Intela yempahla iwumgogodla wezezimali wemfundo yomphakathi eUnited States, kodwa ambalwa amalungu omphakathi ayiqonda ngokugcwele indlela lezi zintela eziwahlela ngayo amakilasi izingane zawo ezifunda kuwo. Kubafundisi, abazali, nabaholi bendawo, ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokusekela ukuxhasa izimali zesikole ezifanele nezifanele. Lesi sihloko sikhulula imfundo yentela yempahla, sihlola izinhlobonhlobo ezijulile ezidalwayo, futhi sihlola izinguquko ezingasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umfundi ngamunye uyakwazi ukufinyelela esikoleni somphakathi esinentengo yomphakathi.

Iyini Intela Yempahla?

Intela yempahla iphindaphindwa ngokukhokhwa okubekwa ohulumeni bendawo − ngokuphawulekayo ukubalwa kwezindawo, amadolobha, noma izifunda-maphethelo zezindawo. Imali ebolekwayo ibalwa ngokwandisa [ inani lempahla (iphesenti lemali yayo yentengo, njengoba inqunywa yi-accounting documents [inani lemali yentela engu-$2 000] ] [inani lentela ngenani eliyi-R1, ikhaya elilinganiselwa ku-R1000 000 000 000 ngenani elisebenzayo lentela ehholweni lempahla.

Lentela iwumthombo oyinhloko wemali ekhokhwa ngemvume kohulumeni bendawo. Nakuba beqoqa izinkonzo eziningi zemisebenzi cishe izakhiwo, izingozi zomphakathi, amapaki, nemitapo yezincwadi. Inzuzo eyodwa enkulu kakhulu emiphakathini eminingi yisimiso sesikole somphakathi. Ngokwe- Urban Institute, intela yempahla yemali ekhokhwayo ecishe ibe ngu 72% yayo yonke intela eUnited States, kanye nengxenye enkulu yaleyo egeleza ngqo ezifundeni zesikole.

Izimiso zentela yempahla zihluka kakhulu ngokwezwe. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeTexas neNew Hampshire, zithembele kakhulu ezintelani zezindawo zesikole ezikhokhelwa ngemali kahulumeni omncane. Ezinye, njengo Hawayi noVermont, zinezimiso zezimali eziyinhloko ezinciphisa ukuthembela kwendawo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani izikole emiphakathini ehlukahlukene zivame ukuba nemithombo ehlukene.

Indima Engokomlando Yentela Yempahla Ekuhwebeni Kwesikole

Ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela yempahla nemfundo yomphakathi akuzenzakaleli − kwaye kudala kudala. Kuyiminyaka yekhulu le-19, kuhlanganisa izifunda zendawo ezakhiwa futhi ziqhutshelwa phambili izikole, zincike cishe kuphela enkokhelweni yempahla yendawo. Lendlela ehloniphekile yavumela imiphakathi ukuba ilawule izikole zayo, kodwa futhi yasho nokuthi ingcebo yesifunda yakhona isekelwe ngokuqondile entengoni yezindawo zayo.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, umehluko ongokwemvelo kulesi simiso waba nzima ukuwushaya indiva. Ukumangalela okusankatho kwezwe njenge Serrano v. umpristi (1971] eCalifornia wabekela inselele izimali zesikole ezisekelwe emtatsheni wempahla njengesephulo sesivikelo esilinganayo. Inkantolo ephakeme yaseCalifornia yanquma ukuthi ukuthembela ezinkonzweni zendawo zentela kwadala u"umthetho owehlula izingane ezinswene imfundo elinganayo. Lesinqumo saholela eCalifornia ukuba yamukele isimiso sokuxhasa intela yempahla yendawo yonke kanye nenkokhiso yemali. Ukumangalela i-mthetho efanayo eTexas, eKentucky, kanye neNew Jersey kwaphoqelela amanye amazwe ukuba alungise indlela yokuxhasa imali.

Naphezu kwalezi zinguquko, ukuhlobana phakathi kwentela yempahla nezimali zesikole kusalokhu kuqinile. Namuhla, intela yendawo yempahla isanikeza cishe % kuya ku-45% yemali yesikole somphakathi ngokwengqikithi ngokwesizwe, ngokwe- uGunya lwesizwe iNhlangano [[. Izimali zikahulumeni zinikeza cishe i-47%, kanye nohulumeni wezwe unikela cishe u-8%. Ezindaweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu zentela, intela yendawo ingadlula kude kakhulu usizo lukahulumeni, ukuqhubekisela phambili izikhundla zezentengiselwano zezempi yamashumi eminyaka.

Indlela Intela Yempahla Esakazwa Ngayo Ezikoleni

Intela yempahla ayikhiqizwa ngokuqondile esikoleni esiseduze. Kunalokho, umbuso ngamunye unesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuqoqa, ukuhlanganisa, nokufaka lezi zimali. Indlela evame kakhulu i- yokusungula [, eqinisekisa izinga elilinganiselwe lemali esekelwayo yesifunda ngasinye, ngombono wokuthi intela yendawo iyakuhlanganisa isabelo. Umbuso uqeda igebe phakathi kwentela yendawo nesilinganiso sesisekelo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izigodi ezinempahla ephakeme zinganyusa imali eningi endaweni ebiza imali ephansi, kanti izigodi ezinenani eliphansi lempahla kumele zikhokhe ngentela ngesilinganiso esiphezulu nje ukuze zisondele esingeni lesisekelo. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umzamo wentela". Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda sasemadolobheni acebile anganyusa uR2,000 ngenani lentela lempahla lomfundi elinguR2,50 ngenani elilinganiselwa ku-R160, kanti isifunda sasemaphandleni esingaveza intela efanayo kuphela engu-R3,000 ngesilinganiso esifanayo somfundi ngentela.

Inqubo Yokuhlola Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Ingxenye enkulu yesimiso sokuhlola impahla ukunemba. Abahloli bamanani banika isakhiwo ngasinye esisekelwe emniningo yezentengiselwano, ukuthengwa okulinganayo, nezici zempahla. Uma ukuhlolwa kuphelelwe isikhathi noma kuguquguquka, umthwalo wentela obangelwa yikhokha owenzelwa izikole (*) futhi imali ekhokhwayo ethunyelwayo izikole (-accan) ingalingani kahle. Indlu elinganiselwa kakhulu ngama-20% isho ukwehla okulinganayo kwemali yesikole sendawo. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, izakhiwo ezithengwa ngokweqile zithwesa umthwalo wentela ongafanele kubanini bekhaya.

Izifunda eziningi zidinga ukuhlolwa okumelwe kwenziwe njalo ngezikhathi ezivamile (isib., njalo eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemihlanu), kodwa ngokwenqubo, izibalo ezithile zibuya emuva, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokuchuma kwezindlu noma ukudutshulwa. Lokhu kudala "izicabha" eziphazamisa amazinga emali. Ezikoleni, izigxobo ziphakeme: ukwanda kwenani lempahla elingu-10% kungaguqulela ezigidi zama-dollar engeziwe esifundeni esiphakathi, kuyilapho ukuwohloka kwemali kungenza ukuba kukhishwe imali ekhohlakazwayo.

Ithonya Eliqondile Emithonjeni Yezikole Nezinga Elihle

Izindaba zemali emfundweni. Iminyaka eminingi yokucwaninga, kuhlanganise nokuhlolwa kwe-National Bureau of Economic Research, kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kwemali esetshenziswayo kuholela ekuphumeleni okungcono kwabafundi, kuhlanganise nezilinganiso eziphezulu, izilinganiso zokuthweswa iziqu, nemali yesikhathi esizayo. Izintela zempahla ziwumshayeli oyinhloko waleyo echitha imali endaweni, futhi umehluko phakathi kwezifunda eziphezulu nezingaphansi kwentengo unamandla.

Ezifundeni ezigcwele, izikweleti zentela yempahla:

  • [ amaholo othisha akhokhelwayo akhanga futhi agcine othisha abanolwazi
  • Ubungakanani besigaba esincane ezihlokweni eziphakathi, inikeza imfundo engcono efuna umuntu ngamunye
  • Izindawo ezithuthukisiwe, i- International Baccalauac, kanye nezinhlelo zemisebenzi ezilungiselela abafundi amakholiji nemisebenzi
  • Isimo sezindawo-zobuciko [ hlanganisa ama-labbhu esayensi, izikhungo zobuciko, kanye nezinkimba zemidlalo
  • [[INTLA:0] Izinkonzo zokusekela [ njengezeluleki, izisebenzi zezenhlalakahle, nochwepheshe bemfundo abakhethekile

Izifunda ezingaphansi kwezindawo ngokuvamile zilwela ukunikeza ngisho neziyisisekelo. Zingase zithembele ezincwadini eziphelelwe isikhathi, zincike ekulungiseni izakhiwo ezigugile, futhi zinikeze izifundo ezilinganiselwe ezilinganisela amathuba abafundi. Iholo lothisha kulezizifunda ngokuvamile liphansi, liholela emazingeni aphakeme okushintsha nokugcwala kwabafundisi abangenalwazi.

Umehluko Ekuxhaseni Isikole: Ikhasi Lezifunda Ezimbili

Cabangela izikole ezimbili ezicatshangelwayo eziqhelelene phakathi. Isikole A sihlala edolobheni elicebile elinamaRandi angu-6,50 000. Ikhaya lemithombo yezindaba linentengo yempahla elinganiselwe, isifunda sinyusa uR2,000 kumfundi ngamunye endaweni yaso, futhi sinezelwe nguR3,000 osizayo kahulumeni. Isikole B sisemphakathini wasemaphandleni onenani lezemitapo elingu engu-R220 000. Ngisho noma isibalo sentela esiphezulu, isifunda singenisa uR4 500 kuphela ngomfundi wendawo futhi sithola insizanombuso (ingqikithi engu-R1,5,5,000) ngosizo lwemali engu-R4, noma cishe u-R3% kumfundi ngamunye, noma u-20% kunomfundi ngamunye, noma u-A.

Imiphumela iyabonakala. Isikole A sinikeza inkulisa ephelele yosuku, uhlelo lomculo olunamathuluzi, nothisha wesayensi wekhomphyutha onikezelwe. Isikole B sinengxenye yosuku lwenkulisa, asinaso isazi sobuciko, futhi iklabhu elilodwa lecomputer elinabafundi abangu 500. Lokhu kuhlukahluka akucacisi − zidlala nsuku zonke emiphakathini ezweni lonke, ikakhulukazi emaphandleni nasemadolobheni anempahla ephansi.

Imiphumela Ekwahlulekeni Kwabafundi Nemiphumela Emide

Ithonya lokusekela imali esekelwe kwimpahla lidlulela ngalé kwemithombo yezemfundo. Ukucwaninga ngokungaguquki kuhlanganisa amazinga emfundo yesikole ekufezekeni kwabafundi. Ukuhlolwa okuphawulekayo kokuZalisa okunganqamukiyo kwathola ukuthi ukwanda kwenani lemali echithwayo ngengxenye ngayinye kuyo yonke iminyaka eyishumi nambili yemfundo yomphakathi kuholela cishe eminyakeni engu-0,5 eyengeziwe yemfundo egqityiweyo, ukuncipha kwe 7% yobumpofu obukhulu, kanye nokwenyuka kwemali etholwa abantu abadala.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imali exhasa izimali eziseziqiwini eziphansi zesifunda esiphansi. Abafundi kulezifundana cishe abanakukwazi ukukwazi ukuthatha izifundo ezinzima, othisha abanolwazi, nezindawo ezanele. Babhekana nobukhulu besigaba, amaphesenti ambalwa ezifundo zangemva kwesikole, kanye nokunciphiswa kwemizwelo engokwenhlalo. Umphumela uyigebe elingapheli elithatha igebe elihambisana nengcebo yempahla, futhi, ngoba ingcebo yempahla ihlobene nohlanga nemali, lezi zimo ezihlukene ziqinisa ukulingana nokwehlukana kwezimiso zemisebenzi.

Ukuba Nolwazi Oluhle Nokuzimisela Kothisha

Enye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zokuthinta izintela zempahla ezithinta izikole ngeholo lothisha. Ezindaweni eziphezulu ezinezimali eziphambili, iholo lokuncintisana lidonsa abazohlolwa futhi ligcine othisha abangomakad ’ ebona ekilasini. Ezifundeni eziphansi, imingcele yemali evimbela ukukhokha imali ebhalisa iqhwa noma ukwehla, okwenza kube nzima ukusebenza kanzima ezikhungweni zezibalo, isayensi, nemfundo ekhethekile. Ngokwe- Ukufundisa i-Primelic Institute[, uthisha uguqula izingalo ezikoleni eziphezulu noma eziphezulu kakhulu kunezikole eziphezulu kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukusebenza kanzima ezikoleni eziphansi kakhulu, futhi izimali ezinele.

Lo thisha ulimaza abafundi ekufundeni. Abafundi ezikoleni ezihamba phambili balahlekelwa isikhathi sokufundiswa, babhekana namathemba angavumelaniyo, futhi baphuthelwa amathuba okwakha ubuhlobo nothisha.

Izindawo Nezindawo Zokufunda

Intela yempahla ikhokha futhi izakhiwo zesikole. Abafundi ezifundeni ezicebile zanamuhla, ezinezikoleni ezinamahhala angenisa impepho efanelekile, epholisayo, nengenisa umoya. Ngokuphambene, abafundi ezifundeni ezingaphansi kwezindawo bangafunda ezikoleni ezivuzayo, izimiso zikagesi eziphelelwe isikhathi, kanye nobudlelwane obunganele be-Internet. Izindaba zemfundo engokoqobo: izifundo zezifundo zezezezezemfundo zezezempilo yesikole [ zibonisa ukuthi izimo zesakhiwo ezingezinhle zihambisana nokungenalwazi olutheni nabafundi kanye nezifundo zemfundo.

Ukuqasha Umphakathi Nemizamo Yenguquko

Nakuba izinselele zigxile kakhulu, imiphakathi kulo lonke izwe ihlela ukudinga imali eyengeziwe yesikole elinganayo.

  • ephethe imihlangano yebhodi yesikole lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo zokuhlelwa kwemali, futhi kubuzwa imibuzo eminingi ngemithombo yemali nemali esetshenziswayo.
  • isebenzisa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ukusunduza ushintsho endleleni intela yempahla efakwa ezikoleni ezixhasa ngayo imali eyisasaza ngayo intela yempahla.
  • Ukuthumela noma ukuphikisa intela yempahla yendawo ethinta ngokuqondile imali yesifunda.
  • Ihlanganisa imifelandawonye[ njenge Ithemba eliqinile[ noma amaqembu asendaweni anikeza imininingwane, ukucwaninga, kanye ne-advocation tool.

Ukuphumelela kwezentengiselwano ngokuvamile kudinga ukuguqulela intela yezobuchwepheshe ezindabeni ezibhaliwe. Abazali abangachaza indlela ukuthoba intela okuthinta ngayo ikilasi lezingane zabo("ubukhulu besigaba sezingane zabo, ukusika izinhlelo, izinto eziphelelwe yisikhathi (izindawo ezinamandla zokushintsha). Ukwaziswa okuvela emahhovisi ezisebenzi zomphakathi naseminyango yezemfundo kahulumeni kungasiza ekulinganiseni izikweletu futhi kwakhe indaba yenguquko.

Amakhambi Okuxhasa Alinganayo

Akukho sixazululo esiyoxazulula izinkinga zemali yesikole esekelwe empahleni yentela, kodwa izinguquko eziningana ezithembisayo ziye zahlolwa ezifundeni eziningi:

  • Izimiso zentela yempahla eziqhubekekayo ezisebenzisa amazinga aphezulu ezakhi eziyigugu kakhulu, zibangela inzuzo eyengeziwe ezikoleni zendawo ngaphandle kokuthwesa abanikazi bezindlu ezithola imali ephansi.
  • Izinhlelo zokulingana ezihlangene-motement ezithasiselwayo ezisekwe ezifundeni eziphansi ngosizo lwezwe olungaphezulu, ukunciphisa igebe phakathi kwemiphakathi ecebile nempofu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengamaMassachusetts, zine "uhlelo lokuhlela" uhlelo oluvumelanisa ingcebo yendawo yempahla nomfundi odingayo.
  • izigqoko neminikelo ye-redis, njengoba kusetshenziswa eVermont nase-New Hampshire, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona intela yendawo futhi isakazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imali esetshenziswa ngokulinganayo ilingana.
  • Izindlela ezisekelwe ngokwezimali ezisekelwe ku- njengezisekelo zemfundo yendawo eziphakamisa amadollar azimele ukuze kucetshiswe izinhlelo, nakuba zingandisa futhi umehluko uma imiphakathi ecebile inamakhono okusiza abantu abacebile.

Ikhambi ngalinye liza ngezintambo zohwebo. Izintela eziqhubekayo zingabhekana nokuphikiswa kwezombangazwe abaninimakhaya. Ukulingana koMbuso kudinga inzuzo kahulumeni eyanele, esengozini yokuntengantenga kwezomnotho. Ukufuya nokunikeza i-redis kunganciphisa ukulawulwa kwendawo, okuyigugu emiphakathini eminingi. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amathuluzi amaningi nemfuno engokwezombangazwe.

Bheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lezempahla Ezikhokhelwa Isikole Sentela

Isifo se-COVOVAD-19 saqokomisa kokubili ukuwohloka nokubaluleka kwezindawo ezikhokha intela zendawo. Njengoba izindinganiso zasekhaya zanda ezindaweni eziningi, intela yempahla yanda, kodwa futhi kwakufunwa izikole zobuchwepheshe, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, nokuvuseleleka kwekhono lokufunda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi oqhelile nokushintsha kwenani labantu kususa amazinga empahla ezindawo ezisezindaweni ezithile, igebe lokuxhasa izimali phakathi kokwanda kwamadolobhana namadolobhana asemaphandleni.

Izindlela ezithatha isikhathi eside zidala izinselele. Inani labantu asebegugile lisho imindeni embalwa enezingane ezisafunda, ezinganciphisa ukusekela kwezombangazwe kwentela yempahla ephakeme. Okwamanje, ukunyuka kwezohwebo ze - Internet kuye kwaqeda intela yentela yokuthengisa, kucindezela kakhulu ezinkokhisweni zempahla ukuze kuxhaswe imfundo. Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo njenge ekukhokha intela ekhokhwayo noma intela yasezweni [ enganezela noma ihlawulo lwempahla, kodwa lenguquko ibhekene nezithiyo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Ochwepheshe bezezimali zasesikoleni bayaya befuna ukuba siphinde sicabange ngendlela eyisisekelo esixhasa ngayo imfundo yomphakathi. Imisebenzi yeNational Center for Education Statistics ihlela ukuthi ingxenye yezezimali zesikole evela emithonjeni yendawo ingase yehle eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo njengoba amazwe ethatha umthwalo wemfanelo owengeziwe. Nokho, ngaphandle koshintsho lwenqubo, ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe engcebweni yempahla cishe kungaqhubeka − futhi kwezinye izimo, kukhule.

Isiphetho: Isicelo Sokuthatha Isinyathelo Ngolwazi

Intela yempahla ayiyona nje into eseleni yemali yomninikhaya. Ziyimali eqondile yokutshala imali (ukuyichitha) (ukukhipha) ngekusasa lezingane zonke emphakathini. Uma intela yempahla iphansi kodwa iphansi kodwa izinga lempahla ingaba yimali ephakeme, izikole zingachuma. Uma intela iphansi, ngisho nabafundisi abazinikele kakhulu bazama ukunikeza imfundo yesigaba somhlaba.

Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlangana kunika imiphakathi amandla okuthatha isinyathelo. Abazali bangaya ekuhleleni imali futhi babuze ukuthi ivelaphi imali. Othisha bangahlanganyela ukwaziswa ngendlela imali yendawo elingana ngayo nesilinganiso sikahulumeni. Abaqondisi bangasekela abahlongoza izinqubo zemfundo ezisemthethweni zesikole ezihlelelwe ukuxhasa imali. Abaholi bangasekela izimiso zikahulumeni ezinciphisa ukuncika kwengcebo yendawo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi umfundi ngamunye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-ZiP codec, uyakwazi ukuthola imithombo ayidingayo ukuze aphumelele.

Ithonya lentela yempahla ezikoleni alilona iqiniso elinqunyiwe, kodwa kuyinqubo. Ngokwenza izinqumo eziqondile nangokuziphendulela okufuna isibopho, imiphakathi ingakha isimiso semfundo esibonisa izindinganiso zayo futhi sinikeze ingane ngayinye isiqalo esihle.