Ubumongameli baseMelika buchazwa ngekhono elikhulu lokuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, esiwujuqu. Leli lungelo, elithathwe ehhovisi eliphetheyo, lisebenza njengenjini kahulumeni kahulumeni, lisiza ukugcinwa kwemithetho, ukuziphatha kwesimiso sakwelinye indawo, kanye nokuphatha kwezwe elikhulu lokuphatha. Nokho, le njini isebenza phakathi kwemingcele eklanywe ngokucophelela, ukuphathwa kwemithetho yemithetho, nokubukezwa komthetho. UMongameli usebenzisa amandla egunya hhayi entweni ephansi, kodwa ngaphakathi kwesimiso sikahulumeni esiklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukulinganisela amandla ngokulawula, igunya nokulandisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuxabana okuyinhloko kokubusa kwe-America nenkulumo eqhubekayo engokomthetho wobukhosanayo, ukuphatha isikhulu esingokomthetho.

Umlando Womthetho - sisekelo Wegunya Eliphethe

Isisekelo samandla okubusa siseMpathiswaneni woMyalo-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa umbhalo unikeza uhlaka olubanzi kunokuba ube incwadi yemfundo eningiliziwe. Lokhu kungaqondi okungamabomu kuye kwabhebhethekisa amakhulu eminyaka empikiswano, ukuxoxisana, nempi engokomthetho ngalokho uMongameli angakwazi nokungakwazi ukukwenza. Incazelo yamandla aphethe ayizange ivele ngencazelo eqhubekayo, kodwa ngezindlela ezisebenzayo zokubusa isizwe esikhulayo.

Isihloko II: Ishadi Le - Vague

Ngokungafani neSiphakamiso I, esibala ngokucophelela amandla akhethekile oMkhandlu ngezigaba ezingu-18 ezihlukene, iSiphakamiso II siqala ngemvume kawonke-wonke: "Umbuso ophetheyo uzonikezwa uMongameli we-United States of America." Lo "UMbuso u-Claus" ungumthombo wempikiswano ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo. Abaxhasi begunya eliqinile, Isikhululomthetho [[FLT: 1] Lizophikisa ukuthi lesi sazikhokhwama sinika uMongameli ifasimente ifa negunya lonke legatsha elikhulu. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi iVes Claus imane nje iyisimetho yesikhundla, kanye nenye i-onke amandla anamandla asuka eqeshaneni le-Artiodrustrations [[Foctive II]

Ukushintsha UClaus Nokukhathalela UKhisimusi Kuwukushukuma Kwengqondo

Umngane ogxekayo we-Viseting Clausle yi-Take Care Claus, ofuna ukuba uMongameli asho ukuthi "Manake ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka." Lesi lungiselelo sibopha uMongameli ngokuqondile elungiselelweni lemithetho esungulwe yiSishaya-mthetho. Umbango phakathi kwe-Vesting Clause nesibopho sokunakekela uClausle uyimbangela yokuhlanganisa cishe wonke amandla amakhulu ombuso ahlangene. UMongameli angathi igunya eliyisisekelo, kodwa ekugcineni ucindezelwa yimfuneko yokukhipha imithetho ebhalwe yi-Mkhandlu. Lempi isenhliziyweni yemibuzo ehlobene nemithetho yezikhulu, ukuqondisa ukulawulwa, nendima kaMongameli ekulungiseni inqubo yokulawula i-Hulumenia.

Ukumiswa Kwamandla Nezivumelwano

ISiphakamiso II sinikeza uMongameli izivumelwano ezikhethekile ezihlanganyelwe neSigele, ngokuyinhloko amandla ezikhulu zikahulumeni (ahlulelo, amanxusa, amalungu eKhabhinethi) kanye nezivumelwano ezikhethekile[[. Nakuba uMongameli unamachashaza, iSigebengu sinikeza izivumelwano ezithizekwe nakaniseneyo zamazwe angaphandle, okungadingi ukumiswa kwe-rabhu, okuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla kufuneka kudinga i-rascheme nezimiso. [[6] Ukususa imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano ezinkulu, amaPronti, ama-FLT [FFF:4] athengwa kakhulu, lapho iqoqo le ngxenye yesimiso somthetho womthetho wesikhashana. [kuhlu lomthetho omthetho womthetho-onke, inikeza iziphakamendezisekelo] [kuhluzo] [kuhlu lomthetho ohlukene] [kuhluliwe] [kuhluliwe] [kuhlulwayo] [kunyelwe yi-19]

Umphathi - sisekelo njengoMphathi ophethe noMyaleli

Ngaphandle kombhalo weSiphakamiso II, uMongameli usebenzisa igunya elisebenzayo njengenhloko yesimiso sikahulumeni nanjengesikhulu sezempi sezwe esiphakeme. Lezi zindima zinikeza indlela esebenzayo yokusebenzisa isimiso futhi aphendule ekusongelwani kwesizwe.

Izinga Lamandla Omkhuzi

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uMongameli njenge- i-Commander-in-Cheader of the Army and Navy. Lokhu kunikeza umlawuli wezwe ukuba alawule ibutho lezempi kodwa akawuniki amandla okumemezela impi, agcinelwe kuphela uKhongolo. Isinqumo seMpi se-Gamplate [, idluliswe kuMongameli Nixon's chut, izama ukuchaza imingcele yempi yobumongameli, ifuna uMongameli ukuba amemezele uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu-48 okuhloloza ahlomile futhi aphumele amabutho ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyazwe. Umthetho wezwe kanye nokusebenza kwalesi sinqumo esishisayo, njengoba usekeli esekela igunya elingokomthetho wesizwe ngaphambi kokuba ulwe yigunyazwe yisivumelwano somthetho.

Izindaba Zakwamanye Amazwe Nemfundiso Yezakhi Zomzimba

Ezindabeni zangaphandle, uMongameli uvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "umbuso oyisitho sikahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ebudlelwaneni bakhe namagunya angaphandle," imfundiso echazwe ecaleni leNkantolo Ephakeme United States v. Curtis-Woright Right Rhweba ngaphandle Corp.[FL:1] (1196). Lombono omkhulu usikisela ukuthi uMongameli unamandla emfuyo enqubweni yemvelo esemthethweni ebekwe kwamanye amazwe azimele abamele abathunywa abathunywa abazimele. Nokho, ngisho nasezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe, uMongameli ucindezelwa [[FLT] uphonsiwe iPunt [[FLT] [[FLT] [FLT] [3]. umlawuli wemithetho yezomthetho futhi uyakwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlela noma ukulwa kwemisebenzi yezempi. Ikhono lokuxhumana lokuhlanganisa izivumelwano nayo izivumelwano ezidilizwa yi-ractivemoring, izivumelwano eziholwa umsebenzi owenzile.

Izinsimbi Zokuthatha Isinyathelo Esiqondile: Iziqondiso Zokuqondisa Nokukhanyiswa

Iziqondiso zabaqondisi ziyizinkonzo ezibonakala kakhulu nezinamandla kakhulu zokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile sobumongameli. Zivumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise ukusebenza kukahulumeni kahulumeni nohlelo ngaphandle kokudlulisa inqubo yomthetho. Nakuba zinamandla, azizona isheke elingenalutho futhi zingaphansi kokulinganiselwa okubalulekile okungokomthetho nokusebenzayo.

Yini Eyenza Uhlelo Oluphethe Lube Ngokomthetho?

Umyalo ophethe kumelwe uthole igunya lawo noma kusuka eSigabeni II esiqondile ukubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho noma e- ngomthetho . Umthetho wegunya lomthetho-sisekelo uqobo [[ ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II. Umthetho wesikhulu ungenzeki ukudala imithetho emisha, izimali ezifanele, noma uphikise imithetho kahulumeni ekhona. Uma uhlelo ludlula lemingcele, lungabekwa phansi izinkantolo. Isibonelo esidumile salokhu [[FLT:][FLT:][FLT] ngaphansi kwe-Act:5] ngaphansi kwe-Athiyom & Tube. I-CM. Umklamote.[FLT] I-Genestriveston [FFF] [FLT] [5] i-scentiongss projectivestingssssssssssssting (izimesmed) empempeymentededed

Imiyalo Yophawu Lomhlaba Emlandweni WaseMelika

Imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetshenziswa ukwakheka komphakathi waseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile. [[FLT: 0] I-Emancopeation [ (1853] ngu-Abraham Lincoln wasebenzisa igunya lokulawula ekukhululeni izigqila ezizweni ezivukelayo, ithethelelwe njengesidingo sezempi ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-Chieffer. [[FLT:] [[FF]] Umthetho] [FLT:] [12]] [FLT] [194] [194] Umthetho ogunyazwe lonke [[FF] (194])) ngo-TBMPEX] (inkulu) (inani3] (inani3] imvume yokusebenzisa i-Genethiwe-Melika) (inkulu i-FFogcomp) (inkulu) (inkulu i-Fogconst) (inkulu) [[19] ku-F.[19][19] Le mvume i-F.Nkakhulu Lonke) i-Esterdugs.[19] i-evision:[19

I - Web Yomthetho - sisekelo: Ama - nhlolo - vo Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela inqubo yokwakha eklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamandla okubusa ebushiqelani. Lesi sici sincike ezinsikeni ezintathu: igatsha lomthetho, igatsha lokwahlulela, nenqubo yezombangazwe.

Ukuphatha Kwenhlangano Namandla Okuthenga

UKhongolo lunendawo enamandla yamathuluzi okuhlola umqondisi. Okubaluleke kakhulu amandla esikhwameni ; akukho nyathelo lokuphatha elingagcinwa ngaphandle kwemali efanelekile. UKhongolo lubuye luqhube [ ukuzwa kwezindlebe [, izimpikiswano [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] izipons[[FLT] , futhi lufuna igatsha eliphethe ukuba linikeze ukwaziswa ngaphansi [[FLT:]] umboniso-mthetho wokwethuthwa'''''', ibambekadrose', njengoba liyi-osemgalphes' ye-'injini ye---Crimes" ne-Mismeaders" ivumela ukususwa kwegunya elingunyuswayomthetho wobubhishosholo.[FT]

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela: Indima YeNkantolo Ephakeme

Ikomiti yamajaji isebenza njengommeli wokugcina wecala lesenzo sokuqondisa. Nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zithobela umphathi ezindabeni zokulondeka kwesizwe nezimiso zakwamanye amazwe, ngokuvamile ziye zangenela ukuze ziphoqelele imingcele engokomthetho nengokomthetho. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Intsha ehamba phambili makhasini & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): yalinganisela amandla esimo esiphuthuma azalwayo kaMongameli.
  • [FLT][FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]): Ilungelo lokuphatha elilinganiselwe, lidinga uMongameli Nixon ukuba aphendule amakhasethi eWatergate.
  • [FLT]Mp v. Hawaii (2017): yabheka ukukhetha okubanzi kukaMongameli ngokufuduka nokulondeka kwesizwe ngaphansi komthetho we-Immigation and Nationality Act, kuyilapho ibeka imingcele ekubandluleni okungokwenkolo.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi nakuba uMongameli esebenzisa igunya elibalulekile, izinkantolo zilondoloza amandla okuchaza imingcele yazo. Iprojekthi Oyez eMthethweni weCornell [ inikeza izifushaniso ezifinyelelwe zalezi zinqumo eziphawulekayo.

Umbono Womphakathi Nokulandisa Kwezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kokuhlola okungokomthetho, uMongameli uyolandisa ekugcineni kukhetho. Uhlelo lwezikhulu ezingathandwa noma isinqumo sesimiso sangaphandle esiholela emiphumeleni emibi yezombangazwe kungabangela ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, kulimaze izilinganiso zemvume zikaMongameli, futhi kuthinte umphumela wokhetho olulandelayo. Imithombo yezindaba, amaqembu ethakazelo, nomphakathi ufeza indima ebucayi ekuhloleni isenzo sokuphatha nokutshela umphakathi, kwakha uhlaka olunamandla, uma kungethukela, ungwengwengwezi lokulandisa.

Amandla Aphethe Enkathini Yenhlekelele Nokwanda

IMpi Yombango, Ukuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, neMpi Ye - Terror ngayinye yabona igatsha eliphethe lithatha iziphathimandla ezintsha ezashintsha uhulumeni ngokuphelele.

Imfundiso Yokubusa Kwenhlangano

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, incazelo ekhethekile yomthetho-sisekelo eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Theory Ivelele. Lenkolelo ithi ukubeka uClaus eSiphakamiso II kunikeza uMongameli igunya eliphelele phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, kuhlanganise namandla okususa noma isiphi isikhulu sikahulumeni noma isisebenzi ngokuthanda. Abaxhasi baphikisana nalokhu kudingekile ukuze kubekwe icala futhi kuqondiswe ukuphatha okuhle. Baphikisa ukuthi kusongela ukuzibusa kwezinhlangano nenkonzo yomphakathi, kululaza umthetho. Le nkolelo iye yasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo zonya njengezentengo ezilawulayo, ukubukeza okuyinhloko, nokubekela inselele ukukhululeka kombukwayo kwezikhulu nezeluleko.

Impi Eqeda Ubugebengu Namandla Esizwe Okuvikela

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, ukuphatha kukaMongameli George W. Bush wamisa amandla aphetheyo, kuhlanganise nokuqashelwa kwemishini, ukuvalelwa kwamabutho okungaqiniseki, nokusetshenziswa kwezinkantolo zempi. Lezizenzo zalunganiswa ngaphansi kwegunya eliyifa likaMongameli-in-Chief-guend negunya lokusebenzisa amabutho empi (AMFF) elidluliswe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu. Izimpi ezilandelayo zangokomthetho, kuhlanganise [[FLT: 0]] Hamdi v. Rumsfeld[ kanye [FLT] neSivumelo sokusebenzisa amabutho empi (AMFLD). [[FLTFFF:3], zaphumela eNkabeni ephakeme yecala eliqinisekisa indima ye-judiast ekuhloleni ukuvicelwa kwezwe, ngisho nasekuvisekeni kwesimiso sesizwe sesizwe.

Umbuso Ophethe Negunya

Isifundazwe sanamuhla, nezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele neziqondisayo, zinikeza inselele ekhethekile emagunyeni aphethe. Abameli baye bafuna kakhulu ukulawula ukumiswa kwemithetho ngeziyalo zezikhulu ezifuna ukuhlaziywa kweze-empeasure ukucusumbula okungokokusebenza kwe-athonsiwe nokubukezwa okungokwezimo okungokwezenziwa yi-Hofisi yolwazi ne-Reguaration Affigatoriary (ORA). Amandla okumisa amanxusa nokuwasusa awenziwe ngezikhulu ezilawulayo asebe eliye laba inkundla ekhulu ezwe, ngokubusa uMthetho we-LC. [20] isakhiwo sezentengiselwanomthetho eMelika encintisa i-Entellic Bureaust Bureault (est Bureault). Izikhulu ze-Prestriciographyds (istststum) kufanele ziqhubeke ngokuthi izinhlangano kakhulu kweze umthetho wo

Isiphetho: Impikiswano Ehlala Njalo Ngamandla Nemingcele

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphethe kumelela idrama eyinhloko yokubusa kwaseMelika. Kubalulekile kokubili ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo nasekucindezelekeni okuqhubekayo komthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, nakuba ngokuvamile siphazamisa futhi sithatha kancane, sinikeza uhlelo olubalulekile phakathi kwalo mandla okumelwe asetshenziswe. Impikiswano ayikona ukuthi uMongameli kufanele abe namandla, kodwa ukuthi umbuso kahulumeni unamandla ngokwanele yini ukuba ubambe lawo mandla. Njengoba izinga likahulumeni ophethe kanye nejubane lezinselele zembulunga yonke liqhubeka livuleka, ukushukuma kwesidingo sokusebenza okuwujuqu kwempa nesidingo sokuvinjelwa komthetho-mthetho-ocesterne. Ukucaciswa okubanzi kwemingcele egunyenisweni yegunya, [FFOLD] [F:] Crenation imibiko yenkonzo ye-evision ne-octive provisionertial provicence [FFF] nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kwalokhu kunikeza izinkulumo eziqhubekayo]