-BFOQ elinganiselwe) iyinto eyenzekayo esikhathini esidlule. Izisebenzi esezikhulile namuhla zisezisebenzini ezisezingeni eliphakeme kunanini ngaphambili, futhi umthetho uye wasiza ekuhleleni inqubo evamile yokuthola imisebenzi eyengeziwe. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi i-ADEA iye yafaka isandla ekunciphiseni izikhala zeholo phakathi kwezisebenzi ezindala nezisezincane, nakuba ukuhlukana okukhulu kuqhubeka.

Nokho, izinselele zisalokhu zikhona. ubandlululo olucashile luyaqhubeka, futhi izenzakalo eziningi azibikwa ngoba izisulu zingase zingaluboni ubandlululo noma uvalo lokuphindisela. "kodwa-ya" indinganiso ye-casusion evela ku- Gross[ ikwenze kwaba nzima kakhulu kuma-pattertings ukuba anqobe ngisho nezimo ezinzima. ithonya elidispaneyo [[ inkolelo, nakuba iqashelwe yi-"ephandle kunesikhathi esibanzi sokuvikela". Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi umhlangano kufanele uphumelele i-ADE, ukwamukela i-octiveration-octiveoctiverreal.

Enye inselele eqhubekayo imigwaqo ehamba ngezindawo ezifanele. Ngokungafani ne-ADA, i-ADEA ayifuni abaqashi baqambe impela ukuba banikeze indawo yokuhlala ngokweminyaka yobudala. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi esesikhulile esicela uhlelo oluhlukile ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nokuguga singase singasho ukuthi i-ADEA ingembozwa kahle, nakuba ingahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwe-ADA uma lesi sifo sifanelekile njengekhubazeka. Leligebe lishiya izisebenzi ezithile esezikhulile zingazivikeleli izidingo ezihlobene nokuguga ezingakhuli.

Ukudilizwa kwezindlela ezisetshenziswayo phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho kuyaqhubeka kubangela ukukhathazeka. Uma izinkampani zehlisa izinga lomnotho, izisebenzi esezikhulile zivame ukuhlaselwa ngenxa yamaholo aphakeme noma ukuntula amakhono obuchwepheshe. Ngisho noma ukudilizwa kubangelwa ukuphumelela, ukuhlola okusekelwe ekuboneni ukuthi kubangelwa yini, kungafihla ukucasha kweminyaka. Isiqondiso se-EEOC sokuncitshiswa kwejubane sigcizelela isidingo sendlela ehlelekile nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ithonya elihlukile.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Sobandlululo Lweminyaka

Njengoba izisebenzi zaseMelika zikhula ngo -⁠ [“ngo - 2030, ” NW], zonke izingane ezizalayo ziyobe sezineminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 65, futhi indima ye - ADEA iyomane ibe bucayi ngokwengeziwe.

Isinqumo sokuvikela izisebenzi ezindala ezimelene nomthetho wobandlululo (POWADA) sezakhiwe ezinhlanganweni eziningi ze-Congress. Lolu phawu lungagumbuqela izinqamu [ futhi lubuyisele izici zemisebenzi exubile ku-ADEA, lwenze kube lula kakhulu kuma-palthishitiff ukufakazela ubandlululo. Lungahlela futhi i-ADEA eduze kakhulu ngesihloko VII ngezindlela ze-A, lungavumela ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa nokubulala nokukhipha isijeziso. Njengango-2025, lomthetho awukadluli, kodwa ujabulela ukusekela nokusekela kwe-bipartic.

Kuvela futhi izinhlelo ezithatha isilinganiso sikahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho enikeza isivikelo esiqinile kune-ADEA, njengokunqabela ukucwaswa kobudala ekuqashweni ngisho nasezisebenzini ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-40, noma ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze izisebenzi ezigugile indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe. Lemithetho kahulumeni ingagcwalisa izikhala ngokuvikela kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezisezindaweni ezisezizweni ezihlala abantu asebekhulile.

Abaqashi bathatha kakhulu imikhuba yobudala njengengxenye yezindlela ezihlukene, ukulingana, nemizamo ehlanganisayo. Abaningi bayaqaphela ukuthi izisebenzi ezikhula ngeminyaka ziletha umbono obalulekile nolwazi lwezeziqu. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubukeza izincazelo zomsebenzi nezinqubo zokuqasha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi aziwabheki ngokungafanele asebekhulile.
  • Abaphathi abaqeqeshayo abanobandlululo lobudala abangaboni nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho ze - ADEA.
  • Ukwenza amalungiselelo avumelana nezimo akhanga izisebenzi zabo bonke ubudala.
  • Ukuthola izinzuzo kulingana phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka yobudala.
  • Ukuhlola izinqumo zokudilizwa kwemisebenzi kanye nemiphumela yayo ezisebenzini esezikhulile.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza futhi izingozi namathuba. Amathuluzi okuqasha ama-Al-drive kumelwe ahlolwe ukucushwa kobandlululo lobudala, futhi abathuthukisi baklama izici ezilungile zokubona nokulungisa imiphumela. Ukuqondisa kukahulumeni, njengenyathelo lika-EEOC lokuthatha kuqala ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa nakulunga komthetho, ngokunokwenzeka liyohlela indlela lamathuluzi asetshenziswa ngayo ngokuvumelana ne-ADEA.

Okokugcina, ukushintsha kwempucuko ekubaleni ubude bokuphila nokuhlangenwe nakho kunganciphisa izimo zengqondo zeminyaka yobudala. Imikhankaso yemfundo, izinhlelo zokufundisa phakathi kwezizukulwane, nokuboniswa okuhle kwezezindaba kwezisebenzi esezikhulile kunengxenye ekwakhekeni okugcwele. Nokho, ukuqapha okungokomthetho kusebalulekile .

I-Age Discist in Accomplial Act ibilokhu iyisisekelo sobulungisa bemisebenzi iminyaka engaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu. Umlando wayo ubonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulwa nobandlululo nokuqaphela ukuthi iminyaka yobudala akufanele nanini ibe yisithiyo emsebenzini onenjongo. Nakuba umthetho uye wavela ngezindlela zokulungisa nokubusa kwenkantolo, uyaqhubeka ubhekana nezinselele ezintsha ezomnotho ezihlala zikhona. Ukuqinisa i-ADEA ngomthetho owenziwe ngomthetho futhi owenziwe ngemithetho eqinile kuyoba okubalulekile ekugcwalisekeni kwesithembiso sawo sokuqala: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaMelika asekhulile ahlulelwa ngekhono awo, hhayi ngeminyaka yawo.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, [[FLT: 0] inikeza iziqondiso ezingokomthetho kuyi-ADEA kanye nezinguquko zayo. Isiqondiso esiphoqelelwe engosini ye-OWBPA[[[FLT:]3] imininingwane izuza isivikelo nezimfuneko ze-auver. Ukucaciswa okubanzi kweNkantolo ephakeme ethinta i-ADEA kutholakala kusuka engosini ye-OKB [FLT:] futhi ngokuhlaziya okungokomthetho kuvela [[FLT:] naseMthethweni [FL:]] Inhlangano ye-Melika i-Bar yemisebenzi ne-Octivection promotion.[FL]