Ifilosofi Yomthetho - sisekelo Eyaguqula Umthetho WaseMelika

Iminyaka engamashumi amane, i-Federalist Society iye yasebenza njengenhlangano enethonya elikhulu kakhulu yabameli ababambelele kakhulu ekushintsheni futhi abaneziqu zomthetho e-United States. Ngo-1982 yasungulwa yiqembu elincane labafundi bomthetho eYale, eHarvard, naseYunivesithi yaseChicago, umphakathi wakhula kusukela eqenjini eliphikisanayo waba umtapo wokwahlulela owenziwe ngesimiso somthetho oye waguqula inqubo kahulumeni yejaji. Ekujuleni kwalethwele inqubo eyodwa yokuchaza: isiqalo [[[FLTY:1]] [okunye]. Ngaphezu kwenkolelo yemfundo yezemfundo, ukuqala kwaba isimiso sokuhlelwa kwesizukulwane semibono eqinile engokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela i-Federalist Society, ecwenziwe ngayo, nekhuliswe ekusungulweni kwefilosofi manje kweze-HPriepulpn

Ukuqonda Ukudalula

Inqubo Yekhora

I-pritaryism ikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi ilungiselelo ngalinye ligunyazwa ngaso. Lencazelo ihlala ingaguquki kuze kube yilapho uMthetho-sisekelo ulungiswa ngokusemthethweni nge-Athigit V. umsebenzi womahluleli uwukusebenzisa leyoncazelo yasekuqaleni yomphakathi[, hhayi ukuyivuselela ngokwezindinganiso zamanje noma ngokwezimiso zomthetho ezithandwayo. Abaqali bezwe bayayenqaba umqondo "Wokuphila Umthetho-sisekelo" oziveza ngencazelo yokwahlulela, beveza ukuthi indlela enjalo inikeza abahluleli abangahleliwe amandla amaningi kakhulu okuphinda umthetho oyisisekelo.

Incazelo Yokuqala Neyabantu Bakuqala

Abasunguli bezincwadi zakuqala, kuhlanganise no-Attorney General Edwin Meese ngo-1980, babevame ukukhuluma ngokufuna "inhloso yokuqala" yamaFramers. Kodwa lolu hlobo lwaveza ukugxeka okukhulu .(hhowa ukuthi singayazi kanjani injongo ehlangene yamakhulukhulu amaratifiers? Ukuhlelwa okuqonde ngokwengeziwe, okulwelwelwe nguMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia nesazi somthetho uRandy Barnett, [FLT: 0] incazelo yasobala yasobala [[[. Lendlela ibuza ukuthi umuntu onengqondo wayengaqondani ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa umbhalo ukuze aqonde. Igwema ubunzima obungokwengqondo benhloso yokuqonda futhi kunalokho igxile ekuqondeni okutholakala ngemithombo engokomlando, amaphephandaba, nezingxoxo.

Ukubhala Negama Lokuqala

Umthetho woqobo uhlanganiswa nomthetho womthetho. I-Scalia iphikisana ngokudume ngokuthi umahluleli "uyisandla esibhala amagama" somthetho. INhlangano yesizwe iye yasebenzisa kokubili izindlela zokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuvimbela ukuqondisa. UJustice Gorw, owayeyisikhulumi somphakathi we-Frefeanst Society, uzichaza njengombhali wemibhalo nomfundi wokuqala, echaza indlela la mafilosofi aqinisa ngayo okunye.

Indima Yenhlangano Yomphakathi Ozimele Ekuthuthukiseni Ubudari

Inhlangano Evela Ekunganeliseki Okungokolwazi

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980, abafundi bezomthetho ababambelele kakhulu ngokwezindinganiso zomthetho bazizwa bencishiswe ezikoleni eziphezulu ezilawulwa yinqubo yomthetho engokomthetho kanye nezenzo zeNkantolo yaseWarren. INhlangano yeFederalist yasungulwa ukuba isungule i-fourme yemibono engokwesiko neyamasekela inzuzo eyayingahlolwa neze ekilasini. Imihlangano yakuqala yayinezingxoxo phakathi kwabaqali abanjengoScalia noRobert Bork nabagxeki babo. Lezenzakalo zanikeza amathuba olwazi kanye namanxulumane nezingosi ezaziyo okungabonakala enzima emashumini eminyaka kamuva. Inhlangano yabuye yanyathelisa iJournal Journal of Law & Public Policle, inikeza abaxhasi bemfundo yokuqala ikhaya elihlala njalo.

Imifanekiso Ebalulekile Nethonya Layo

UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia wayeyisazi esivelele kakhulu sobuqambiso. Izinkulumo zakhe, izihloko, nokungavumelani kwakhe, kwabhalwa ngendlela ebukhali, emibalabala − wenza icala lencazelo yokuqala ifinyeleleka kubafundi bomthetho kanye nomphakathi ngokufanayo. UMahluleli uClarence Thomas, owamiswa ngo- 1991, wathatha indlela yokwahlukanisa kakhulu, ngokuvamile waphikisa ukuthi iScalia noma abanye abahluleli ababambelele ngokomthetho abangeke bamukele. IJaji uRobert Bork, nakuba engaqinisekisiwe neze eNkantolo Ephakeme, wabhala imisebenzi enethonya njenge [[FLT:] Inteng of America eveza izingozi zesenzo sokwahlulela. Muvalvelvel Kavaluultuume noJaji. Muva nje, uJaji u-Barcey Barney u-Barnett, uyaqhubeka, umbiko wayo.

Izehlakalo Ezihlelekile Nokumiswa Kokwahlulela

I-Federalist Society ayivumi abazomiswa noma abamukela izikhundla ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezihlela ukwahlulela, kodwa isebenza njengethalenta. Abameli abavela kuRonald Reagan kuDonald Trump baye bathembela ekutuseni kukaFederalist Society lapho bekhetha amajaji ngawo wonke amazinga ebhentshi kahulumeni. Inqubo yomphakathi yokuzimela isiza ekuphawuleni abanyunyana abazinikele ekusebenziseni i-althism nase textastism. Phakathi nomphathi we-Trump, umphakathi wafeza indima eyinhloko ekuhlanganiseni uhlu lweziNkantolo Ephakeme eyayingase ive ive i-Gor Goraw, Kavaugh, no-Barrett. Le-part yaqinisekisa ukuthi ifilosofi yokuqala iboshwe emashumi eminyaka.

Ngaphandle kokumiswa, uhlelo lwezikhulumi zomphakathi luletha izazi zezomthetho ezikoleni zomthetho kulo lonke izwe. Lezizenzakalo zichaya abafundi kuyifilosofi lapho besaqala imfundo yabo engokomthetho, ngokuvamile zibaguqulela endleleni. Abaningi kubafundi kamuva omabhalane bafune amajaji omthetho abambelele ezimisweni ezisemthethweni eziqinile, zisungula umjikelezo wokuzilanda.

Isikhundla Senhlangano Yomphakathi Ophethe

Amazwi omphakathi ezimiso agcizelela "ukubusa komthetho, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, uhulumeni, nenkululeko yomuntu siqu" ngokwemvelo ingena phakathi kwalesi simiso ngoba iphatha uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi ebophayo yomthetho kunokuba ube umthetho ovumelanayo wenguquko yezenhlalo. Umphakathi usho ngokucacile ukuthi "awuziphathi izikhundla ezicacisiwe noma umthetho," kodwa izingqungquthela zawo kanye nezincwadi ziveza izimpikiswano zokuqala. Lokhu kuvumelana kokuhlakanipha kuye kwenza umphakathi waba amandla athembekile ekuguquleni umthetho we-cademia, kuzuze inhlonipho ngisho nakugxekwayo abaphikisayo.

Ithonya Efilosofini Yokwahlulela Nokwenziwa Kwezinqumo

Ukunikeza Ukweqa Ukuhlakanipha Kokwahlulela

Ithonya elibaluleke kakhulu lobuqalo, njengoba likhuthazwa yiFederalist Society, yilento ephoqelelwayo kubahluleli. Abahluleli bakuqala kumelwe basekele izinqumo zabo ebufakazini obungokomlando (izimemezelo, izimpikiswano zombuso, imikhuba yokuqala, ukusungulwa kwesimiso, (imicikilisho) kunezimiso zabo siqu. Lesiyalo sibonakala ikakhulukazi ezicatshangelweni ezihilela iSiphendulo Sesibili, lapho ukuhlaziya kokuqala kwaholela khona iNkanto eNkantolo Ephakeme ku-Divolute of Columbia v. Heller[FLT[2001] [2001] [imper] (2008]) ukuqaphela ilungelo ngalinye lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali. IJaji likaSccial Sctaliast’s izinkolelo kakhulu emibhalweni, umlando, namasiko, ibonisa indlela yokuqala yesenzo.

Ku iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022], iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okufanayo kokuqala kokuhlola izibhamu. UMahluleli uThomas, ebhalela iningi, wasekela ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho obekelwe inselele "ukusekela isiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezikhali."Lendlela engokomlando iye yaguqula iSiphendulo Sesibili, idinga izinkantolo eziphansi ukungenela ekuhloleni ngokuningiliziwe komlando kunokuba kulinganisele isithakazelo. INhlangano yamaFrevestivalism i-Afly Society njengoDavid Kopelse no-Celland ubhale kakhulu ngencazelo yokuqala yesimiso seSibili sezentelli, ukunikeza izinqubo yobuciko yalezi zinquluko.

Ukukhipha Isisu Nesinqumo Sababulali

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sokunqoba kobuQala singu Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022), eyabusa Roe v. Wade[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] ne-[FLT]] Plantive [[4] Parents] Parents v v. Casey. UJaji Samuel Alto's umqulu wasebenzisa uhlelo lokuqala, uphikisa ukuthi amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu awasekelwe kakhulu emlandweni weSizwe nasemidalweni." Umbono waveza imingcele engokomthetho yokukhishwa kwesisu emuva emuva emuva esikhathini sokusungulwa kanye nokumiswa kwenguquko. Fynin Fynistons, njengoJohn Robertech no-Delh, lapho iveza izimpikiswano ezithiyokuqala ukuveza ukuthi incazelo zikhona.

Ukubhala Kusendleleni: Izenzakalo Zamuva

Ngalé kwezibhamu nokukhipha isisu, ukusungula kuye kwalungisa izinqumo zokuhlukanisa amagunya, uhulumeni, nenkululeko engokwenkolo. ku-National Federation of Independent Business v. Umnyango we-Orty [202] [202], owaziwa ngokuthi "icala lomjovo we-OSHA," iNkantolo yacela imfundiso eyinhloko yemfundiso − isimiso sezimiso esisekelwe ekuqondeni kokuqala se-aunioligiontiontiontions /toobs of Independent . [ist Virginia v.[FLT] [FLT:] [202]], imfundiso efanayo yanciphisa igunya lezentelligence Society Society Society engenisa imfuno yezemfutho.Umbli yezelelwa yeminyaka eminingi yezeNkathi yeze.[Fom]

Izehlo zenkululeko engokwenkolo ezifana [[FLT: 0] Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [2022] futhi zibonisa ukuhlaziya kokuqala kwezenkolo. Umbono kaMahluleli Gormoth ugxile encazelweni yokuqala ye-Free Express and Accordiation Clausss, ephethe ukuthi umqeqeshi webhola likanobhutshulwayo wesikole wayenelungelo lokuthandaza ensimini ngemva kwemidlalo. Inkantolo yalahla ukuhlolwa kweLemon (a amashumi eminyaka akudala esisekelo esagxekwa ngokuthi umfundisi webhola likanobhutshulwayo wesikole usuka embhalweni womthetho-mthetho.

Ithonya Ezinkantolo Eziphansi

Ithonya lobufandamentali abulinganiselwe eNkantolo Ephakeme. Abahluleli bamaFederal abamiswe ngezimiso zeNhlangano yama-Federalist njalo bacaphuna imithombo yokuqala emibonweni yabo. Abaningi baye bafaka imithombo yamajaji angokoqobo noma baba khona ezingqungqutheleni ze-Federalist Society lapho bathuthukisa indlela yabo yokuchaza. Le zinhlangano zokwahlulela ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zokuqala zizokwenza wonke amazinga ejaji kazwe, kusukela ezinkantolo zesifunda kuya ezinkantolo zesifunda. Umphumela uyindikimba ephindaphindiwe yecala eyaqhubeka iveza imingcele yakuqala.

Ukugxekwa Nezinselele

Inkinga Yokungavumelani Nomlando

Okunye ukugxeka okuphikelelayo ukuthi ubuKhomanisi bokuqala abunakunikeza isiqinisekiso obusithembisayo. Incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi yamalungiselelo amaningi omthetho ngokomthetho iphikiswana ngempela nezazi-mlando. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo yamalungelo noma u-Immunitunie Claus weSichibiyelo se 14th isiyindaba yempikiswano enkulu phakathi kwezazi zobuProfethi bemvelo. Ingabe iqukethe i-Bill of Rights ngokumelene nezifundazwe? Ingabe ivikela amalungelo angaphansi kwenkululeko yezomnotho? Izazi ezinjengoRandy Barnett noMichael McConnell zifinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngokusebenzisa indlela efanayo engokomlando. Lokhu kululaza ukuzishoshosho ukuthi ubuQustrist bunikeza iziphelo, izimpendulo ezingathathi hlangothini.

Ukuzisungulela Kwabantu Nesiqalo

Enye inselele iphathelene nendima yesiqalo. Isibopho sokuqala sokuchaza okunqunyiweyo sisikisela ukuthi izandulela ezinephutha kufanele ziqedwe noma nini lapho zisuka ekuqondeni kwasekuqaleni. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iseke yathi izimpawu kufanele zilandelwe ngisho noma zingalungile, ukulondoloza izithakazelo nokuthembela. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[10] [i-FLT] [i-FLT] [1], kodwa ayizange ilawule ezinye izibonelo ezithiwe yize, [[FLT] [flt:][3] futhi [[FTLT] [[5]] [i] [inani] [inani] [inani elihlukile] [le linye icebo], kodwa ayizange ithathe ezinye iziphetho, njengoba abanye abaqali becabangela iziphethombozo ezithiwe.[5] [ivos.] [ivos] [ivospediase.] [edulse, noma i-ivolutions]

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Ungathatha Isabelo

Abalweli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi ubuFrames bulukhuni kakhulu ukuba bungaxazululwa izinkinga zanamuhla. Abameli bemithetho-sisekelo abanakulindela ukuthungatha ucingo, ukuhlola ngemishini, noma ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. Umahluleli wokuqala angase alwele ukusebenzisa isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine soMphetho weSine sokuzivikela "ukuphenya okunengqondo" ezweni elingenangqondo nesibindi" abaqondisi bemidaba abaqalanga ukucabanga. Abahleli bezomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli kumelwe bavumelane nencazelo yemithetho yemithetho esemthethweni nezimo ezintsha, besebenzisa izindinganiso ezisekelwe ezingoko ngokomthetho zokubaluleka kokuziphatha. Abaqondisidala baphendula ngokuthi ulimi olulula olufana "olungenangqondo" lungasebenzisa incazelo yayo yokuqala futhi abahluleli bangasebenzisa incazelo yabo ngaphandle kokulungisa isimiso sezimiso eziyisisekelo.

Izimpikiswano Zangaphakathi Phakathi Kwabashisekeli Beziqalo

Abakholelwa ekudalweni ngokwabo bayaphikisana ngemibuzo yesisekelo. Enye i-display ikhathalela "izinhlelo zokuqala ezilindelekile" kanye "nencazelo yokuqala". Abanye abalandeli bokuqala, njengo-Scalia, baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izikhathi iveza imiphumela yokuthi amaFramers ayengeke alindele , sibonelo, ukuthi i-Frame Protection Claus isebenza kubesifazane ngisho noma abaFramers babengahlosile ukuthi umphumela uyoba khona. Abanye, njengoThomas, baye baphikisana ngendlela engokomlando enganciphisa izivikeli ezithile. Enye impikiswano ihlanganisa "isandla esifile" inkinga: kungani kufanele siboshwe ngemibono yabafal-farlesss abande abaphila emphakathini ababengabubekezelela ubugqila nokwenzi? Abakholelwa ekutheni umthetho womthetho uvela ekuhlolweni kwayo "Wethu, ungabanzi abantu" kodwa i-Frames, imibono yomthetho ephikisa.

Ukugxekwa Kwesobunxele Nesokudla

Abagxeki be-libral Combicing baphikisa ngokuthi ukwenziwa kokuqala kuyisembozo semiphumela engaguquki. Bakhomba izimo ezifana ne Heller kanye ne[FLT]] Citizens United v. FEC (2010]), eyaveza imiphumela evumelana nezimiso ezingokwesiko. Abagxeki benkolo baphendula ngokuthi lendlela iveza imiphumela ebangela ukungathakazeli kodwa indlela ngokwayo ayithathi hlangothi. Abanye abagxeki bemithetho eqinileyo" njenge-Jah. Harvi Wilkin, uphikisa ngokuthi ubuProvison buqinile kakhulu futhi bululaza umsebenzi wokwahlulela. Laba bangaphakathi bagcina incazelo i-evo i-aver.

Ikusasa LobuQala Nenhlangano Yomphakathi

Izikhulu Ezintsha Ezisekela Umlando

Kunomthetho abayisithupha eNkantolo ePhakeme echaza okungenani njengezazi kuqala, ifilosofi manje iyayala iningi eliqinile. Lokhu akusho ukuthi bonke abaqondisi bemvelaphi bavumelana ecaleni ngalinye, kodwa kusho ukuthi ukucabanga kwakuqala kunezinga eliqinile. IJaji Barrett libhale ukuthi uqulu lwakuqala aludingi ukuba ibe yimfundiso "yobuqaba" futhi lungavumelanisa nesiqalo ne-pragmatism. IJaji Kavanugh ngokufanayo ligcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzinza kuyilapho lihlala lizinikele embhalweni nasemlandweni. Le mfundiso yokuqala elinganiselwe ingachaza inqubo yeNkantolo elandelayo.

Ukubhala Ngesiqalo Enkulumweni Ethandwayo

INhlangano ye-Federalist Society ikwazi ukususa ukuvuselela izihloko zomthetho ezifingqiwe kuya engxoxweni enkulu yezombangazwe. Amashena abuza okwahlulela ukuthi bayayigcina yini i-odalist. Abaholi baxoxa ngefilosofi phakathi nemikhankaso. Izikole zoMthetho zinikeza izifundo ezinikezelwe kuhlelo lwenqubo yokuqala. Imihlangano yomphakathi idonsa ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi izincwadi zayo zikhonjwa abahluleli nabenzi bezomthetho. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi i-ronaryism ihlala iyithonya elibalulekile emthethweni waseMelika kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inguquko yezombangazwe zesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuqhubeka Nezinselele Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ubufandandanda busabhekene novivinyo olunzima. Ukuthatha kweNkantolo ukukhula kokuhlola umlando nokwezimo kudinga ukuba amajaji abe izazi zezentengiselwano, indima abangahlongozeki ngayo njalo. Abagxeki bakhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa kabi kobufakazi obungokomlando. Okwamanje, iFederalist Society ngokwayo ibhekene nemibuzo ngendima yayo eqenjini lejaji isiza ekumeni. Njengoba ithonya lomphakathi likhula, kanjalo ukuhlolisisa izimali zalo, ubuhlobo bayo nabanikeli bayo, nendima yayo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Umphakathi uyaqhubeka ugcizelela ukuthi iyafundisa ngempela, nakuba abagxeki balo besalokhu bengabaza.

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, indawo yobusunguli bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ibonakala ilondekile ngenxa yekusasa elilindelekile. INhlangano ye-Federalist iye yakha isisekelo esingokomthetho ($scholarship), izingosi zezokuxhumana, amapayipi okwahlulela ) okuzosekela ukucabanga kwezazi zendalo ngisho nanjengoshintsho lwezwe lwezombangazwe. Noma umuntu ubheka ubuProstolist njengobubuyela ezimisweni zomthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo wokuqala noma njengemoto ehambayo, ithonya lakhe kuyifilosofi engokomthetho yeNhlangano yezeze-Federalist lingenakuphikwa. Inhlangano yathatha inkolelo yemfundo yezemfundo embalwa futhi yayiguqula yaba indlela evelele yokuchaza umthetho-mthetho-mfarthractive eUnited States. Lokho kuveza umthetho waseMelika amashumi eminyaka azayo.