Isingeniso

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kufana nenye yezindlela ezihlukanisa kakhulu futhi ezingaqondwa kahle enqolobaneni yezombangazwe yaseMelika. Ekuqaleni, kufana nokuhlolwa kombono okungokomthetho okusetshenziswa yimikhankaso, izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba, nabacwaningi bezemfundo. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalolobukiso oluyinqaba, ukuphenya kuklanyelwe ukungalinganisi umuzwa womphakathi kodwa ukuwubumba. Isu lendlela ehlobisa ngamabomu ifeza imibuzo eholela, izindawo ezingamanga, nolimi olune olunemizwayo ukusungula ukuhlangana okuphambene nomthetho ezingqondweni zabavoti. Nakuba ukuphenya ngokwesiko kufunwa kwendlela engokwesiko kufundwa ngokunembile kwe-vorate, kuyindlela yokuhlola okusebenza kwezemba ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuveza ukuguqulwa kwamashumi amane eminyaka adlule kwezombangazwe, ukusuka ekunyukeni kwe-makhaleni eposini yeposi nakuyimidayisa.

Igama "lokuhlola" liphethe ihlazo elikhulu kakhulu kangangokuba izinhlangano zokuhlola ezingochwepheshe ziwulahla ngokuphandle lomkhuba. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (APOR) ihlukanisa phakathi kokucwaninga okungokomthetho, okubonisayo nokusebenza ngendlela esetshenziswayo, nokusunduza ukuphenya, okusebenza njenge "ukusakaza ukwaziswa okungakhi okungakhiyo ngombhaceki". Naphezu kokulahla okusakazelelweyo, imikhankaso iyaqhubeka isebenzisa lendlela ngoba iyasebenza: ifinyelela kuvotisi ngendlela enomuzwa womuntu siqu, ivimbela abagcini bamasango bezemende, futhi kunzima ukulandelela emuva emthonjeni wayo. Ukuqonda i-bangemuva lokuhlola ukwaziswa okusuka ekuqaleni kwayo emizisweni yayo kuwe ngo-1980 kuya ekuphumeni kwayo kwemishini ekhombayo kunikeza ifasitela elimnyama kwezombangazwe baseMelika.

Imvelaphi Yokungcolisa Ngokucindezela

Isikhathi esiqondile lapho othile eguqula ukuhlola kuqala isikhali kunzima ukusibona, kodwa izazimlando eziningi nabaphathi bezombangazwe bayavuma ukuthi ukubheca njengesu elibonakalayo kwacaciswa ngawo-1980. Ishumi leminyaka laba nezici ezenza lenqubo ikhange: ukuvuleka kokuhlola okusekelwe kucingo, ukwanda kokuhlola komsebenzi wokukhankasela, kanye nesifiso esikhulayo sokukhangisa okuphambene. Ngaphambi kwawo-1980, imikhankaso yancike kakhulu ezikhangisweni ezinkulu nasezinhlamvwini zezindaba. Umqondo wokuqhuba u-"urvey" empeleni wawuyingxenye yokucwaninga okusekelwe ekuphikiseni okungabuzwayo okwakuwuphawu olusha.

Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala ezibhaliwe savela kumkhankaso wobumongameli ka-1984. Kulowomjikelezo wokhetho, izisebenzi ezisebenzela umkhankaso kaMongameli Ronald Reagan kubikwa ukuthi zasebenzisa izingcingo eziyinhloko eziwumthetho eziyinhloko ezimelene nabaphikisi. Imibuzo yahlelwa ukuba iqokomise ama-velrabities: "Ungakusekela noma ungayixhasi kakhulu i-X uma wazi ukuthi babesekela ukukhuphula izintela?" I-pragranks yafakwa ngamabomu, futhi izingcingo zenziwa izinkulungwane zabavoti ngaphansi kokuhlola okungathathi hlangothi. Lomkhankaso ungaphika noma yikuphi okubi ngokuphikelela nje ukuthi kumane kuyokwenza ukucwaninga. Isu lika-X libonakala liphumelela ngokwanele ukuba libe yilungu eliphambili ezinhlangeni zamuva.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1990, ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kwase kuyithuluzi elivamile encwadini yokudlala imikhankaso ephakeme, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu. Ngo-1990, umjaho weSigele sase-U.S. eNyakatho Carolina phakathi kukaJesse Helms noHarvey Gant kwabonisa ukuphoqelela ukuphenya okudlala ngezinkinga zobuhlanga. Lo mdlalo waba yizingcingo ezibuza ukuthi bangaba makhulu kangakanani noma bangaba nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuvotela iGant uma bazi ukuthi usekela "quas" noma ezinye izimiso zobuhlanga. Umkhankaso weHelms awuzange uvume ukuqhuba izingcingo, kodwa i-ligingxe yayisobala. Lolu hlanga lwaba isibonelo sokufaka izicelo emkhankantini ngaphandle kokusho amazwi ngokuqondile.

Umsuka wokufuna ukuphenya uhlobene futhi nokushintsha okukhulu kokwaziswa okungalawuleki kanye nokujoyina. Ngawo-1980, imikhankaso yaqala ukwakha i-data yokwaziswa kovoti ezincwadini zocingo, i-voter roll yokuvota, kanye nemininingwane yabathengi. Lemitapo yakuqala yavumela amaqembu aphambili ukuba athole amaqembu athile amanani abantu abonakala enziwa ngendlela enyakazayo. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kungaqondiswa kuphela kulabo abavoti, okwenza imiyalezo ilahlekelwe kakhulu futhi ibe nzima kakhulu ukuba imithombo yezindaba ivulwe. Inqubo ayizalwanga kumphathi oyedwa kodwa ezindaweni ezizungezile lapho ubuchwepheshe, ukuncintisana, nokuwohloka kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhlangene khona.

Ubuchwepheshe Namasu

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo akuyona indlela eyodwa kodwa izindlela eziningi ezivumelana nomgomo: ukugxilisa noma ukuqinisa imibono ephambene ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuthi isetshenziswa. Ekujuleni kwayo, inqubo ixhomeke ekuhlolweni kwemibuzo. Umhloli osemthethweni uyobuza imibuzo engathi "Ungawulinganisa kanjani umsebenzi womvoti u Smith?" Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuyobuza umbuzo owethwele njenge "Ungasekela kakhulu yini i-Sen Brown uma wazi ukuthi uvote ngokumelene nokuxhaswa kweminyango yamaphoyisa? i-prings isho ukuthi i-Shonator Brown imelene nemali yamaphoyisa, ngisho noma iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Uvoti ubuza umbuzo ongamangalelwa ukuthi, noma ungazi ukuthi umnini we-tectiveth beth bery ubuza u-Spective internatectives?

Amasu avamile asetshenziswa ekuhloleni okuphoqelela ahlanganisa:

  • Ulimi olugoqozayo olunemibuzo yokuhlola lusebenzisa amagama aklanyelwe ukusabela okunamandla. Amagama afana "nokungasheshi," "ehlulekayo," ne"yengozi" afakwa emibuzweni ebhekiswe kumavoti aphambili empendulo ephambene. Njengesibonelo, "Ucabanga ukuthi ukuchitha imali ngokunganaki kulimaza intengo kazwelo?" Umbuzo uveza ukuchithwa kwemali njengokunganaki nokulimazayo, uphoqelele ukuvuma noma ukuvikela ukumangalelwa okungahlolwangatshazwanga ngaphambili.
  • Amaphutha ashiwoyo noma amaPremise angalungile: Icebo elivamile ukuveza ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo phakathi nombuzo ngokwawo. "Ungakhetha kakhulu noma kuncane kakhulu ukuvotela uRodriguez uma wazi ukuthi wavunyelwa yizici ezinamandla kakhulu zeqembu? Umbuzo uchaza ukuvunyelwa ngokuthi kunikeziwe, ngisho noma kungekho ukuvunyelwa okunjalo. Uvoti uhamba ngokumelene nombono wokuthi uRodriguez usekelwa kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphendula kanjani.
  • Imiphumela Eyingozi ye-Hypothetic: Ukuhlola okungasetshenziswa kuvame ukuchaza umphumela ongase uvele bese ucela ukusabela kovoti. "Uma wazi ukuthi icebo lentela likaJohnson lingaholela ekusikeni okukhulu ezikoleni zomphakathi, lokho kungakwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukusekela? Imibuzo isebenza njenge-arrative: Icebo likaJohnson lichazwa njengeliyingozi ezikoleni, futhi umvoti ucelwa ukuba aphendule kuleyondaba.
  • Babanwagon noma i-Bangwagon Framing ebuya emuva: Abanye bazama ukuzama ukwakha umbono wokuthi ozoncintiswa yisisekelo. "Abaningi abavoti bayambalekela uPatel ngenxa yokuma kwakhe ekufudukeni. Lokhu kukwenza ube mancane kakhulu ukusekela ukudayisa?" Lokhu kuqinisa ukuhlazeka, kukhuthaza umvoti ukuba ashiye umuntu ozomsekela ngandlelanye.
  • Ukulinganisela okungamanga: Enye indlela iwukuveza icala elilodwa ngenkathi uzenza sengathi unikeza umbono olinganiselayo. "Bobabili abazobhapathizwa baye bagxekwa ngezimiso zokuziphatha, kodwa uKim othathelwe phambili wahlawulelwa ngokwephulwa kwezezimali zomkhankaso. Ingabe lokho kuthinta umbono wakho ngaye?" Umbuzo uvuma ukuthi kulungile njengeqiniso elisobala, unikeza isisindo nokwethenjelwa.

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngama-ronocall azenzekelayo noma ngocingo oluphilayo oluyalwa ukuba lungamchazi umuntu ozohlolela ukubhapathizwa noma inhlangano ngemva kokuhlola. Izingcingo zibhalwe ngokukhohlisa ukuze zizwakale njengokucwaninga okungokomthetho, ngokuvamile ziqala ngo "Siqhuba ukuhlola kwabavoti esifundeni sakho" noma "Iyakubiza iqembu lokucwaninga okungekho kwesigaba somphakathi". Ubude besicelo sokuhlola ngokuvamile bumfushane ngomklamo, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwemizuzu emibili. Ubufushane buvimbela umvoti ukuba angabangeki futhi buvumele umkhankaso ukuba uthintane nenombolo enkulu yabavoti abavoti. Umshini uhlolwa ngokucophelela ukuze umbuzo ngamunye uqinise isihloko esithile esiphambene, futhi u "ultans" ngokuvamile ulahlwa ngenxa yokuthi umkhankaso awuthathi nesithakazelo sokwenza isithakazelo sokwenza.

Izimpikiswano Ezingokomthetho Nezezomthetho

Umthetho ozungeze ukucushwa kwezindawo ohlohlayo uhlukene futhi awuvumelani ne-United States. Akukho mthetho ovimbela ngokuqondile ukuhlohlwa, nakuba izici ezithile zalomkhuba zingase zisebenzise ukulawulwa kwezimiso ezikhona. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) yengamela ama-proclalls nezimiso zokushaya i-ogameters. I-Fmfonter Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) ivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalezo ebhalwe ngaphambili ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa izingcingo eziningi zezombangazwe zikhishwa kulemingcele ekhona. Imikhankambiso ziye zasebenzisa izigwebo eziphilayo, ukusebenzisa izingcingo eziphilayo noma ukushiya imiyalezo ekufanelekelayo "izombangazwe" kunokuba i-temfayina. Ukuntula iziqondiso okucacile kudala indawo empungazekile: isikhathi eside nje ummezi angashozi angashozi ukuthi kuvelanga enhlangano engekhona eqenjini noma inhlangano yohulumeni esebenzela uhulumeni.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, inani elandayo lezifundazwe eziye zamisa imithetho efuna abashayeli benhlawulo ukuze baveze ukuthi ungubani obhalisayo noma inhlangano ekhokhela izingcingo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, yamisa umthetho ngo- 2000 efuna ukuba abashayeli bashayele uhulumeni ukuba uhlole ukwenziwa kwe-projekthi ethile noma ikomiti ethile. IFlorida, i-Ohio, ne-North Carolina i-o inemithetho efanayo yokudalula. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa akulingani. Imikhankani ingasebenzisa izinhlangano zamagobolondolo, ama-paCs, noma abathengisi-ngxenye yesithathu ukuze ifihle umthombo wangempela. Uvotahdltar angazwa "Lolulwe izakhamuzi ngeBeather Future" igama elingasho lutho ngayiphi i-mganiso noma ukuthi i-mgadio.

Izimpikiswano zezesayensi zijula kakhulu kunezabagwema ezingokomthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphenya kululaza ubuqotho benqubo yentando yeningi ngokuphambanisa abavoti ukuba bangenise ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okusontekile. Ngokungafani nezikhangiso zokuhlasela, ezixhaswe obala futhi ezisetshenziswa umphakathi ukuze zihlolwe futhi zihlolwe umphakathi, zisunduza ukuphenya ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ebumnyameni. Umvoti akanalo ithuba lokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kwenqubo yokuhlola, futhi ingxoxo ayinikezi nzuzo. Umphumela uwuhlobo lokungcola kokwaziswa okufana nokususa imikhankankanyo engokomthetho, lapho umehluko phakathi kwemininingwane nenkulumo yecala. I-AAPOR ne-National Council on Publicture Polls (NCP) yomist nokwenza ukucwaninga okusemthethweni"

Ukulimala kwezimiso kudlulela ngalé kwemikhankaso yomuntu ngamunye. Uma abavoti behlangana nokuhlola okuphoqelelwe, bangase bangakwehlukanisi ekuhloleni okungokomthetho. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuqeda ukuthemba konke ukuphenya nokucwaninga. Amazinga okusabela ekuhlolweni kocingo aye ehla ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka eminingi, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi abavoti baye bashiswa ngokuphoqelela ukuphenya futhi abazimisele ukuthatha iqhaza kunoma ikuphi ukuhlola. Umonakalo uyawohloba: okwake kwaba yithuluzi lokuqonda umzwelo obala kuba umthombo wokungabaza. Igama elithi "Dalling" liba imbangela yokuhlasela impi kunokuba bavume.

Esinye isici somthetho sihlanganisa ukuhlasela kwabantu abasengozini. Ukuvota ngokucindezela ngokuvamile kubhekiswa emaqenjini athile amanani abantu abonakala ekholisa noma ethambekele emilayeni ethile. Abavoti abadala, abavoti abangafundile, nabavoti abancintiswa kakhulu ezifundeni eziphikisa kakhulu bayizisulu ezivamile. Lomkhuba uphakamisa imibuzo yokuxhaphaza nokuvuma: umvoti akacelanga ukubizwa, akanikezwanga ithuba lokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa, futhi wasetshenziswa njengendlela yokusakaza inkulumo - mbumbulu. Ezibukelini eziningi, lomugqa usuka ekuxhumaneni okusemthethweni uye ekusebenziseni izinqubo zengqondo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngemidiya yezemishini

Inguquko yezobuchwepheshe ngokuyisisekelo iye yaguqula ukuhlohlwa kwemishini yokucindezela, ikwenza kube lula kakhulu, kubhekiswe kakhulu, futhi kube nzima ukukuzwa. Nakuba inguqulo yama- 1980 ithembele kumabhange ocingo nasezinhluni ezinyathelisiwe, inguqulo yesimanje iwumsebenzi wokwaziswa ohlanganisa izimpahla, izikhangiso zezenhlalakahle, imibhoshongo enzima, ngisho nokubhala imiyalezo. Indlela eyisisekelo yokubuza imibuzo enezimpahla iyaqhubeka, kodwa iziteshi neziteshi eziyinkimbinkimbi ziyanda.

Ama-rodocall asetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalelayo aye aba yimoto elawula ukucusha. Intuthuko yezwi ivumela imikhankaso yokufaka izigidi zezingcingo ngosuku ngengxenye yezindleko zabashayeli abaphilayo. Izingcingo zingahlelwa ukuba zidlale umyalezo oqoshiwe ozwakala njengengxoxo ephilayo, ophelele ngokuma kwekhefu nokuzisholo okufana "uhh" ukwenza ubudlelwane buzwe ngemvelo. Ukubhala kulinganiswa ngenani elingafani, ubude, futhi ngisho nephimbo lezwi ukuze ubone ukuthi inguqulo iveza ukushintshwa okukhulu kwemibono ephambene. Umphumela uyi-header ebukekayo esetshenziswa ngokuqondisa okuncane kwabantu.

Izindawo zomphakathi zivule umngcele omusha wokuhlola. Esikhundleni socingo, umvoti angabona ukuhlolwa kwe-Facebook noma i-Instagram. Isikhangiso sibonakala njenge- "u poll" esuka ekhasini elingathathi hlangothi: "Siqhuba ukuhlolwa komphakathi endaweni yakini. Uke wezwa ngomkhondo kaThompson ngentela? Imibuzo elandelayo ithwele iframing ephambene, njengendinganiso engokwesiko. Umehluko obekwe ngokwesilinganiso: ulingana nowezinkulungwane zomkhethi ongafinyelela amashumi ngokunemba okungagwegwegwesi, ngokusekelwe endaweni yazo, ngokwenkathi yazo, izinhloso zezombangazwe, ngisho nokuthakazelwa. Izikhangiso ngokuvamile zisuka emakhasini amagamani afana "Universement Bupeding" noma "Evations Novent" i-nest" enziwayo, isilinganiso se-nethi ye-nethi.

I-mistology inikeza inzuzo enkulu: ukuhluleka kobuzwe. Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kungatholakala ngeminxeba yama-oglock namarekhodi ocingo, nakuba kuthatha isikhathi nemithombo yezenhlalakahle. I-media yezokuxhumana ingasungulwa, ihlatshwe, ishiywe, ishiywe ngamahora ambalwa, ishiye ubufakazi obuncane kakhulu be-ongenwa yi-operation. Isivinini esinjenge-Facebook ne X (eyayi-Twitter) zinezimemo zenkonzo ezivimbela ukukhangisa okukhohlisayo kwezombangazwe, kodwa i-odmistry isabela futhi ayivumelani. Umkhankaso wokubhekisela phezulu ungathatha amahora ambalwa, uphelise amakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibono, futhi unyamalale ngaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yisiphi inqubo yokuhlola. Isivinini kanye ne-X (emerheaternateticss of at at at atting at attings.

Imilayezo isetshenziswa futhi ekusakazeni okuqukethwe okufana nokunyakazisa ukhonkolo emizingweni yontanga-yokunyakazisa. Umkhankaso ungadala umbhalo odluliswa ngezingxoxo zeqembu, neziqondiso zokuwuthumela emkhayeni nakubangane ngaphansi kwendlela "yokuhlola". Loluhlobo lokubheja okungcono kakhulu okuphoqelelweyo lucishe lungabi nokwenzeka ukulandelela ngoba akukho isikhungo sokubiza noma i-akhawunti yokuhlola. Umkhankaso ungasho ukuthi awuhilelekile, ukuthi izakhamuzi zithatha inyathelo lokuqala lokuzivikela elinzima ukuliphikisa. Le mfundiso imelela ukubuyela emsukeni wezombangazwe, kodwa ngokuxuba nokunye ukuhlanganisa ukuxhumana.

Okunye ukuvumelana kwemizwa kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izingcingo ezibonisa ukuthi zikhona kanye nezindlela zokuphendula ngezwi elihambisanayo. Lezi zimiso zingabona uma umuntu ephendula ucingo futhi ngokushesha adlale umbhalo wokuhlola oqoshiwe oqoshiwe. Lo mkhankaso ungasebenzisa izinkulungwane zezingcingo ezihambisanayo, futhi isimiso ngokuzenzekelayo sisuse izinombolo eziya e-imailni noma ezingenampendulo, ezikhulisa amandla. Ulwazi oluqoqwe kulezi zingcingo lungasetshenziswa ukucwenga izingcingo ezibhekene phambili: uma umvoti ephendula ngephimbo elithile noma esabela ngendlela ethile, isimiso singazihambisa ngendlela ehlukile. Umugqa ophakathi kokucwaninga nokuzithoba uyakwazi ngisho nokufiphaza lapho ubuchwepheshe ngokwabo buzivumelanisa isikhathi sangempela ekuphenduleni.

Umphumela Kwezombangazwe ZaseMelika

Ithonya elinamandla lokuphoqelela ukuphenya imiphumela yezombangazwe zaseMelika kunzima ukulinganisela ngokuqondile, kodwa kunobufakazi obanele obusikisela ukuthi liye lathonya ukukhetha, lagcizelela imibono ephambene, futhi lanikela ekuvoteni. Ezinhlangeni eziseduze, lapho ukushintshwa kwamaphuzu ambalwa nje kunganquma umnqobi, ngisho nokuphoqelela okulinganiselwe kokuhlola okuncane. Umphumela ukhula uma izicelo zokuhlola ziphoqelelwe zingaba yinkomba ehlukile noma ezinamatheli abuthakathaka. Ongaqiniseki mayelana nomfundi angamukela ukusikisela okuphambene nokuphoqelela, futhi engenakho ukwaziswa okuphikisayo, avumele lokho kusikisela ukuba kube ukungabaza.

Imikhankaso eminingi ephezulu ye-profile iye yahlotshaniswa nokuphoqelela ukuhlinza. Ku- 2000 Republican uhlanga oluyinhloko e-South Carolina, kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ngokumelene noSenator John McCain. Voters babika ukuthi bathola izingcingo ezibuzayo ukuthi babeyokwazi ukuvota uMcCain uma beyazi ukuthi wayenengane emnyama (McKain kanye nomkakhe babethole indodakazi ethathwe eBangladesh). Iphimbo lobuhlanga lalicacile, futhi umkhankaso kaMcCain wasola umkhankaso wokushaya izingcingo ngama-orchestra, nakuba kungekho mxhumanisi okuqondile. Uhlanga eSouth Carolina lwaluyindawo yokushintsha, futhi ukuphenya kwakuvezwa kakhulu njengesiciko esisekweni se-McConcen.

Phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli 2016, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kwathatha izilinganiso ezintsha. Ukunyuka kwe-"litle mari" amaqembu nama-PAC amakhulu kwasho ukuthi izimali eziningi zingasetshenziselwa ukuvota ngaphandle kokuveza ingcaca. Ezizweni eziyinhloko zempi, abavoti babika ukuthi bathola izingcingo ezinamandla eziphathelene nobuntu bama-aportice, impilo, nomlando. Lokhu kubiza kwathiwa kumaqembu anamagama akhanyayo afana ne-"Melika yeSimali Esizayo" noma "Mercury LLLC, kwenze kungabi nakwazi ngovota ukwazi ukuthi ubani owayewalandela. Umjikelezo ka-2016 wabona futhi ukucunganisa ngemijolo yemijongo "e-microck" esuka edalweni eCambridge Analytic, eyasebenzisa imidwebo yokuhlola ingqondo ukuze iqondise imiyalezo yobuntu obunye. I-Dish-mfortssssss i-mosene kakhulu yamandla phambi kokuba i-yohluliwe kakhulu.

Imiphumela idlulela nangaphandle kwezinhlanga. Ukuhlola kokuphoqelela kuye kwanezela ekuncipheni kwethemba ezinhlanganweni zezombangazwe nasemqokazweni wokwaziswa okunenjongo ngokwako. Uma abavoti behlangana nezigijimi eziklanyelwe ukukhohlisa, baba nokungabaza okukhulu kokuxhumana okungokwezombangazwe. Lokhu kungabaza kungaba okunempilo ngokulinganisela, kodwa uma kuba okudlulele, kuvula umnyango wokucabanga komthetho nokulahlwa kwezezindaba ezingokomthetho, isayensi, kanye nombuso. Imiphumela emide iwukhetho olungafundile kakhulu, lapho abavoti bethembela khona emibonweni engokomzwelo nasemqondweni eqinileni kunamaqiniso. Ukuhlola okushukumisa, kuthuthukisa lokhu ngamandla ngokusikisela kobufakazi.

Ngapha kwendlela eqondile, ukuphikisana nokuphoqelelwa kokuhlola kuye kwaholela ekuhlolweni nasekuhlelweni kwenguquko engeziwe. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Brennan Center for Justice ne-Campaign Legal Center ziye zasekela imithetho eqinile nezimiso ezicacile ngokuphathelene nezingcingo zezombangazwe zokuhlola. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zaqinisa imithetho yazo, zifuna ukuba zonke izingcingo zezombangazwe zihlanganise ukuqashelwa okucacile komuntu okhokhela ukukhulumisana. I-FCCC icabangela futhi imithetho engavala inselele yezelele yeminxeba yezehlolo yezombangazwe, nakuba intuthuko iye yathatha kancane ngenxa yezinkinga zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Impikiswano ehlobene nokucosha iye yaphoqelela ukuba iqaphe kakhulu: ezizweni lapho izikhangiso zikhona kakhulu, lapho izikhangiso zibungame kakhulu, i-FCCCC ifuna ukugwema ukuhlolo oluhlangene oluhlangeneyo ukuba impontshelwa ukuba impono yokuziselwa.

Ukuphikelela Kokungcoliswa Kwezingcindezi

Naphezu kokulahlwa kwezimiso zokuhle nezingozi ezingokomthetho, ukuphehla izicelo kuyaqhubeka ngoba kuphumelela futhi kulula kakhulu emkhankasweni oyisebenzisayo. Lomkhankaso ungalondoloza ukuhluleka okunengqondo ngokukhipha izingcingo kumthengisi wesithathu noma iqembu elihlangeneyo. Uma umvoti ethola ukuvota okuphoqelelwe angase angamazi ukuthi ubani owakubangelayo, noma ukuthi ulwazi oluphambene lwemibuzo lunembile yini. Ubunzima bokuzibonakalisa umbango busho ukuthi imikhankaso iyajeziswa ngokusebenzisa izicelo eziphoqelelwe. Ngisho nalapho umthombo utholakele, umonakalo uyenziwa: uhlwiswe, futhi ohlaselwayo angase alahlekelwe yisisekelo.

Ingcingo futhi inamandla. Umkhankaso wokuhlola ophoqelelwe ubiza ingxenye yalokho okuthengwa ithelevishini, futhi ufinyelela abavoti ngokuqondile emakhaya abo. Inzuzo ekutshaleni imali ilinganiswa ngezingqondo ezishintshiwe, futhi umkhankaso ohamba phambili enqubeni, ukuvota okuphoqelelwe kahle kungasusa amandla ngaphandle kokuhlola komphakathi. Uma nje intengo ebizayo ivumela ukusetshenziswa kokugcona, ihlala isesilinganisweni sezombangazwe zaseMelika. Inguquko yezokuxhumana imane yehlise imingcele ukuze ingene, ivumela ngisho nokusetshenziswa kwemijahosholo yemijaho ukuba isebenzise indlela.

Ikusasa Lokungcoliswa Kwezingcingo

Ukubheka phambili, ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kungashintsha nge-tundrome ewukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, imithombo yezindaba, kanye nokungaphithizela. I-ai-generated yamazwi ingenza ukuba i-robocallall ihlukaniswe nengxoxo yomuntu yangempela, ivumele ukuphoqelela ukuphenya ukuba kube kude, kube nokuxoxa okwengeziwe, futhi kuthatheke kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe bobungcweti be-techwebhuli bungavumela ukusunduza izinhlelo zevidiyo ezinikezwa ngemithombo yezindaba, lapho umfatho wenkohliso ubuza imibuzo ethwetshuliwe ngomfundi. Ukuxuba i-Al, ukwaziswa, nemishini yokwenziwa kokwenziwa kuyokwenza kube nzima ngisho nokucushwa. Umgca ophakathi kokuhlola okusemthethweni, umbono, i-cece, nenkohliso kungabangela ukuba ufiphaza amandla okuncibilika kwe-consiwe ukuba ungayisho ukuthi i-athobo.

Kuqalwa amasampula alawulayo nezindlela zokuhlola ezobuchwepheshe. Kusetshenziswa izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa zocingo njenge-STIR/SHEKEN ukunciphisa ama-roballall angekho emthethweni, nakuba abashayeli bezombangazwe bevame ukuhoxiswa. Izinhlangano ezihlolayo ziqalile ukulandelela nokususa imibhalo yokuhlola lapho zitholakele, ziveza umlando womphakathi okwazi ukukhonjwa phakathi nemikhankaso. Ezinye izimemezelo zezindaba ziqale ukuxwayisa abavoti ngokuncintisisa izicelo ngaphambi kokhetho olukhulu, zibasiza ukuba baqaphele izimpawu. Lemizamo iwusizo, kodwa iyasabela: zenzeka ngemva kokuba ukuphenya uphendlo sekuyeliwe kakade futhi ngemva kokuba izimboni eziningi seziye zamukela umyalezo.

Ekugcineni, ikusasa lokuphenya okuphoqelelwayo lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni komphakathi nabaholi bezombangazwe ukuphoqelela izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha. Uma nje abavoti bebekezelela amasu okukhohlisa, futhi uma imikhankaso ikholelwa ukuthi bangathola isiphetho sabavoti abadukisayo, ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kuyoqhubeka. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuphoqelela ukuphenya kuyisici sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika ngokwazo: ulwazi oluningi, ubuchwepheshe obuningi, ijubane, futhi ngokuvamile ukuthembeka okuncane. Ukuzivikela okungcono kakhulu ekunqandeni ukugxazulula kungunda ukuvota kungunda futhi kungunombono ongaqiniseki oqaphela umehluko phakathi kokuhlola kweqiniso nempi. Kuze kube yilokho ukungabaza okuvamile, kusunduze kufune ukuvota okunamandla okufihlekile kodwa okunamandla eMelika.

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

  • Ukuhlola kwavela kuma 1980 njengesu elisebenzisa imibuzo ethwetshulwe ngaphansi kokucwaninga okungokomthetho ukuze kufake izimo eziphambene ngomlandeli noma umbango.
  • ITachnique ihlanganisa ulimi olunemizwa engokomzwelo, izindawo ezingamanga, imiphumela eyingozi ecatshangelwayo, kanye nokufushanisa , konke kuklanyelwe ukuguqula umbono wovoti kunokuba kuqoqe ukwaziswa.
  • Umthetho we-Legal ubuthakathaka futhi uqhephukile, awunakuvinjelwa kukahulumeni futhi imbalwa kakhulu ezwe elifuna ukuthululwa komthombo obalulekile osunduzayo izingcingo zokuhlola noma izikhangiso.
  • [ Imithombo yezindaba efuna ukuphehlwa isiguqulile ukubhejela ngokuhlola iprobaccoll, izikhangiso zezokuxhumana, kanye nokuthumela imiyalezo yontanga, okuyenza ikwazi ukusheshiswa, ihloselwe, futhi kunzima ukuyilandelela.
  • ukuthatha isinyathelo kukhetho kungaba nencazelo [, ikakhulukazi ezinhlangani ezisondelene, futhi kufaka isandla ekuncipheni kakhulu kovoti nasekuncipheni kwethemba ekuhloleni nasekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe.
  • Izinsongo zokuhlola zihlanganisa ama-aI-generated afanayo namakhekhe ajulile , okungenza ukusunduza ukuphenya cishe okungahlukani nenhlanganisela yangempela, ibekela izinhlelo zokuhlola ezikhona inselele.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe ngezimiso zokucwaninga, vakashela i- Ikhodi ye-Ethics ne Brennan Center for Justice[. Ukwaziswa ngezimiso zokucwaninga futhi ubize isiqinisekiso, bona [[[FLT:]] FC][FC] Isikhombisi seRocmalls[ ne [[FLT:]P] Fit Center yokucwaninga ngolwazi lokhetho[FLT:]].[FLT]]