Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu Ngobuhlobo Benkolo ENyakatho Ireland

I-Good Wear Advement, eyasayinwa ngo-April 10, 1998, ingenye yezikhungo zezombangazwe ezishintshe kakhulu emlandweni wanamuhla waseYurophu. Yaqeda iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yempi enobudlova eyaziwa ngokuthi "Izinkinga," eyayibulale abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 500 futhi yashiya izibazi ezijulile emiphakathini. Nakuba isivumelwano sivame ukuhlaziywa ngebala lezombangazwe ezingokomthetho nangamandla alawulayo, enye yezindawo zaso ezijulile kakhulu, qhaza qhamuka ne-sibindi esithinta kakhulu, futhi ikhona ithonya laso elingokwenkolo phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika eNyakatho ne-Ireland. Isivumelwano asizange simane simise ubudlova; sadala izinqubo zokuzikhungo namasiko ezabuye zihlele indlela imiphakathi engokwenkolo, ehlangene, futhi kwezinye izimo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ithonya lamaqembu enkolo ehlangene phakathi kwemiphakathi kwenkolo ehlangene, izihloko zayo ezisentathelela ezindaweni ezingokomlando.

Izimbangela Zomlando Zokwehlukana Kwenkolo

Inkinga engokwenkolo eNyakatho Ireland ineminyaka eminingi ikhona, isekelwe e-Internat Plantation of Ulster yekhulu le-17, lapho abafuduki abangamaProthestani base-Scotland naseNgilandi benikezwa izwe elithathwe kumaKatolika ase-Irish abomdabu. Lokhu kwadala indlela yokuba nezwe, amandla ezombangazwe, kanye nelungelo lezenhlalo elahambisana eduze nokuhlukanisa okungokwenkolo. Ngesikhathi sonyaka ka-1921 we-Ireland, izwe elisha lase-Nyakatho Ireland lalinenani eliphindwe kabili kuya kulelodwa lamaProthestani, kanye nezinhlangano zalo (ihlanganise nebutho lamaphoyisa, inkonzo yombango, nempi yamajaji (ijaji) eyayibuswa kakhulu amaProthestani. AmaKatolika ayebhekene nobandlululo oluhlelekile emakhaya, emsebenzini, kanye nokhetho, iqiniso lokuthi izinhlangano zeze shporturent, ekugcineni, ukugqashuka kwezehlakalo.

Impi eyalandela yayingeyona impi engokwenkolo kuphela, kodwa inkolo yayisebenza njengophawu olunamandla lobuhlanga. UbuProthestani nobuKatolika obudwetshwe eMbusweni we-Union kanye nakubuSocialism, ngokulandelana. AmaSonto ngokuvamile aqinisa imingcele yomphakathi kunokuba ayibeke imingcele. Phakathi nezinkathazo, abefundisi bawo womabili amasiko ngezinye izikhathi babenikeza ukusekela kokuziphatha okuhle emaqenjini ahlomile, nakuba abaningi futhi babesebenzela ngokungakhathali ukuthula ngemva kwalezi zigcawu. Ukuqonda lomlando kubalulekile ekuqondeni lokho i Good Wearver Avrencement eyaqala ukukufeza: hhayi ukuqedwa kwenkolo, kodwa ukudalwa kwesimiso sezombangazwe okungasadingesidingi esinye ukuba sitholwe esinye inqubo.

Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu: Isisekelo Sokukhangisa Ngenkolo

Isivumelwano siyincwadi eyinkimbinkimbi ekhulumela izilinganiso eziningi zempi. Amalungiselelo ayo enkolo awacacile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa aphothiwe phakathi kwezakhiwo zayo. Isivumelwano saqaphela ukuthi ukuthula okuhlala njalo kwakudinga ukuba yomibili imiphakathi izizwe ilondekile futhi ilingana ekumeni kwayo. Lesi simiso sazisa ubudlelwane obuthathu "amastands" esikhungo: ukubambisana kwangaphakathi eNyakatho Ireland (enye) eNyakatho-nyakatho ne-South phakathi kwe-Northern Ireland neRepublic of Ireland (Strand Ireland (Strand II), kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kweMpumalanga ye-Great Britain (Strast West).

Ukuvuma Kwamandla Nesiphambano

Ukusungulwa kwenhlangano okuqondiswe kakhulu okuthinta ubuhlobo obungokwenkolo kwakuwukwakhiwa kwe-Northern Ireland Assembly ebophekile ngokuphatha amandla. ISihlangano sisebenza esimisweni sokuvota okunqamule isiphambano, okusho izinqumo eziyinhloko zidinga ukusekelwa yiyo yomibili i-Unionism ne-Nationalist. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi amaProtestani noma umphakathi wamaKatolika awukho nakancane angenza intando yawo kwenye. Ishintshe ukubusa kusuka emncintiswaneni we-zero-sum kuya embanweni olinganayo. Imfuneko yokubizwa ngokuthi "Unionism," "Unanicist," noma "Olunye" ulwembutho" lusebenzisa izimpawu zezombangazwe kunokuba kube ezenkolo, kodwa ekuzisebenziseni inqubo yokuzibosheshisa imponol-coration ihlala iqinile.

Amalungelo Abantu Nokwakhiwa Okulinganayo

Isivumelwano sanika ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland isivikelo samalungelo abantu sokuzinzisa ekuvikelweni kwesimiso somthetho sase-Northern Ireland. Saholela ekusungulweni kwe-Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, i-Elity Commission ye-Exsize for Northern Ireland, nesibopho sokushaya umthetho kuziphathimandla zomphakathi ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwethuba phakathi kwezigaba ezingu-shiyagamende eziyisishiyagamende, kuhlanganise nenkolo kanye nombono wezombangazwe. Le misebenzi yokuhloba iyunisiwe yaba nethonya elisebenzayo: ukubekwa kwemisebenzi, imithetho engakhethi bemisebenzi, nokuhlelwa kwezindlu kuye kwanciphisa ukucwasana kwezimiso ezimisweni zemithetho neyamaKatolika. Izifundo ze-Equality Commission zibonisa intuthuko ekwakhelini embalweni yamaKatolika emisebenzini, kuhlanganise nenkonzo yezezombangazwe neyomphakathi, eyayihlangene namaProthestani amaProthestani angowasebuProsiya eNtshonasi.

Ukushintsha Kwemithetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

IPatten Report, eyakhishwa ngo-1999 njengomphumela oqondile we-Account, yatusa ushintsho oluyisisekelo lwe-Royal Ulster Consaculary (RUC), olwabonwa amaKatolika amaningi njengeqembu lamahlelo. I-RIC yathathelwa indawo i-Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSI), nenqubo engu-50 eklanyelwe ukwandisa i-projekthi yamaKatolika. Ngo-2024, ukumelelwa kwamaKatolika kuyi-PSNIC kwakhula kwafinyelela kumaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-30, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angu-8 e-RUC. Nakuba lo shintsho lungakalingani nenani kubantu abangamaKatolika bonke, lonyuko luye lwakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukuthemba embusweni phakathi kwezindawo zesizwe nezindawo zeNTROUS.

Ukushintsha Ubuhlobo Obungokwenkolo

Ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezingokweziqu, i-Aspect yakha indawo yokuhlanganisa izimpande zotshani nomsebenzi wokuxubanisa izinkolo owawunzima phakathi nalempi. Ukuncishiswa kobudlova obuyisilinganiso esikhulu kwenza amasonto nezinhlangano zomphakathi zagxila ekwakheni ubuhlobo phakathi kokwehlukana.

Indima Yamasonto Ekubuyisaneni

Abaholi abaningi bamasonto ababeqaphile phakathi neZinkathazo baba nentshiseko ekwakhiweni kokuthula ngemva kuka-1998. UMkhandlu we-Ireland wamaSonto nengqungquthela yababhishobhi bamaKatolika wasungula izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa, kuhlanganise no "Ukuhamba Ngenkathi yokukhumbula" nohlelo "lokwakha iMiqualitualism". Amabandla endawo aqala ukuhlanganyela ekuhwebelaneni ngezindawo eziphakathi kwezinhlangano zomphakathi, izinkonzo ezihlangene, kanye nemisebenzi yomphakathi. ICorymeela Community, eyasungulwa ngo-1965 njengenhlangano yokwakha ukuthula komhlaba wonke, yandisa umsebenzi wayo ngemva kwe-Apligion, imema izinhlelo zokuhlala ezihlangeneyo ezihlanganisa amaProthestani namaKatolika, abafundisi, nabaholi bomphakathi. Lezi zinyathelo ezithatha isinyathelo esincane, nakuba zihlangene phakathi kwabantu abaphakathi kwenani eliqotho, zakha izakhiwo zeze lenhlangano yomphakathi neyakhelwa ngokomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi.

Ukuhlangana Kwenkolo Nentuthuko Yokholo Oluningi

Inkathi yangemva kwe-Adrease yaba futhi nokukhula kwezingxoxo ezingokomthetho zokuxubanisa izinkolo. I-Inter-literance Forum yase-Northern Ireland, eyamiswa ngo-2003, yahlanganisa abameleli bemiphakathi yamaJuda, amaSulumane, amaHindu, namaSikh eNyakatho Ireland. Nakuba isigaba samaKristu amaKatolika silokhu siyiphutha eliyinhloko, ukufakwa kwezinye izinkolo kuye kwasiza ekunwebeni ingxoxo ngenkolo ehlanganisa ubuningi nenhlonipho. I-Forum ihlele izenzakalo zomphakathi, ukuhambelana kwesikole, nezinkulumo ezikhuluma ngemiboniso ephoxabanayo, okubonisa ukuhlangana kwemibono engokwenkolo.

Izindawo ezihlala abantu isikhathi eside

I-Good Wear Agreement ayizange ibangele ushintsho oluqondile lwenani labantu, kodwa yadala izimo lapho ukwanda kwabantu okukhona kungashesha khona. Ukubalwa kwabantu kwango-2021 kwembula ukuthi, okokuqala, amaKatolika adlula amaProthestani eNyakatho Ireland (amaphesenti angu-45,7, 43,5 amaProthestani). Lokhu kushintsha kunezici ezinzulu zokuzichaza kwezombangazwe nokuqina kwesivumelwano, njengoba kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokubambisana okuthatha isikhathi eside kwemiphakathi ye "miphakathi emibili". Nokho, ukubalwa kwabantu kwabonisa futhi ukuphakama okukhulu kwalabo abaveza ukungabi nankolo (amaphesenti angu-17), ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaqembu amasha. Lokhu kuveza ukuqina kwenkolo okuzinye, njengoba kunciphisa ngisho nokubambisana okuphakathi kwenkolo okungalingani.

Imfundo ilokhu ingenye yezici ezihlukaniswe kakhulu ekuphileni kwase-Ireland eNyakatho. Cishe amaphesenti angu-90 abantwana bafunda izikole ezingamaProthestani noma ezingamaKatolika amaningi, inqubo iSivumelwano esingayibhekisi ngqo. Nokho, inkathi yangemva kwe-Agreeeve ibone ukukhula ezikoleni "ezimenywe", ezibhalile ngamabomu alinganayo kubafundi bamaProthestani namaKatolika. Kusukela ezikoleni ezimbalwa ezinjalo ngo-1998, manje kunamaqembu angaphezu kwamashumi ama-60 ahlangene eNyakatho ye-Ireland, ifundisa cishe amaphesenti angu-8 ezakhamuzi zesikole. Isivumelwano sokuqaphela kwabazali nokusekela kwabo imfundo ehlangene siye sasekela lokhu kukhula, njengoba ngisho nezikole eziningi ezisasele zisekhona.

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Nebhizinisi Elingacindezelwe

Kukho konke okufeziwe, i-Good Wear Agument ayikawaqedi amahlelo noma ubuhlobo obungokwenkolo obuguquke ngokuphelele. Izinselele eziningi ziyaphikelela, ezinye zazo zisekelwe ekuyekethiseni kwesivumelwano.

Izindawo Ezisetshenziswayo Nezinsalela

Emaqenjini asebenzayo ase-Belfast, e-Londonderry, nakwamanye amadolobha, "izindawo eziphakathi" , imingcele engokwemvelo phakathi kwemiphakathi yobuProthestani namaKatolika − isasele izikhungo zokulwa. I-Peace Walls, eyakhelwe imiphakathi ehlukene phakathi kwezinkinga, isenaba ayikhulu eNorthern Ireland. Nakuba uhlelo lwesivumelwano luye lwasiza ukuxoxa ngokususwa kwabo, intuthuko iye yahamba kancane. i-Parades Commission, esungulwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano sokuhamba okuphikiswana, iye yanciphisa ubudlova e-Orangersorders kodwa ayizange ixazulule izimpikiswano ezisemqondweni wamasiko. Impikiswano enjenge-Ardoyne enyakatho ye-Belfast ne-Drumcree ePortredew iyaqhubeka nokubangela ukushumba ukucindezela konyaka.

Ukubhekana Nesikhathi Esidlule

Enye yezigigaba zezinkinga eziphikisana kakhulu ukuthi ingabhekana kanjani nobudlova besikhathi esidlule. Isivumelwano samisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi "lokwenza izinto zesikhathi esidlule," kuhlanganise ne-Northern Ireland Confessist Confessince and the Historical Enquies Team, kodwa ukusungula kuye kwaba okungavumelaniyo nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Uhulumeni waseBrithani u-2021 Lepace Act, owanikela ngemibandela yezinkinga ezihlobene nezenzo ezicatshangelwe i-ntelligences, waphikiswa yizo zonke izikhundla zezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland kanye nezinhlangano zenkululeko elwela amalungelo abantu. Lelifa elingaphenduliwe liyaqhubeka lithinta ubuhlobo obungokwenkolo, njengoba izinkumbulo zobudlova zihlala ziluhlaza futhi zihlukana phakathi phakathi kwemigqa ezindaweni eziningi. Ngaphandle kwesimiso esithandwayo seqiniso, ubulungisa, nokuvuma, izibazisomzwelo lwezentengo ezingokomzwelo ziyaqhubeka zisesilinganisweni sezentengo yeze yezentengo yeze.

Ukungezwani Nezombangazwe Nokwethenjwa

Izinhlangano zamandla-Actival zincishiswe kaningi, muva nje kusuka ngo-2017 kuya ku-202020 kangaphinde ngo-2022. Lokhu kuwohloka kuqeda ukuthembela kwenqubo yezombangazwe futhi kungaphehla ukuhlukana kwezinhlangano zezezombangazwe. Uma i-Northern Ireland Assembly ingasebenzi, izingxoxo zokunqamuka-union ziya emingceleni, futhi amazwi aqinile avame ukugcwalisa imfihlo. Impumelelo yesivumelwano ekuguquleni ubuhlobo obungokwenkolo ixhomeke kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwesimiso sayo sezombangazwe. Lapho amandla asebenza (njengoba awenziwa ezinkathi ezinde phakathi kuka-20077 no-2017) nokubambisana okungathembisi. Uma ihluleka, iqinisa umbono wokuthi imiphakathi emibili ayikwazi ukubusa ndawonye.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izifundo Kweminye Izinhlangano Ezihlukene

I-Good Wear Agreement isiyisibonakaliso sezinqubo zokuthula emhlabeni wonke. Indlela yayo yokusebenzisa imiphakathi ehlukene ngokwenkolo inezifundo eziningana. Okokuqala, ibonisa ukuthi ukusingatha ukungalingani kwezakhiwo (in polissary, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, nokumelelwa kwezombangazwe (imfuneko yokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkolo). Okwesibili, kubonisa ukubaluleka kwezimiso ezidinga ukubambisana okuphakathi kwe-communism kunokuyikhuthaza nje kuphela. Okwesithathu, kuqokomisa isidingo sokubekezela: ushintsho olungokwenkolo luthatha izizukulwane, hhayi iminyaka eminingi. Isivumelwano asizange siqede amahlelo, kodwa sakha ukwakheka okungabekelwa inselelekile futhi kancane kancane kancane. Okuhlangenwe yi-Northern Ireland manje ifundwa ngabakhi bokuthula eBosbos, eKhupro, eSri Lanka, nakwezinye izinhlangano zezizwe.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Odingekayo Wokuqhubeka

I-Good Wear Agreement yawuguqula ngokuyisisekelo ubudlelwane obungokwenkolo eNyakatho Ireland. Yasusa isifunda esibhekene nengxabano enobudlova kanye nobandlululo lwesimiso yaya kulelo elihlangene nempi yezombangazwe enokuthula. Ukubonakala kwenkolo kusewuphawu olunamandla lwezenhlalo, futhi izimo zehlelo ziyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinciphile kakhulu zasemadolobheni. Nokho, iSivumelwano sadala izimo zokuhlangana okusha. Intsha ekhulayo e-Agreement nase-Northern Ireland yayazi umphakathi lapho amaKatolika namaProthestani ekhonza khona ndawonye ehulumeni, emaphoyisa, nasebusweni bomphakathi. Imfundo ekhuliswe izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinyathelo zokuhlangana kwenkolo, nemithetho elinganayo iye yadala izindlela zokuhlangana okuvamile nokuhlangana okungakaze kuvele kungabikho ngaphambi kuka-1998.

Ikusasa lobuhlobo obungokwenkolo eNyakatho Ireland lixhomeke ekusekeleni nasekujuliseni lezi sisekelo. Ukuqhubeka nokutshala imfundo ehlangene, ukusekela imisebenzi yokubuyisana, nokunquma ifa lesikhathi esidlule kubalulekile. Isivumelwano ngokwaso siseyincwadi ephilayo, ekwazi ukuchazwa futhi ishintshwe. Uma izimiso zaso eziyisisekelo zokuhlonishwa, ukuvumelana kwe-commony, nokulingana kusekelwa, singaqhubeka sisebenza njengesisekelo sokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo obungokwenkolo hhayi eNyakatho ye-Ireland kuphela kodwa njengesibonelo sokuchaza kabusha nokushintsha indlela izinhlangano ezihlukene ezingaqala ngayo ukululama.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka umbhalo ogcwele wesivumelwano esihle sangoLwesihlanu engosini ye-CAIN, iKhomishane yokungalingani ye-Northern Ireland[ yemininingwane ngemiphumela yokucwaswa kwenkolo, kanye noMkhandlu wamasonto [[FLT:] wezokuthatha izinyathelo zobumbanisa amasonto ngesikhathi seposi.