Isimangaliso Sika - 2016: Indlela Ukuhlaziywa Kwamademoni Okwashintsha Ngayo Indawo YaseNdiya

NgoNovember 8, 2016, uNdunankulu waseNdiya uNarendra Modi wamemezela ukuhoxa okungalindelekile kwemali ebhange engu-76500 nengu-761, okwathi ngaleso sikhathi kwaba yimali yesizwe ejikelezayo. Injongo yayiwukunqanda imali emnyama, ukwenziwa kwenkohliso, inkohlakalo, nezimali zamaphekula. Nakuba izinxushunxushu nemali eholayo yangasese yalawula izihloko zezindaba izinyanga eziningi, ithonya lesikhathi eside lesimiso sentela saseNdiya liye lashintsha ngendlela efanayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela ukuguqula intela, iminikelo yentela, kanye nokuphatha intela okubanzi, kuyilapho kucabangela ukulinganiselwa kwayo nezifundo ezifundweyo zenqubo yokukhokha intela.

Ukufakwa kwemali ngenkani kwaphoqelela inani lemali engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili .Nyakatho yokubhaka. Ezinyangeni ezalandela, amabhange abika inqwaba ye-7615 lakh crore (cishe amaR230 ezigidi ngenkathi). Lokhu kungena ngesivinini semali egciniwe kwanika izikhulu zentela iqoqo eliyingqayizivele lokuhlola ukuphindela ezindlekweni. Lesi senzakalo sasebenza njengomzamo wemvelo ekuhloleni ukukhanya okuyimfihlo, sifaka ingcebo eyayifihliwe ngaphambili ukuba ingene ngenetha lentela noma isigwebo esingaphansi kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokuthola imvume.

Ukuthutha Kwezimali EMacro Ngokushesha Nokukhuphuka Kwentela

Emasontweni ambalwa okuqala ngemva kokufakwa kwedemoni kwaba nokuntuleka okukhulu kobuthi okwabangela ukuba izingxenye zemali ezikhubazeke njengezolimo, izitolo, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwesilinganiso esincane. Ukukhula komkhiqizo wasekhaya (GDP) kwacwiliswa, kodwa ithonya lenkambiso esisekelweni sentela lashesha: izigidi zama-akhawunti asebhange ezazingakaze zihlotshaniswe ngokuzumayo ekukhokheni izikhwama zentela. Uhulumeni wasebenzisa le mininingwane ukuveza inzuzo ephezulu yenani elabikwangakhokhile.

Ngo-March 2017, i-Inhootiting Department yathumela izimemezelo ezicishe zibe yizigidi ezingu - 1,8 kubantu nasemabhizinisini agcine imali ngaphezu kwemali yawo embuliwe. Lokhu kwandisa ukuhlolwa kwenetha lentela kusukela cishe kumaphesenti amahlanu enani labantu libuyela esisekelweni esibanzi esasihlanganisa amafayili okuqala. Inani lentela ehlawulwayo lanyuka kusukela 2016-16,16, kuya ku-6,5 yizigidi ezingu-20,20,18,8 ngonyaka ohlolwayo ngonyaka owodwa nje.

Ukuthola Imininingwane Njengethuluzi Elisha Lokuphoqelela

Ukufakwa kwecala kwakha ithuba elilingana nemali egciniwe nemali eyayakhiwe eminyakeni edlule. Uhulumeni wamisa i- “Operacne Money”, evumela abakhokhi bentela ukuba bachaze ngokuzithandela imali eningi ngaphandle kwesijeziso uma beyifaka efasiteleni eligunyaziwe. Labo abahluleka ukuchaza izindleko zentela kanye nesijeziso semali engashiwonga. Leli cebo elinonya laphakamisa ingozi ecatshangelwayo yokubalekela intela, okwenza ukukhokha kukhange kakhulu kunesivikelo.

Okokuqala, abadayisi abancane, abahwebi bendawo, ngisho nabantu abakhokhelwayo ababenomkhuba wokubika imali ephansi kwadingeka baphinde bacabangele imikhuba yabo yokubika. Ukwaziswa okuvela kuMnyango Wentela [[FLT: 1] kubonisa ukuthi intela eqondile yanda ngo18% ngonyaka ka-2017-18, futhi kunakho ukukhula okukhulu okubangelwa ukuthobela kokuzithandela iposi eliyidemoni.

Gqoka Ngemikhankaso Yentela Neyamadiscile

Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukufakwa njalo kwengcebo engashiwongo, uhulumeni waletha i-Incomediation Scheme (IDS) 2016 ngaphambi kokubekwa kobudemoni, uvumela abakhokhi bentela ukuba bakhokhe intela nesijeziso ngengqikithi engu-45% emalini engashiwonga. Kamuva, iMantri Garibub Kayyan Yhoya (PMGKY) yanikeza elinye ifasitela ngesilinganiso se-50% yentela nesijeziso esihlangene. Lamacebo aholela ekukhipheni intengo engaphezulu kwe- i-orectreal [ithrore] i-IDS kanye nenye i-CYK.[FLT]

Okubaluleke kakhulu, lezi zinqubo zabonisa ukushintshwa kokuzimisela kukahulumeni ukusebenzisa kokubili i-carrot no namathikithi. Labo abafika phambili ekunqanyulweni kwecala, kuyilapho labo abangabhekananga nje nezimfuno zentela kodwa futhi beboshelwa ngaphansi kweBlack Money (Imali Yangaphandle Engenayo ne-Assets) kanye nokubekwa kwe-Tax Act, 2015. Lendlela yokuthatha izinto ezimbili ngokuphumelelayo yaphakamisa izindleko ezingahambisani nentela futhi yathuthukisa ukufaneleka kwentela esweni lomphakathi.

Ithonya Emithonjeni Emincane Nephakathi (Izinsimbi)

I-SMEcement, eyaye yasebenza kakhulu ngokomlando, yahanjwa kakhulu. Abanikazi abaningi abancane bamabhizinisi bazama ukuhlanganisa inani labo elingokoqobo kanye nokuthengwa nemininingwane yebhange ebonakala ngokuphazima kweso. Nokho, lokhu kucindezela futhi kwabaphoqelela ukuba bathathe inqubo engcono yokugcina izincwadi futhi babhalise i- Goods and Services (GST), eyasungulwe ekuqaleni kukaJuly 2017. Ingxubevange yokubhalisa amademoni kanye ne-GST yabangela ukusunduza okunamandla ekubhalisweni: inani le-GST lamanani okubhalisa abhaliswayo awe kakhulu yizigidi ezingu-12,4 ekuqaleni kwe-20202020, uma kuqhathaniswa nokubhalisa intela okungaqondile okuthatha intela ngaphambi kwe-GST.

Ukuhlola kwe-National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) kwathola ukuthi ukuveza idemoni kwandisa amathuba okubuyiselwa kwabantu entela eholishini ngamaphesenti ayi-10-15, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwalawo asemadolobheni namabhulohwe angenisa imali engeziwe. Lokhu kwaqhubeka ngaphezu kwenkathi yangemva kobugqiziji obusheshayo, kusikisela ukushintshwa okuhlala isikhathi eside kokuziphatha kokulalela.

Imiphumela Yenzuzo: Ukwanda Okuphawulekayo Kwentela Eqondile

Ithonya elibonakalayo kakhulu lokusetshenziswa kwentela ekhokhiswayo kwaba ukunyuka okukhulu kwentela ekhokhwa ngokuqondile. Ngo-2016-17, intela eqondile yayakhiwe e-768.46 lakh crore. Ngo-2017 ngo-2017-18, yakhuphukela ku-76.02 lakhrore, ukwanda kwe-18,4%. Lokhu kwadlula ukukhula kwe-GDP ebizwa ngokuthi i-11% kuleyo nkathi, okubonisa ukuthi ukukhokhwana okuphakeme (hhayi ukukhuphuka kwemali kuphela) futhi kungakhuliswanga nje ukukhuphuzwa kwemali.

Okuphawuleka ngisho nangokwengeziwe kwakuwukukhula kwentela yokuzikhokha (ikhokhelwa ngokuzithandela ngabakhokhi bentela ngesikhathi sokuhlela inzuzo) kanye nentela ephambili (ikhokhelwa ngokwengxenye eyodwa kwezine ngamabhizinisi nabantu abafikayo). Intela ephambili yakhushulelwa abantu abangaphezu kwa-40% kwezinye izindawo ngemva kokufakwa kobudemoni. Lokhu akubonisanga ukuzithoba okukhulu kuphela kodwa futhi nokwehla ekubikeni imali eholwayo yebhizinisi.

Inkongozelo yentela engaqondile yazuza futhi, nakuba ingakhokhelwanga ngokuqondile. Ukushintshwa kwemali kuya ekukhokheleni imishini kwandisa ukufaneleka kwentengiselwano, okwenza kube nzima ngamabhizinisi ukuvimbela ukuthengwa. Umthamo wemali ekhokhwa ngemishini eNdiya ungaphezu kokuphindwe kabili phakathi kuka 2016 no-2018, walula i- i-UPTIONS COUP [, eyakhula isuka ekusebenziseni okungakhokhelwangadingekile kuya ekuthengisweni okungaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-700 ngenyanga ngenyanga ekuqaleni konyaka ngo-2019. Lemitayela yemicu yashiya izikhulu zentela zibonakala zisebenza kakhulu emsebenzini wezezomnotho.

Izinguquko Zezakhiwo Ezinde Endleleni Yentela

Ngaphandle kwenzuzo etholakala ngokushesha, izinguquko eziningana ezithatha isikhathi eside ezazihloselwe ukwenza isimiso sentela sibe sobala ngokwengeziwe futhi siphumelele.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamanani Nokuphela Kwezindleko Zomnotho

Uhulumeni wasekela kakhulu ukukhokhwa kwezakhiwo zezezinombolo ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwedemoni. I-Bharat Memone for Money (BHIM) i-app yasungulwa, izindleko zokuthengiselwa kwemali zancishwa, futhi izisusa zanikezwa abathengisi ukuba basebenzise iqophelo-sosa (POS) izigungu. Lezi zinyathelo zanciphisa inzuzo yokuphatha imali, eyayiye yasiza ekususeni intela. Ukuhlola kweReserve Bank of India kwathola ukuthi isabelo semali ngenani eliphelele sentengiselwano sehla kusukela ngo-88%% ngo-2019201920.20.

Lokhu kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ngamabhizinisi ukubika imali ephansi ngenxa yemali ekhokhwa ngama-minuta yashiya indlela ehlala njalo, ekwazi ukugcinwa. Izenzakalo zokufakwa kwamademoni zisheshisa futhi ukufakwa kwemali yecala endleleni ngaphansi kwe-GST, okudinga ingcaciso yemishini yokuhambisa izimpahla ngaphezu kwenani elithile. Ngokufaka intengo ebonakalayo, igunya lentela lingalingana nokuthengwa kwezinkokhelo kanye nenkokhelo yomthengisi, ukunciphisa ukukhokhwa kwemali yentela.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithombo Yokwaziswa Yemikhankaso Engcono

Enye yezikhawu ezinamandla kakhulu yaba ukufushaniswa kukahulumeni ukuba ahlanganise ama-data amaningi. I-Infensiting Department yeTaxir Project Insight[ ."a i-data yokumba ne-alytics platifomu . Kwaqiniswa ukusebenzisa i-data yokufakwa ekufakweni kwe-demonia. Lesi simiso manje sifaka ukwaziswa emalini, ukubhalisa impahla, ukubhalisa amashende, ukuphatha amasheke, ukuchiza amasheya, ukuthenga ngekhadi lokuthenga ngesikwele, kanye nezingalayisekile zakwamanye amazwe ekulandeleni imifa yomthetho ewashini.

Ochwepheshe bentela bavame ukubiza lokhu ngokuthi “intela yekhulu lama-21,” lapho ubuchwepheshe, kunokuba bulandelele imishini ekhokhelwa ngezandla, buye baphumelela khona. Impumelelo yalendlela iyabonakala enanini elindayo lezenzakalo ezitholakala ngokulahliwa kwemininingwane nangokusetshenziswa kwemishini. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020, umnyango wathumela izimemezelo ezikhokhelwayo ezingaphezu kuka - 50 000, abaholi abaholelwa abaholelwa ababikwayo abangazange bahambisane nezindlela zabo zokuthenga.

Ukwanda Kokukhokha Intela Emthonjeni (TDS)

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-demone kwanikeza isembozo sokwandisa amalungiselelo eTDS. Kumali yokusetshenziswa kwemali ka-2017-18, uhulumeni wehlisa umnyango we-TDS ngokuqasha intela usuka ku-762.4 lakh kuya ku-761.8 lakh ngonyaka futhi wasungula i-TDS ekukhokheleni intela kumanxusa omshuwalense. Lezi zinguquko, nakuba zibonakala ziwumsebenzi, zaziyingxenye yendlela enkulu yokuletha ukuthengiselana okwengeziwe ngenetha lentela elisemthethweni ngaphandle kokulinda ukukhonzwa ngokuzithandela.

Izinselele Nemiphumela Engalindelekile

Naphezu kwenzuzo yentela, ukuqanjwa kwentela kwakungeyona indlela eshibhile. Amaphutha akhona okufeza kanye nokuphazamisa kwezomnotho kuseyizindaba zempikiswano enkulu.

Ukucindezeleka Kwezomnotho Okufushane Kwehlelo Eliyiphutha

Ingxenye ekhululekile, esebenzisa amaphesenti angaba ngu-85 ezisebenzi zaseNdiya, yathinteka ngokungenakulinganiswa. Abaholi bemali, abaninima besitolo abancane, nabalimi babengenakho ukukwazi ukubhalisa imali esemthethweni futhi bebhekene nokuswela okukhulu kwemali. Abaningi baphoqeleka ukuba badayise imikhiqizo ngenani eliphansi noma baboleke ngesithakazelo esikhulu ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo ezisheshayo. Ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho engxenyeni yokuqala ye-2017 kwalinganiselwa cishe ku-2% ye-GDP yabahlazi abathile.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi nakuba intela yanda, izindleko zomuntu zokuziphilisa − ukulahlekelwa, ukuncishiswa kwemali, nokukhushulwa kwezikweletu zasekhaya ("kwakuphakeme kakhulu]. Ikhampasi yokucwaninga kwe-Policy Research[ yaphawula ukuthi inzuzo yalenkambiso yokukhokha intela yancitshiswa ngokwengxenye ngokuncitshiswa kwemvume yokukhishwa kwengxenye ngokwethukela, okuyiyona inzuzo enkulu yentela ekhokhwazwayo esikhathini eside.

Ukuhlala Unemali

Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemishini, imali ihlala igxile kakhulu kwezomnotho zamaNdiya. Ngo-2021, imali esakazwayo yayidlula izinga layo langaphambi kokwehla kwemali, okubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi eziningi zabuyela emalini lapho nje inciphe. Umkhuba wokugcina imali ingabhaliwe, nakuba uqaphe kakhulu. Ukungahwebi imali kuyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingokoqobo, ukuthengiselana amatshe, kanye nezinto zokunethezeka lapho ukuthengwa kwemali kuvame khona.

Imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwedemoni esizukulwaneni sabansundu yayingeyongxenye. Ingxenye enkulu yengcebo eyafakwa yayiyifasitela lesaziso, yabuyiselwa ngokomthetho kubanikazi njengemali entsha. Isimiso asizange sithathe imali emnyama; yayiphoqelela ukuba ibe mhlophe ngemali egciniwe yebhange nangentela eyalandelanayo. Nakuba lenkongongozelo yentela ethuthukisiwe ngesikhathi esifushane, ayizange isuse izimbangela eziyisisekelo zemali emnyama (H / org, intengo yezentengo yezombangazwe, intengo yemali, kanye nentela engekho nzuzo.

Izinguquko Ezithinta Ukufunza Intela

Ukusetshenziswa kwamademoni kukodwa kwakungaba nomphumela olinganiselwe wesikhathi eside ngaphandle kokusekela izinguquko zokwakha. Uhulumeni wathuthukisa izinqubo eziningana eziyinhloko ezaziqinisa ushintsho lwesimiso sentela.

Ukusebenzisa Intela Yempahla Nezinkonzo (GST)

GST, eyamiswa ngoJuly 2017, yakha umbuso ohlangene ongaqondile othathe indawo yomsebenzi wentela kahulumeni nenkaba. Inhlanganisela yemitapo yemali ediniki ebophekile, i-invoice, kanye nezindleko ze-e-e-pace . Okuningi kwayo kwasheshiswa ukusunduzwa kokusetshenziswa kwamademoni ukuze kwenziwe kube nokuqiniswa kwenombolo [1] okwenza kube nzima ngamabhizinisi ukuba agweme izintela ezingaqondile. Ukubhalisa intela kuya kukhulu, nesilinganiso sentela ye-GST-GDP esizinzile esizinzile ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokungaqondisi.

Ukuqinisa Isinyathelo Se - Benami Esenza Izinto

Ngo-2016, iBenami Transactions (Isivumelwano sobuProfikwa) Act yeSichibiyelo yaqala ukusebenza, ivumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla egcinwe ngamagama e-processta ngaphandle kobufakazi bokuthi umniniyo. Imininingwane yokufakwa kwe-Damoniza yasiza ekuboneni izilinganiso ezinkulu lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona ekutholeni i-benami (izakhiwo). Umnyango wentela wasungula ukuphenya phakathi kwentengo ye-benami phakathi kuka-201717 no-20222, kanye nenani elibiza izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-rupea ezix.

Ukuncishiswa Kwentela Esemthethweni

Ngo-September 2019, uhulumeni wanciphisa izinga lentela yenkampani yaba ngu 22% (ukwehlisa intela) ezinkampanini ezikhona kanye nezingu-15% ezimbonini ezintsha ezikhiqizayo. Lokhu kuncishiswa ngokwengxenye, kuxhaswe ukuthotshelwa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho ethuthukisiwe, okuhloselwe ukwenza i-Indiya incilce ikhuphisane ngokwengeziwe nokukhuthaza ukubhaliswa kwentela. Izinga eliphansi linciphisa isikhuthazo sokubalekela izintela, kudala umjikelezo omuhle wokulalela nokukhokha imali.

Isiphetho: Ukuphambuka Okwaphoqelela Intuthuko

Imiphumela yentela yaseNdiya engathintiwe yindaba yemiphumela engahlosiwe, futhi kokubili engcono nengalindelwe. Isimiso saphazamisa izigidi zabantu kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo saphoqa izinga lokubonakala okungokwezimali ukuthi amashumi eminyaka enguquko eyenzeka kancane kancane ayengazange afinyelele. Isisekelo sentela sanda, intela eqondile yanda, futhi izindleko zamanani zakha izindlela zokuhlola ezihlala njalo ezenza ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ukuphuma esikhathini esizayo.

Nokho, inzuzo yaphakama ngenani elikhulu: ubuhlungu bezomnotho besikhashana, umnotho ophikelelayo, nokuqaphela ukuthi ukukhokha imali okungalawuleki nje kuphela akunakuxazulula ukugwenywa kwentela okugxilile ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibanzi ekuxhaseni kwezezombangazwe, ukubhaliswa kwezindawo, nokusebenza kahle kokwahlulela. Isimiso sentela namuhla sisabela kakhulu futhi singenisa ukwaziswa kunangonyaka ka-2016, kodwa imali emnyama iyaqhubeka ithola izindawo ngaphandle komnotho osemthethweni.

Kubenzi bezimiso, isifundo sicacile: ukwelapha ngokushaqeka njengokufakwa kwedemoni kungasebenza njengezinto ezibangela ukushayeka, kodwa kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nentuthuko eqhubekayo yezentela yenhlangano /imithetho yentela elula, ubuchwepheshe obungcono, kanye nezinyathelo ezingaguquki zokulwa nokonakala. Ithonya lenetha esimisweni sentela yaseNdiya lilungile kakhulu, kodwa uhambo olusuka kwi-authonsity-sigrane, ukusukela esimisweni esikhanyisayo kuya ku-cace gcalu, ukuvumelana nenye ehlala ingenakuphela. Umfutho we-demonicaric, oboshwe ngokuhlakanipha, angabuyisela isakhiwo se-finscal [1] kodwa uma izisekelo zokubusa nokwethemba ziphinde zakhiwe kanye kanye nayo.