Ithonya Elihlala Njalo Lobuzwe Bezomnotho Empikiswaneni Yomphakathi YaseJapane

Izwe laseJapane sekuyisikhathi eside livunyelaniswe ukushukuma kwemizwa okuyisisekelo: isidingo sokuhileleka ngokujulile kulemikhakha yembulunga yonke ngokumelene nesidingo esinamandla sezombangazwe sokuvikela izimboni zasekhaya kanye nokuzichaza. Ubuzwe bezomnotho, obuchazwa njengesimiso sezimiso zezentengiselwano nezobuciko obuhloselwe ukusungula imboni yesizwe, ubukhosi bezomnotho, nokuzilawula, nokuzigcina, kuseyithonya eliyinhloko kule nkinga. Akuyona inkolelo ephakeme eJapane kodwa kunalokho ingumqondo omkhulu wokuthi inqubo ye-raturansi, itshela icebo lezokuxhumana, futhi isho ngokunamandla nge-votatentation. Ukuqonda inkulumo yamanje ezungezile, ukuhweba, ukulondeka, nokuzichaza eJapane, umuntu kumelwe alandele kuqala i-tractry kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komlando kwezwe layo ngaphansi kwezwe lezwe lamazwe eliphethe izomnotho.

Izimbangela Zomlando: Kusukela Ekwakhiweni Kabusha Kwangemva Kwempi Kuya Ezweni Elinamaqabunga

Isifundazwe sentuthuko ne "Iron Triangle"

Imsuka yobuzwe banamuhla baseJapane itholakala ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Ibhekene nokuwa okuphelele kwezomnotho, uhulumeni waseJapane, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kweNkonzo ye-International Trade and Industry (MITI), yakha "isimo esithuthukisiwe" lesi simiso sakhiwa engqungqutheleni enamandla ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "Iron Triangration" ubuhlobo obuseduze, obusekelanayo phakathi kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), izigebengu eziphambili, namakhomanisi amakhulu ezinhlangano zezente (Kenture). Inkulumo yezombangazwe yalenkathi yayibizwa ngokuthi "Iron Triangriangration": ubuhlobo obuseduze, obusekelanayo phakathi kwe-interoundation Party (LDP), i-buphoracracraties, ne-oms syst (Ktsure).

Izikhulu zezomthetho zaziklanyelwe ukulinganisela ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, ukuvikela izimboni zezinsana, nokuhamba ngezindlela ezisebenza njengensimbi, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi nezimoto. Lokhu kwakungelona nje icebo lezomnotho; kwakuyicebo lobuzwe lokumisa inkululeko yaseJapane nokuvuselela isizwe esithotshisiwe ngokunqotshwa. Uhulumeni wavikela izimakethe zangaphandle ekuncintisaneni kwamanye amazwe kuyilapho uphishekela ukukhula okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Izimpi Zezohwebo Nempi Yesizwe

Ngo-1970 nango-1980, isimiso sezezimboni saseJapane sasiveze imiphumela eshaqisayo, siguqula izwe libe indlu kagesi ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, lempumelelo yabangela ukungezwani okukhulu nabantu abahwebelana nabo, ikakhulukazi i-United States. Inkulumo yezombangazwe eJapane yashintsha njengoba isizwe sasibhekene nokucindezela kwezizwe zonke ukuze sivule izimakethe zaso futhi sinciphise intengo yaso enkulu yokuhwebelana. IPlaza Ervence yangonyaka ka 1985 kanye "nemisebenzi yokuthumela amazwe ngaphandle kwezimoto nemishini engekho gesi yabekwa isisekelo sezenzo zempi yaseJapane njengezenzo zokuphoqelela ezinye izizwe ezaziklanyelwe ukujela impumelelo yaso.

Izikhulu zezindaba nezindaba zazivame ukuphikisa ukuthi impucuko eyingqayizivele yezebhizinisi nesibopho sobungcono baseJapane kuyahlaselwa. Lokhu kuvikela ubuzwe kwaqinisa ukusekela komphakathi kwezimiso zokuvikela, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo nezezimali, okwaqhubeka kahle kwaze kwaba ngawo - 1990.

Izinsika Eziyinhloko Zomsebenzi Wesizwe Wezomnotho

Ubuzwe obungokomnotho eJapane abuyona inkambiso eyodwa kodwa buyisisekelo esisekelwe ezinsikeni eziningana eziqinile eziqhubeka zibumba impikiswano yomphakathi.

Ukuzivikela Kwezolimo

Izihloko ezimbalwa zibonisa amandla obuzwe njengezolimo. I-Japan Cooperatives (Iqembu) lisebenza njengenhlangano enkulu yezombangazwe ekwazi ukuhlanganisa abavoti basemaphandleni. Naphezu kokuba nentengo ephakeme kakhulu yokudla e-OECD, iJapane ilondoloza izimemezelo eziphakeme kakhulu zemikhiqizo ephambili yempunga njengelayisi, ivimbela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Lenkulumo yezombangazwe kulendaba ikhuthaza ukulondeka kokudla, ifa lempucuko, nesivikelo semiphakathi yasemaphandleni. Imizamo yokunikeza izinkonzo zezolimo zemali ngaphansi kwe-Trans - Paciocesss (TPP) ihlangane ngokumelene nokuphikiswa okunzima kwesizwe, iphoqesha uhulumeni ukuba bavike imoto ukuze bavikele imikhiqizo edingayo. Lendlela yokuxhumana kwesizwe isebenzise kanjani inzuzo futhi inzuzo yezentengosi engokwezombangazwe kodwa inzuzo yezentengo.

Umbuso Wama - Corpoteism Nesimiso Se - Keiretsu

Isimiso sezwe , ne-FLT eyinkimbinkimbi ephethe iziphambano kanye nebhange le-internea, ekuqaleni kwakuyithuluzi lobuzwe eliklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuthatha ezinye izizwe nokuqinisa isakhiwo senkampani. Emashumini eminyaka, ukumelana neminye i-M&A kwabekwa njengokuvikela amasiko aphezulu amaJapane. Nakuba "Ishumi leshumi leminyaka" lama-1990 liphoqelele ukukhokha futhi livule umnyango wokutshala izimali zakwamanye amazwe, inkulumo yezombangazwe isathwele ukusolwa okunamandla kwezentengiselwa phambili kwezinhlangano zezentengiselwano nezenkambiso yezelo yaseNtshonalanga. Ingxoxo ehlangene nezinhlangano zenguquko ngokuvamile ibusa "ucrest" ngokumelene "impumelelo," nokuphikisana kwesizwe okumelwe ivikele indlela yayo yebhizinisi.

Ukulawulwa Kwamandla Nobuzwe Bengcebo

Ukuswelakala okukhulu kwemithombo yemvelo eJapane kudala uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lobuzwe obugxile ekulondekeni kwamandla. Inhlekelele ye-Fukushima ngo-2011 yaphoqelela ukuqedwa kwamandla enuzi, ukuncika okukhulu kakhulu ezintweni ezivubukulayo zangaphandle. Lokhu kwabangela ukudlondlobala kwekhono lobuzwe lokucela uzibuse. Inkulumo iye yaqhubela phambili uhulumeni ekungeniseni ubuchwepheshe obuningi obufana ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia conefine, kanye nemishini yenuzi elandelayo. Nakuba iJapan ingumholi wembulunga yonke ephambili engokomandla, impikiswano yezombangazwe engokomandla ilawulwa yizwe lonke ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwezindawo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi kusukela eMpuma Mpuma Mpuma Mpuma neChina, ilungisa isimiso esivame ukulawula ukukhiqiniswa kwenani lenuzi.

Ithonya Lenkulumo Yezombangazwe Yasekhaya

Ithonya lobuzwe obungokomnotho lijula kakhulu kwezombangazwe zasemaqenjini asekhaya nasemqondweni womphakathi.

Ukuguqukela Kubuzwe BaseNeo" Ngaphansi Kwe-Abe

I- Shinzo Abe’s Abe’s Henence njengoNdunankulu (202.20) yaphawula ukuziphendukela okuphawulekayo kobuzwe bezomnotho. "Abenomics" yakhe yayingesona nje icebo elimayela amathathu ezomnotho; kwakuyiprojekthi yezombangazwe ukubuyisela ukuziqhenya nokuqiniseka kwesizwe. Isiqubulo sika-Abe "IJapani ibuya" igcwele ukudamba okukhathele kakhulu komphakathi amashumi eminyaka. Uhulumeni wakhe waphishekela isimiso sezezemboni esinemali, kuhlanganise nokulungisa inzuzo yemali kanye nezinguquko zezesayensi, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi sabekwa phakathi kwesithakazelo sesizwe.

U-Abe wahlobanisa ngokuphumelelayo ubuzwe bezomnotho nokulondeka kwesizwe, eveza ukuthi umnotho oqinile wawuyimfuneko yokuvikela iJapane ezindaweni ezikhuphukayo. Leli cebo lezomnotho “lokuqala” laseJapan lalihlanganisa ukulwela izimali ezingcono (njenge-EU-Economic Pannediveration Adment) ngesikhathi esifanayo nokuvikela imikhakha ebucayi njengezolimo nemisebenzi. Ukuqondisa kwakhe futhi kwakunemithetho eqinile yokuthatha izakhiwo ezingcono, isimiso esihlasela ukuhweba nokukhokha izimali namashendebe amaShayina ngokuqondile (njenge-EUU-Japaneconomic Scenial Pareaverace Adment Areation) ngesikhathi esifanayo kulondoloza izikhungo ezibucayi njengezezo ezolimo nezisebenzi.

Umthetho Oyinhloko Olawula Ukulondeka Kwezomnotho

UNdunankulu wamanje, uFumio Kisida, uye wamisa lokhu kuhlobana ne "New Capitalism" yakhe ehlelayo, ebeka "ukhuseleko lwezomnotho" (] kakeizai i-zen hosho []) ekujuleni kwayo. Lobu buso banamuhla bezomnotho zaseJapane. Kuhilela ukuxhasa imali kahulumeni eqinile ngenxa yomkhiqizo wezesayensi yezesayensi, uqinisa amaketanga ezinto zesayensi yezezomnotho nemikhiqizo yezokwelapha, kanye nokulawula okuqinile kokuthumela kwamanye amazwe ngezobuchwepheshe obungalawuleki. Inkulumo yezombangazwe iye yasuka ekuvikeleni isivikelo esimsulwa, ubuzwe obuhlelile. Manje izingxoxo zezombangazwe ziphikisana oba obala ukuthi ukudepha kwezwe laseChina ngaphandle kokulimaza umnotho, ngokusebenzisa ulimi "ederis" esikhundleni sokuvikela imithombo yesizwe, kodwa ngaphansi kwe-interism" kodwa incike kakhulu kwesizwe.

Ubuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke Nokuhlasela Kwezombangazwe

Ukuxoxa Ngezohwebo Ne - TPP

Ukuhlanganyela kweJapane emithethweni yezentengiselwano yembulunga yonke [kamuva] i-CPPP] yadala uqhekeko olukhulu enkulu enkulumweni yayo yezombangazwe. Olunye uhlangothi lwathi ukujoyina kwakubalulekile ukulwa nethonya lezentengiselwano yeChina nokugcina ukusebenza kweJapane embulungeni yonke. Olunye uhlangothi, lwesizwe, lwathi kwakuwukukhaphela kwabalimi baseJapane nokuzithoba ezimfunezelweni zabo zaseMelika. Impikiswano yaphoqelela ingxoxo yesizwe ngokuphathelene nokuthi iJapani ivikeleke kangakanani inzuzo. Ekugcineni, impikiswano yezimiso zokuhlangana nempumelelo yokuzuza, kodwa ukuvikela isimo sombuso wezwe elayisente nakwenye intela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ubuzwe abukhozi obungcwele kodwa bungahlangani njalo.

Izindlela Zokulawula Zangaphandle Nempi Yobuchwepheshe

Isibonelo esibucayi kakhulu samanje sobuzwe bezomnotho esisebenzayo ukubusa kweJapane ukulawula kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2019, iJapane iqinise ulawulo lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezithunyelwa eNingizimu Korea, icaphuna ukukhathazeka kwesizwe. Lokhu kwabhekwa njengesinyathelo sezombangazwe nesizwe esihlangene nezingxabano ezingokomlando. Muva nje, iJapane iye yavumelana ne-United States ne-Netherlands ekuvimbeleni ukuthunyelwa kwemishini ephambili yezobuchwepheshe edayisa eChina.

Lolu shintsho lwenqubo luyinguquko enkulu enkambisweni yaseJapane yamuva kwempi yangaphandle. Isusa iJapane esweni lezomnotho kuphela, ibheke phambili "ezentengiselwano" lapho ukuhwebelana kusetshenziswa khona njengesikhali. Inkulumo yasekhaya eseduze nalezi zimiso iwumbuso wezwe, igcizelela isidingo sokuvikela uphetho lwezobuchwepheshe lwaseJapane futhi izivikele ekulweni kwempi yamaShayina. Isinqumo sa 2023 sokuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinhlobo ezingu-23 zemishini yokukhiqiza i-cpopt yafakwa njengesenzo esidingekile sokuphepha kwesizwe, iphawula ukuthi iJapane izimisele ukudela ukufinyelela okuthile kwezentengiselwano yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Kuyisibonelo Sobuzwe

Naphezu kwezimpande ezijulile, uhlobo lwaseJapane lobuzwe obungokomnotho lubhekene nokuphikisana okukhulu nezinselele ezibusa inkulumo yalo yezombangazwe.

Ubuzwe Bezisebenzi

IJapane ibhekene nenhlekelele enkulu yenani labantu nenani labantu elincipha ngokushesha nokuguga. Lokhu kubangela ukuphikisana okuqondile nokuthanda kwesizwe ukuvalela ubuzwe nezimiso zokufuduka eziqinile. Inkulumo yezombangazwe iphikisana kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu amabhizinisi nezinye izazi zezombangazwe ziphikisa ukuthi iJapane kumelwe ivule iminyango yayo izisebenzi zangaphandle ukuze iqhubeke, ikhomba izisebenzi zakwamanye amazwe ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu-1,8 ezisezweni kakade. Olunye uhlangothi, amazwi esizwe afuna ukulawulwa okuqinile, impikiswano efuna ukuthi ukufuduka okungalawuleki kusongela ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo nempucuko. Uhlelo lukahulumeni "Izisebenzi ezincomekayo" luyi-Rhulumente oluzama ukuletha isilinganiso sokusebenza ngaphandle kokubiza i-"impondo, ulimi oluklanyelwe ukuthoza ukuthoba kwesizwe. Lendaba iyakudlond ’ ukuphikisa kakhulu kuphela ngokuthi i-Japane.

Ukubuyisela umva. Ukuvikela

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvikela ngokweqile kuye kwavikela izimboni ezinganciphisi futhi kwavimbela ukusungulwa. Yona kanye imithetho evikela umnotho waseJapane ngawo-1950 nawo-1960 kungenzeka iwuphazamisa ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. iJapane iye yaveza amaqhawe ambalwa obuchwepheshe embulunga yonke ngaphandle kwamagama ambalwa amisiwe, futhi ukuphumelela kwayo kobuchwepheshe obungokwemizwa e-US ne-China. Ingxoxo yezombangazwe ihlukaniswa phakathi kwalabo abafuna ukuphoqelela ngonya "umbuso we-stude" futhi ifake emakhaya futhi iphikise labo abaphikisa ukuthi iJapan idinga ukuvuleka kakhulu ekutholeni ulwazi lwembulunga yonke kanye nempucuko. Impumelelo enkulu yokukhiqiza isisekelo saseJapane esiwukuguga manje incishiswa ngokuhluleka kwayo ukuthuthukisa inguquko, futhi ubuzwe banikeza isikwele sokuvikela emabhizinisini achumayo.

Ukulinganisela Umbango WesiShayina

Izwe laseJapane liyibeka esikhungweni sombango wezentengiselwano zase-US-China. Ubuzwe bezomnotho bunikeza isilingo esiyingozi: ukukhuculula ngokuphelele eChina. Nokho, iChina isalokhu iyisisebenzi esikhulu kakhulu sokuhweba eJapane. Ukuhoxa okumsulwa kwesizwe kuyoba yinhlekelele ngokwezomnotho. Inkulumo yezombangazwe ewumphumela iyisenzo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Impikiswano yezombangazwe iphakathi kweJapane ikhuthaza "ukulondeka kwezezimali" ne "ukuzimela ngokungena emakethene" (umk., i-"Chinina Shona -" icebo elikhulu kakhulu, lapho izinhlangano zikhipha khona ukukhiqiniswa kweChina kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia), kodwa igwema ingqikithi yezomthetho. Impikiswano eJapan iphakathi kwe-"pro - US" ishologosa futhi ifuna ukuhlangana neNtshonalanga, namazwe abambelele kakhulu ngokwezomnotho, abemi bakhona, kodwa bagweba inqubo yezentengo.

Inhlekelele Yesikhathi Esizayo

Ubuzwe bezomnotho eJapane busuka ekusongweni kwezomnotho, ukuvikeleka kungene emfundisweni eqinile, engokwezimo zezomnotho. Kungase kuhlale kunamandla enkulumweni yezombangazwe yalelizwe ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Okokuqala, bunikeza ukulandisa okunamandla kwezazi zezombangazwe ezifuna ukunxusa umphakathi okhathazekile ngokuwohloka kwezomnotho kanye nokusongela kwezezombangazwe. Okwesibili, buhambisana nezithakazelo zezakhiwo zezindawo ezinamandla zombuso nezokulima. Okwesithathu, bunikeza uhlelo oluhlangene lokuqondisa izwe lokuncintisana kwezwe lokuncintisana okukhulu.

Nokho, impumelelo yalokhu kushisekela ubuzwe okusha izoxhomeka ekutheni iJapane ingazixazulula yini izinkinga zayo eziyisisekelo. Kumelwe ithole indlela yokuthola ukufuduka ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa isivumelwano sayo somphakathi, ukukhuthaza ukusungula ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuvikeleni, nokuvikela amaketanga ayo ngaphandle kokubangela impi yezohwebo. Inkulumo yezombangazwe ayibhekisi emuva kwezezimo ezizodwa, eziphambili zama-1970, kodwa iqhubekela phambili "ebuzweni obungalawuleki" esebenzisa amandla kahulumeni ukulawula ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kunokuyivimbela.

Isiphetho

Ubuzwe bezomnotho abusona isigaba esidlulayo kwezombangazwe zamaJapane; buyisici esihlala njalo nesinamandla sokwakha. Bulawula indlela izwe elihwebelana ngayo ngezobuchwepheshe, lilawula imingcele yalo, futhi libheke indima yalo emhlabeni. Kusukela esimweni sangemva kwempi yokuthuthuka kwezomnotho kuya esikhathini samanje sokuvikela izomnotho, ukusetshenziswa kokuvikela izithakazelo zeJapane, impucuko, nobukhosi kuye kwashintsha ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kuhlangane nezinselele ezintsha. Nakuba ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nesidingo sokubambisana kusemkhankambisweni wezwe laseJapane, ngokuqinisekile izingxoxo zezombangazwe eJapane ziyo ziyoqhubeka zichazwa ngokushukuma kwesidingo esijulileyo sokuhileleka nethonya okukhulu kwezwe nesisekelo sezomnotho. Ukuqonda lobuzwe lonke ukukhathalela ukuqondisisa icebo lokuqondana kwamazwe aseJapane nasesimweni sawo esiphambili.