Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yezinqabi ezihlala njalo emthethweni wobugebengu, sivikela abantu ukuba bangazanywa kabili ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Sisekelwe emasikweni angokomthetho asendulo futhi sibekwe ezingeni lesihlanu leSichibiyelweni soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., lomthetho uvimbela uhulumeni ekubekeni umuntu isigwebo esiphindaphindiwe, izigwebo, nezijeziso ngesenzo esisodwa. Kodwa njengoba isimiso sobulungisa siphendukela ekuvuseleleni okwengeziwe futhi siphakathi komphakathi ezingenisweni ze-Fregi ne-"ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili kungadala ukungenwa okukhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola imiphumela yokuzihibeka kabili ekulungeni kobulungisa nokugweba okunga, sihlola kokubili ukuvikelwa kwayo kanye nezithiyo ezivimbelayo ukuba kuvusene.

Isisekelo Esingokomlando Nesemithetho Sokwebeka Izingozi Kabili

Umqondo wengozi ephindwe kabili usekelwe kakhulu emthethweni waseNtshonalanga, ulandela izimiso zomthetho ovamile wamaRoma nesiNgisi ezenqabela ukuquliswa kwecala kaningi ngesenzo esifanayo esingalungile. E-United States, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sisho ngokucacile ukuthi akekho umuntu ozobekwa engozini efanayo yokufa noma ukufakwa kwesitho somthetho. Lesivikelo sisebenza kokubili embusweni wezwe nasemfuthwaneni ngokuhlanganisa imfundiso yeSichibiyelo seshumi Nesine. Isisekelo sivikela abantu ngabanye ekulingweni okungokwezimali nangokwemizwelo, ingozi yokuphindwa ngokuphindaphindiwe, ingozi yokukhohlakazwa ngohulumeni, kanye nethuba lokungavumelani kwezinqumo.

UJeopardy unamathisela uma ijaji likhona futhi lifungela, noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efunwe icala ebhentshini. Uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe noma eboshiwe, umshushisi akanakumfaka isaziso noma aphinde amfake icala elifanayo phakathi komphathi ofanayo. Nokho, ukulimala okuphindwe kabili akuphelele. Isihluku sihlanganisa imfundiso ehlukene yobukhosi (ukuvumela ukumangalelwa okuhlukene kukahulumeni nohulumeni ukuba benze ukuziphatha okufanayo), ukuphutha okumelwe kubonakale isidingo, futhi ukuqulwa ngemva kokudluliswa kwesicelo esiphumelelayo. Lezi zinhlawukela ngokugxeka lapho zihlola ukuthi izingozi zihlangene kangakanani nezinhlelo ezihlukene.

Ubukhosi Obubodwa Nezici Zabo Zokubuyisela Imikhuba

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yobukhosi obubili, isenzo singaphula imithetho yabalawuli abaningi (umz., uhulumeni nohulumeni). Umbusi ngamunye angamangalela ngaphandle kokubangela ingozi ephindwe kabili. Lokhu kungabangela ukuba kube nemizamo eshintshayo yokulungisa inqubo eyodwa ehloselwe ukuxazulula isenzakalo ngokuhlangene. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu owenza ubugebengu benzondo angase abhekane nakho kokubili ukumangalelwa kombuso namalungelo ohulumeni. Ngisho noma uhlelo lobulungisa oluvuselelwe emhlabeni wonke luholela esivumelwaneni, uhulumeni wezwe ungabe usayilahla. Ukuchayeka okunjalo kululaza ukuvalwa okufunwa ukunikeza izinqubo zokuvuselela.

Ukweqa Ubulungisa Nokubuyisela: Izingxabano Namathuba

Ubulungisa obubuyiselayo bugcizelela ukulungisa umonakalo ngengxoxo yokuzithandela, ukulandisa, nokuhileleka komphakathi. Imikhuba engokoqobo ihlanganisa ukuxhumana ngezisulu, izingqungquthela zomkhaya, nezinxulumano zokuthula. Lezi zinhlelo zivame ukwenzeka ngaphambi, phakathi, noma ngemva kokuqulwa kwenkantolo. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ingavimbela ukuvuselelwa kobulungisa ngokulinganisela ikhono lokuphinde uphinde ulungise icala uma icala seliqediwe.

Ake sithi ummangalelwa uhlanganyela esimisweni sobulungisa sokuvuselela njengengxenye yesivumelwano somshushisi esibekelwe isikhathi. Kamuva isisulu singase sibe nomuzwa wokuthi lenqubo ayiphelele noma ukuthi kuvele umonakalo omusha. Izimiso eziphindwe kabili eziyingozi ngokuvamile zivimbela inkantolo ekuvuleni icala ukuba livulele inqubo eyengeziwe yokubuyisela. Nakuba amaqembu engahlanganyela ngokuzithandela ekuxoxisaneni okuqhubekayo, umbuso awunakuziphoqelela. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani phakathi kokugcina okunikeza abamangalelwa kanye nezidingo eziqhubekayo zokwelapha izisulu nemiphakathi.

Izinselele Ekusebenziseni Ubulungisa Obubuyiselayo Ngokuhambisana Nengozi Ekabili

  • I-Treedicted to Revisit Cases: Uma inkantolo isisamukela isikhala noma isinqumo, izivalo eziphindwe kabili zengozi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Lokhu kusho ukubuyiselwa kwezivumelwano ezifinyelelwe ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuqiniseka akunakuphoqelelwa ukuba kwenziwe ngokuphoqelela.
  • I-Victim ne-Community Disatisfaction: Uma inqubo yokubuyisela iveza isivumelwano sokuthi izisulu zikholelwa ukuthi azikuxazululi ngokwanele ukulimala, ukulahlekelwa okuphindwe kabili kuvimbela umbuso ekufuneni ezinye izijeziso. Izisulu zingazizwa zingenabulungisa.
  • Ubufakazi obusha bengozi noma umthwalo wemfanelo:[ Ngezinye izikhathi ngemva kokuba icala livaliwe, kuvela ubufakazi obusha bokuthi ummangalelwa wabangela umonakalo owengeziwe noma ukuthi ukuhlupheka kwesisulu kukhulu kunalokho okuqondwayo. Izingozi ezimbili zivimbela noma yimuphi umzamo wokuhlanganisa lobufakazi esihlelweni esilungisiweyo.
  • I-Prothelisation for Coercion in Early Accounts: Ukugwema ukuvala izenzo zengozi eziphindiwe zesikhathi esizayo, abashushisi bangacindezela abamangalelwa ukuba bafake izinhlelo zokuvuselela ngokushesha, ngaphambi kokuba wonke amaqiniso aziwe. Lokhu kungalulaza isimo sokuzithandela nobambisana sobulungisa bokulungisa.

Umthetho Wecala Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukahlukene

Izinkantolo zivame ukusekela ukuphetha emacaleni obugebengu, ngisho nalapho imiphumela yokubuyisela ibonakala ilungile. United States v. Scott, iNkantolo ePhakathikazi yaphawula ukuthi iMibini Ye - Jeopardy Claus iveza isithakazelo esijulile esijulile sokugcina icala nesokubuyisela inguquko. Nokho, ezinye izifunda zezwe zakhona, zidale ukuhlukanisa umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zaseCanada zivumela inqubo yokulungisa i-post-coconviction engashintshi inqubo yecala kodwa evumela ukuguqula ingxoxo yecala ngaphandle kokuqeda isisulu. eNew Zealand, amaqembu omkhaya ahlangana eNkaNkantolo Yentsha, kodwa namanje ibekelwe ngokuphindiwe.

Ithonya Lokujeziswa Okuhlukile

Esinye isigwebo sibhekisela ohlwini olubanzi lwezijeziso ezisuka ekuboshweni okungokwesiko: ukulingwa, inkonzo yomphakathi, izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, izinhlelo zokuzilibazisa, nezinhlelo zokuzifihla. Lezi zinketho zihloselwe ukunciphisa inguquko, izimbangela eziyinhloko zobugebengu, futhi zinciphise imiphumela yokuboshwa. Ingozi ephindwe kabili ingathinta okunye ukugwetshwa ngokulinganisela ikhono lokulungisa noma ukuthuthukisa umusho lapho usubekwe futhi usuwuthuthukisa.

Cabangela ummangalelwa othola isigwebo secala lezidakamizwa elingenabudlova. Inkantolo kamuva ithola ukuthi ummangalelwa wephula imithetho yokulingwa ngendlela engalindelekile. Ngokuvamile, ukugwetshwa kwecala akubhekwa njengokusha ngenxa yezinjongo eziphindwe kabili ngoba kuhilela icala elifanayo futhi ummangalelwa kakade uphuce amalungelo athile. Nokho, uma inkantolo izama ukubeka isigwebo esinzima, esinjengesejele, ingozi ephindwe kabili engakhulela phambili njengesijeziso sesibili sobugebengu obufanayo.

Ukuphela kwenkathi engaphambili kuphikisana. Ukuvumelana nesigwebo

Isimiso sokuphetha siyisisekelo somonakalo ophindiwe futhi sivikela abamangalelwa ekukhathazekeni kokugwetshwa ngaphandle. Emkhakheni wesinye isigwebo, lokhu kungaba yikho kokubili amandla nobuthakathaka:

  • I-Province yabaHluleli: Uma nje isigwebo sesibili, abamangalelwa bayayazi imiphumela futhi bangaqhubekela phambili. Lokhu kuqina kubaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseni nasekubuyiseleni.
  • [ Ukuvumelana nge- Judicial Justicey:[ Abahluleli abakwazi ukuvumelana kamuva nemisho ukuze bahlanganise izinyathelo ezintsha zokubuyisela noma izimo ezishintshiwe] njengokulungisa kwezidingo zomkhohliwe noma intuthuko yommangalelwa ekwelapheni/ngaphandle kokuzifaka engozini ephindwe kabili.
  • Importance of Comprehensive First Sendming: ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ephindwe kabili ivimbela ukulungisa okulandelayo, abahluleli abagwebayo kumelwe bacabangele ngokucophelela zonke izici ezihlobene nalokhu(kuhlanganise namathuba emisebenzi yokubuyisela, ukufakwa kwesisulu, kanye nokuqondisa isikhathi eside) ngesikhathi sokuzivumela.

Ukulahla Icala Nokubulala Okukabili

Izinhlelo zokulahla isigwebo zivumela ummangalelwa ukuba amangalelwe ukuba avume icala ngokuqonda ukuthi icala lizolahlwa lapho kuqedwa ngokuphumelelayo igama lokulingwa nezinye izimo. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka, inkantolo ingena isiqinisekiso futhi ibeke isigwebo. Izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziphakama lapho inkantolo izama ukulungisa izimo ngemva kokwamukelwa kohlelo. Izinkantolo eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ukunqandelwa kwecala kuwuhlobo lwenkani yokuzimela, hhayi isahlulelo sokugcina, ingozi ephindwe kabili ayihlanganisi kuze kube yilapho isiqinisekiso singena. Lokhu kwenza ukuba inqubo yokuzibamba ihambele kahle iphele, kodwa uma inkathi yokuzindela iqediwe iqediwe, igwenywa kabili, ifaka izingozi ezimangeni ezimbili kunoma ikuphi ukumangalelwa okulandelayo ngenxa yalokho kulimaza.

Ukulinganisela Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Ekulungiseni Nokuphulukisa

Ukucindezela phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabili nokuvuselelwa kwesigwebo/ukubuyiselwa kwesinye kubonisa impikiswano ejulile ekulungiseni izigebengu zobugebengu: indlela yokulinganisela amalungelo abantu nezidingo zomphakathi kanye nokwaneliseka. Abasekeli bezingozi eziphindwe kabili baphikisa ukuthi ukuphela okuqinile kubalulekile ukuze kukhululwe (_ngaphandle kwayo, uhulumeni angahlupha izakhamuzi ngokungapheli ngokuzivula kabusha izindaba. Nokho, abagxeki baqaphele ukuthi isimiso sobulungisa samanje sifuna okungaphezu kwesijeziso; sihloselwe ukubuyisela isimilo, ukuvuselela, nokuphepha komphakathi. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukugcina okuqinile kungaphazamisa lemigomo, ikakhulukazi uma izisulu zingazizwangalelwanga noma lapho ezinye izinyathelo zibonakala zinganele.

Abanye abashisekeli benguquko balinganisela ukuhlelwa kwezici ezihlukene ngokuphindwe kabili ukuze kuvulwe futhi kubekwe ezinye izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ungavumela ukuvulwa kwecala ngokuphindiwe ngenjongo yokuhileleka ekuthumeleni izimemezelo zokulungisa izisulu noma iziyingi zomphakathi, uma kungekho sijeziso esengeziwe esibekwayo. Ngokunye, izishayamthetho zingagunyaza izinkantolo ukulungisa eminye imisho ukuze ihlanganise izisekelo ezintsha zokuguqula isimo, uma nje ukungalungisi okusha kungeke kulungiswe ngaphandle kokubangela inhlekelele ephindwe kabili. Enye indlela iwukulungisa ukwahlulela kuqala, ngaphambi kokufaka izingozi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amalungu engxenyeni afakwe emgqonye.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nezibonelo Eziqhathaniswayo

Ezinye izimiso zomthetho zinikeza ukuqonda ngokuthi izingozi ezingaphindwa kanjani phakathi kobulungisa obuphindene. EJalimane, umqondo unamabine kuyi-irem (kungaphindi isilinganiso esifanayo) usetshenziswa ngokuqinile, kodwa izisulu zinelungelo lokufuna imbuyiselo ngokunye ukuqulwa, futhi inqubo yobugebengu ihlanganisa iziphakamiso zezisulu. ENingizimu Afrika, ngemva kokuhlukanisa ukwahlulela ngokulungisa ngeQiniso nangeNxubeko eliphethe ngaphandle kwezingozi ezingokwesiko eziphindwe kabili ngokunikezela ngemvume egcwele. Nakuba izisulu zihlukene ekugwetshweni ngokunye ukujeza, kubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi ingakha izindawo ezingokomthetho lapho iziteshiso zokulungisa zisebenza.

E-United States, eminye imibuso iye yazama ukuvuselela izinhlelo zobulungisa ezihambisana nokukhokhwa okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Community Reparative Boards ye-Vermont isingatha amacala aphansi ngezindawo zokulungisa, futhi abahlanganyeli bagweme ukuboshwa uma beqeda uhlelo. Njengoba kungekho sahlulelo sokugcina, izingozi eziphindwe kabili aziyona inkinga. Izibonelo ezinjalo ziqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuhlelwa kwesikhathi nomklamo wendlela yokusebenza. Uma ukulungiswa kobulungisa kwenzeka ngaphambi kokufakwa kwengozi, ingozi ayisithibe isithiyo isithiyo sokuphindela amangozi.

Ukutuswa Kwesimiso Nokuzijwayeza

Ukuze bavumelanise isivikelo sezingozi ezimbili nemigomo yokulungisa ubulungisa nokugweba okuhlukile, abenzi bezimiso nabenzi bokwelapha kufanele bacabangele lokhu okulandelayo:

  • Ukuhlanganisa kwe-Prosection: Izinhlelo zokubuyisela ezisebenza phambi kommangalelwa zibekwa icala noma ngemva kwesicelo kodwa ngaphambi kokwamukelwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi noma imiphi imizamo elandelayo yokulungisa ukulimala ayingqubani nokugcina.
  • [ Imithetho esemthethweni evumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlanganise izimfuneko eziqhubekayo zokubuyisela ngokwengxenye yomusho, ezizolungiswa ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili, uma nje ushintsho lungakhunjulwanga ngemvelo.
  • Inqubo yokugcina i-Vactim iqala: yenza izinqubo ezizosiza izisulu ukuba zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezinqumweni zokwahlulela futhi zitshelwe nganoma iluphi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo. Uma izisulu zivuma ukuvala, ingozi yezinselele zamuva iyancipha.
  • Iziphetho ezikhutshiwe: Sebenzisa izinhlelo ze-fictdictions ezibekelwe emuva ezinezinketho ezicacile, ezivumelanayo ezihlanganisa izinketho zokubuyisela. Uma kungavela izidingo ezintsha, imvume yommangalelwa ingavumela ukulungisa ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izimpikiswano zezingozi ezimbili.
  • Cross-Juridictionion Bay: Izinselele zobukhosi obubili ngemetaryranda yokuqonda phakathi kombuso nohulumeni abashushisi ukuze bagweme ukushushiswa uma inqubo yokulungisa inelise izithakazelo zombili.

Isiphetho

Izingozi ezimbili zihlala ziyisivikelo esibalulekile somthetho-sisekelo esivimbela uhulumeni ukuba ulwenze abantu ubugebengu obufanayo. Ukugcizelela kwawo ukugcina kunikeza abamangalelwa ukuqiniseka futhi kuvikela ekuxhashazweni kukahulumeni. Nokho, njengoba ukubuyisela ubulungisa nokuthola inzuzo ehlukile, ukungalingani kwezingozi eziphindwe kabili kungavimbela imizamo yokuphulukisa, ukuguqula, nokuzivumelanisa nokwaziswa okusha. Inselele yokulungisa ubugebengu banamuhla ikwenza izimiso ezingokomthetho ezilondoloza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zengozi eziphindwe kabili kuyilapho kwakha izindlela zokulungisa izinhlelo ezibheke phambili futhi zigcwele. Ngokuklama izinhlelo ezisebenza ngaphambi kokufakwa kwezingozi, ukufuna ukucaca kokwaziswa okusemthethweni ukuze kwenziwe ushintsho, nokuhlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni ekuhlanganyeleni, isimiso sobulungisa singadumisa kokubili isimiso sasendulo sezimiso sokugcina nokulunga.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngengozi ephindwe kabili, bheka i-Cornell Leagn Information Institute i-. Ekulungiseni izimiso zobulungisa, [ Iwebhusayithi yoMnyango we-International [ inikeza imithombo. [izimo zezesigwebo, [[FLT:] i-[FLT]] inikeza ulwazi nenqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, U.S. umnyango wezomthetho wokwenza okuhlukile [FLT] ukhuluma ngezenzo zomthetho eziwumthetho. Okokugcina, [[FLT] [5][5] Inhlangano ye-CMT] inikeza imibiko ephindaphindiwe-kabili.[FLT]