Umsebenzi wezinkantolo ze-appellate uyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho sanamuhla, sinikeza i-examented onstructure exazululweni zenkantolo. Nakuba izinkantolo zamacala zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ($izwisingolo), ukuzwa ubufakazi, ukuhlola, nokunquma amaqiniso “‘ izinkantolo ezithatha indima ehluke kakhulu. Zikhona ukuze zingalibali amacala kodwa zibukeze ukulunga okungokomthetho nokungokomthetho okubekwayo. Lesi sakhiwo esimbaxa-ka-ka-mbili siqinisekisa ngokulunga, ukungaguquguquki, nokunamathela ekwakheni umthetho, ekugcineni kuvikela amalungelo ngamanye nenqubo yokwahlulela ngokwayo. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, lokho ezikubukeza, nokuthi kungani izinqumo zazo zibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekeyo cishe esimisweni somthetho esinelukulundayo.

Indima Ehlukile Yezinkantolo Ezihlolwayo

Ukuze ziqonde umsebenzi wezinkantolo ezidlulisa icala, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa ngokuqondile nezinkantolo zamacala. Izinkantolo, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zokuqala, zilapho kuqulwa khona amacala ekuqaleni. Zithola amaqiniso empikiswano ngokunikeza ubufakazi, ukufakaza, nokuhlola ukudlula. Umahluleli noma ijaji lisebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso ukuze lifinyelele isahlulelo. Ngokungafani, inkantolo ephethe amacala amasha noma amacala amasha. Kunalokho, ibukeza umlando obhaliwe wenkantolo enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, kuhlanganise nemibhalo ebhalwe phansi, imiboniso, nesinqumo somahluleli, ukuhlola ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzekile yini.

Lomehluko uyisisekelo. Izinkantolo zokuhlola yizinkantolo zokuhlola , hhayi imishini elungisa amaphutha ephinda icala ngalinye. Zivame ukuthatha indiva izinto ezitholakele zenkantolo equlwayo, ikakhulukazi uma lezo miphumela isekelwe ekuthembekeni kofakazi, ngoba uma ijaji noma amajaji ayesendaweni engcono kakhulu yokuqaphela obala mathupha. Ukugxila ngokuyinhloko kulapho umthetho uchazwa kahle futhi usetshenziswa. Njengoba ingosi ye-Aumessagements ichaza, i-almessage tests “ibheka izinquesment zomthetho ophansi ukunquma ukuthi uma umthetho usetshenziswa kahle” ( imithombo ye-'.[FLT]]]

Injongo Yezinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Injongo esheshayo yezinkantolo ingadilizwa ibe imigomo eminingana eyinhloko, ngayinye ibe nengxenye esimisweni somthetho esilungile nesiqonda kahle:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukulungisa Amaphutha angokomthetho: Umsebenzi oshesha kakhulu ukuxazulula amaphutha awenziwa izinkantolo eziqulweni zokuqulwa kwecala ekusebenziseni umthetho. Lamaphutha angahilela ukuchazwa ngokungeyikho kwemithetho, ukuvuma okungafanele noma ukukhipha ubufakazi, iziyalezo zejaji ezinephutha, noma imithetho engalungile ezindabeni ezingokwendawo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukufana nokungaguquguquki: izinkantolo zokuphakamisi, ikakhulukazi izinkantolo zesigaba esiphakeme njengenkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S., kukhipha isinqumo esibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ngaphansi kwegunya lazo. Lokhu kwakha indikimba efanayo yomthetho, ngakho amacala afanayo aphathwa ngokungaguquki phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo.
  • Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omuntu Ngamunye: ngokusebenza njengesehlo esizimele ezinqumweni zenkantolo, izinkantolo ezithatha imithetho-mthetho namalungelo omthetho. Zingaguqula izinkolelo ezitholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni, ngokuphoqelela ukuvuma izono, noma ngosizo lweseluleko olungasebenzi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uthatha imingcele yomthetho.
  • [ Ukuveza i-Arch on Aqual Power: Ukuba khona nje kwesicelo kusebenza njengenqubo yokulawula imfanelo. Abahluleli becala nabameli bayazi ukuthi izinqumo zabo zingacushwa, okukhuthaza ukunamathela ngokucophelela ezindinganisweni zomthetho.
  • [ Isekela uMthetho: Ngemibono yabo ebhaliwe, izinkantolo ezichaza imithetho, zicacisa izimiso zomthetho ezididayo, futhi zivumelanisa umthetho ovamile nezimo ezintsha. Lemibono iba yizehlakalo eziqondisa izindaba zesikhathi esizayo kuphela ezihilelekile, kodwa kuwo wonke umphakathi ongokomthetho.

Empeleni, izinkantolo ezikhipha isigwebo zilinganisela isidingo sokugcina icala nesidingo esibaluleke ngokufanayo sokulungisa nobulungisa.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezisebenza Ngayo: Inqubo Yokudlulisa Amacala Ngemininingwane

Inqubo yokukhanga isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo ihlelwe futhi iqinile. Iqembu elifaka icala libizwa ngokuthi i- appant (olahlekile ngezansi), kuyilapho omunye ewu i-appelle [ (owinayo ngezansi). Izinyathelo ezihilelekile ziklanyelwe ukunika inkantolo isithombe esiphelele sokuqulwa kwecala kuyilapho kuncishiswa ukubukezwa kwalo komagazini ongokomthetho ophakanyisiwe.

Ukuthola Isaziso Sokukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kuqala ngokufaka isaziso secala enkantolo equlweni, ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esiqinile, (ngokuvamile) izinsuku ezingu - 30 kusukela ekungeneni kwesahlulelo sokugcina. Ukwehluleka ukubhala ngenkathi edlulile ngokuvamile kululaza ilungelo lokudlulisa isikhalo ngokuphelele. Lesi saziso siveza isahlulelo esikhangwayo futhi iqembu elifuna ukubukezwa.

Ukulungisa Irekhodi Ngokukhanga

Umabhalane wenkantolo oququzelela ufaka , ohlanganisa wonke amaphepha afakwe ecaleni, amarekhodi amacala, nanoma yimiphi imibukiso evunywayo. Lombhalo uyisisekelo esikhethekile sokubukeza kwenkantolo ye-appellate. Akukho bufakazi obusha obunikezwayo; abahluleli abasebenzisa i-appelcate bathembela kuphela kulokho okubekwe ngezansi.

3. Ukubhala Nokubeka Izincwadi Ezifushane

Bobabili abahlukene bafaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe ezaziwa ngokuthi iziphakamiso. Ukuvula kwenkantolo kuchaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo yamacala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho afuna ukuguqulwa. Kumelwe iphawule izingxenye ezithile zombhalo negunya elingokomthetho elisekelayo (izikhombisi, umthetho ongaphambili, noma amalungiselelo omthetho). I-applellee iphendula ngempikiswano emfushane yokuthi isinqumo senkantolo equliweyo sasilungile futhi kufanele siqinisekiswe. Impendulo emfushane evela ku-aumessagellant ingalandela. Lezi ziyizinsi ezimfutshane zenqubo ye-aumelletation projectal sy sy syms project sy (ilogistmess) ihlela izimpikiswano zenkantolo futhi inikeza abahluleli abahluleli abasemthethweni ukuhlola okuzoza.

4. Impikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Emacaleni amaningi axazululwayo, inkantolo ihlela ukuphikisana okudluliselwa ngomlomo, lapho abameli bevela khona phambi kweqembu lamajaji (ngokuvamile amathathu) ukuze banikeze amaphuzu abo ayinhloko futhi baphendule imibuzo. Impikiswano engokwezwi nezwi ayiyona inhlayelelo yale mpikiswano emifushane; kuyithuba ukuba abahluleli bahlole ubuthakathaka obusesikhundleni seqembu ngalinye, bacacise izimpikiswano, futhi bahlole izinkolelo-mthetho. Ngokuvamile ihlala imizuzu engu - 15 kuya kwengu-30 kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi lapho impikiswano emfushane ihlukene, umlomo ungacushwa.

5. Isinqumo Nokwahlulela

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, abahluleli bayahlangana ukuze baxoxe ngecala. Bahlola irekhodi, bahlola izimpikiswano, futhi bavote emphumeleni. Inkantolo ikhipha isiqinisekiso esibhaliwe [ esichaza ukucabanga kwayo. Umbono ungase uzwane, noma kungase kube khona imibono edidanayo. Isinqumo esivamile siqinisa [ [inkantolo equlwayo], imifazekezeko], [[FLT:] imifazekelelwa [[FLT]] [ihluzo] [ihluzo], [i-expt], [ift /FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] ne-FLT] [FLT] [F:] [F] [FT] [5] [5]] [ixmaget] [ixmast profilemmentsss promment ament arlement proguement profile profile

6. Ukukhanga Okwengeziwe Noma Ukuphela Kwakho

Kumazwe amaningi, iqembu lingase lidlulisele isinqumo senkantolo ephakathi enkantolo ephakeme ephethe isigwebo, njengenkantolo ephakeme kahulumeni noma iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. Nokho, lezinkantolo eziphakeme zivame ukunquma ukuthi zikhetha imaphi amacala eziwazwayo, ngokuvamile amukela kuphela lawo aphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma lapho kukhona khona izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Uma kungekho kudluliswa, isinqumo se-appelte siba esokugcina nokubopha emaqenjini (ngokuthi imvume yokuvinjelwa noma ukucelwa kwe-certiari).

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezihlolwayo Ezinquma Ngayo

Enye yemiqondo ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni inqubo ye-appellate i- i-screen yokubukeza. Leli izinga lokuzibamba inkantolo enikeza izinqumo zenkantolo equlwayo. Izimpikiswano ezihlukene zibukezwa ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezihlukene, ezingathinta kakhulu umphumela wokudluliswa.

  • [[FLT: 0] Imibuzo engokomthetho: njengencazelo yomthetho noma incazelo yelungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo ("ibukezwe] i-novo []. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo yekomiti ayinikezi siphelo senkantolo equlwayo, ibuye ibhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho kusukela ekukhuhlaneni. Ngenxa yokuthi umthetho usho ukuthi iyunifomu, izinkantolo ze-appellate ziyizigcobo yokugcina zencazelo engokomthetho.
  • [ Ukwenaba Iphutha (noma Impinda Ecacile) Ubukezo: amaqiniso atholwa umahluleli wecala (ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) ayabukezwa ngenxa yephutha elicacile. Uma umbhalo usekela ukutholwa, ngisho noma inkantolo yezibalo ingafinyelela isiphetho esihlukile, ukutholwa kuyoma. Lendinganiso ibonisa ukuzithoba kumahluleli ofakazi abaqaphela ngokwabo.
  • Ukusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha: izinqumo zenkantolo ezindabeni ezinjengezinqumo ezisobala, izijeziso, noma iziyalezo zokuthola zibukezwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa kabi ukuqonda. Inkantolo ye-appellate izongenela kuphela uma isinqumo somahluleli singesona esiwubuwula, esingenangqondo, noma esisekelwe esiphethweni esingesona esingokomthetho. Lena indinga ehloniphekile.
  • Ubufakazi obuyi-Substantial: Ekuqulweni kwecala, inkantolo ihlola ubufakazi obuphelele bokusekela isinqumo ngokubuza ukuthi ijaji elinengqondo lalingafinyelela kusiphi isiphetho. Libheka ubufakazi ngokukhanya obuvumelana kakhulu nomvuli wesinqumo. Uma kunobufakazi obuqinile, isinqumo simile.

Ukuqonda lezizindinganiso kubalulekile ngoba kunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kuphumelele ekudluliseleni izicelo.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izimiso zokuphanda ziyahlukahluka ngokwesimiso, kodwa isakhiwo esivamile sihlanganisa amazinga amabili okubukeza: izinkantolo eziphakathi nenkantolo yokugcina izindawo zokuzihambela (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezinikeza izicelo zezindaba ezithile.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Izifundazwe eziningi futhi isimiso sikahulumeni sinezinkantolo eziphambanisayo (isinye, i-United States Courts of Appeals for the State, noma izinkantolo zecala). Lezinkantolo zisingatha izikhalo eziningi ezivela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala. Indima yazo eyinhloko iwukulungisa amaphutha emacala ngamanye futhi ziqinisekise ukusebenza okungaguquguquki komthetho. Ezimweni eziningi, iqembu elilodwa labahluleli abathathu linquma icala. Izinqumo zabo zibopha izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwesifunda noma isifunda, kodwa zingabukezwa inkantolo ephakeme.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ngezansi kwezwe − njengeNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. noma inkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe − isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wemibuzo engokomthetho. Lezinkantolo ngokuvamile zinegunya elingokomthetho, okusho ukuthi zikhetha amacala eziwezwayo asekelwe ekubalulekeni kunokubopheka ukuba alalele noma isiphi isikhalo. Imibono yazo ibeka izimpawu ezibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi ingaba nethonya elikhulu emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Zokuhloma

Ezinye izikhulu zinezinkantolo ezigxila ezindaweni ezithile zomthetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNkantolo Yezikhalo yase-United States ye-Admists (umthetho wamabutho), iNkantolo yamacala e-United States e-Federal Frigings (umthetho wesifunda nezivumelwano zikahulumeni), neNkantolo yeTaxi (nakuba futhi inemisebenzi yezezinganiso). Izinkantolo ezikhethekile zivumela amajaji ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olujulile ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, athuthukise izinqumo eziqinile nezinolwazi.

Izigodlo Zokukhanga: Yini Engaheha?

Akuzona zonke izinqumo ezimbi ezihehayo. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi inkantolo yecala lenze iphutha elivulekayo .Iphutha elingase lithinte umphumela wecala. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • [[QULT:0] Amaphutha asemthethweni:[ Icala lokwahlulela lisebenzisa kabi umthetho, liguqule ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo ngokungeyikho, noma linikeze iziyalezo ezingalungile zamajaji.
  • [ Amaphutha angokwencazelo:[ Ehluleka ukuvumela umkhakha ukuba unikeze ubufakazi, ukukhipha ijaji ngokungafanele, noma ukwephula imingcele yesikhathi.
  • [ Amaphutha athathayo: Ukuvuma inzwabethi ngaphandle kokweqa okusemthethweni, noma ukukhipha ubufakazi obungakholeki obugxeka icala lomgaqo.
  • Ubufakazi obunganele: Ukusho ukuthi ubufakazi obunikezwayo lapho kuqulwa icala abuyonelanga ngokomthetho ukusekela isinqumo noma isahlulelo. Lena isisekelo esinzima ukuzuza ngenxa yendinganiso ehloniphekile yokubukeza.
  • [ Usizo olungenamiphumela lweseluleko: Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ngokuthi isenzo sommeli wabo sehla ngaphansi kwendinganiso eqinile yokucabangela futhi sicwasa umphumela.
  • [ Ukungalawuleki: njengokuxoxa ngendaba nabantu bangaphandle noma ukucwaninga ngokuzimele.
  • [ Imposiso zokufaka imvume:[ Ezidlulisweni zobugebengu, isigwebo singabekelwa inselele uma sephula imingcele yemithetho noma sisekelwe ekucabangeleni okungafanele.

Kubalulekile ukuba ummangaleli aphakamise iphutha okuthiwa liyicala lapho equlwa, ngokuphikisa, jwayeze ngokufuna ukuligcina lidlulisa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi imfuneko [ yokudlulisa , futhi kuvimbela izigigaba ekuvimbeleni inkantolo equlweni ngokuthula bese iphakamisa indaba ngokokuqala lapho kudluliswa.

Ithonya Lezinkantolo Eziphamba: Izibalo Nezinkanyezi Ziyaphazanyiswa

Mhlawumbe umsebenzi othatha indawo enkulu kakhulu wezinkantolo ukwakhiwa kwe ukwenziwa kwezinqumo zazo siqu kanye nezinkantolo eziphakeme lapho kunqunywa izinqumo ezintsha. Ngaphansi kwesimiso se stare decis[ (IsiLatini se-“ma ngesinqumo sezinto”), izinkantolo ze-almella zincike ezinqumweni zazo siqu zangaphambili nalezo zezinkantolo eziphakeme lapho kunqunywa izinkantolo ezintsha. Lokhu kuqinisekisa isiqinisekiso sokuzinziwa, ukunqunywa, nokulunga emthethweni. Izinkantolo ezisezansi ziboshelwa ukulandela izenzakalo ezibekwe yizinkantolo eziphakeme phakathi kwe-appellate.

Ithonya lesinqumo esisodwa lingadlulela ngalé kwamacala ahilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, leso sinqumo sashintsha izinqubo zamaphoyisa ezweni lonke futhi manje siyingxenye yesinqumo senkantolo yomthetho wezephulamthetho. Ngokufanayo, inkantolo enkulu ibeka izinqumo zenguquko, umthetho wesivumelwano, noma amalungelo empahla amise imfuneko yokuba amaphoyisa asole amalungelo awo ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwelungelo lokugunyazwa.

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zifeza indima eyinhloko ekuxazululeni izincazelo eziphikisanayo zomthetho phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Uma izinkantolo ezimbili ezihlukene noma izinkantolo eziphakathi zifinyelela iziphetho eziphikisanayo ngendaba efanayo engokomthetho, inkantolo ephakeme ingathatha isinyathelo ukuze imise umthetho ofanayo. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni, lapho izinkantolo zesifunda eziyishumi nambili zesikhala ezidlulisa amacala ngezinye izikhathi ziveza khona “ukuhlukana kwezezinkantolo zesifunda ezihlukene” lapho iNkanto ePhakakhulu yase-U.S. ingakhetha ukunquma.

Amacala Aphawulekayo Enkantolo Nokubaluleka Kwawo

Ukuze ubone ukuthi izwe lithinteke kanjani ngempela ekubukezeni, cabangela izenzakalo ezimbalwa eziphawulekayo:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yaguqula izivumelwano zezinkantolo eziphansi ezazisekele ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi ngaphansi kwemfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”. Lesisinqumo sagumbuqela amashumi eminyaka esibonelo futhi ngokuyisisekelo saguqula umphakathi waseMelika.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) neDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022): Lezizimo zibonisa indlela izinkantolo ezidlulisa izigwegwe] ezibonisa ngayo izikhulu zenkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu, i-Querts. amaDobs aguqula cishe iminyaka engu-50 yesiqalo, ibuyisela impikiswano yemithetho yokukhipha isisu ezifundekweni.
  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Lelicala lesisekelo lamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela] (amandla ezinkantolo okumemezela imithetho ngokungekho ngokomthetho. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buyicala phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., lamisa isiteji ukuze kusetshenziswe wonke umsebenzi wokwenza umthetho-mthetho.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi izinkantolo ezikhipha isijeziso azilungisi amaphutha omuntu ngamunye kuphela; zibumba umthetho wezizukulwane.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesimiso Esihlaselayo

Nakuba izinkantolo ze-appelcate zibalulekile, isimiso sibalulekile ngaphandle kokugxeka kwaso. Okunye okukhathazayo yintethelelo kanye nokulibala ukudluliswa kwezikhalo. Izicelo zingabhekana neminyaka eminingi yeminye imicimbi kanye nezindleko eziqinile zomthetho phambi kwesinqumo sokugcina. Lokhu kungasiza abantu abanemali elinganiselwe ngokumelene nabaphikisi noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Okunye ukugxeka uvolume lwezingcingo [ olungadlula izinkantolo eziphakathi. Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukuthwebula icala kunzima kakhulu kangangokuba amajaji abekelwe isikhathi sokuhlola ngokucophelela icala ngalinye, okungase kuholele emibonweni enganyatheliswanga, enganikezi siqondiso esincane. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba kusetshenziswe kakhulu izimo zokufingqa noma izimiso zokuhlola.

Kukhona futhi ukuphikisana ngethonya lezesayensi ezinqumweni zokuthatha isigwebo, ikakhulukazi emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yokumisa abahluleli − ikakhulukazi esimisweni sikahulumeni , iye yathatha kakhulu, futhi ezinye izinqumo zibonakala zilandela imigqa elandelanayo kunokuba kube nezimiso zomthetho ezingathathi hlangothi. Nakuba amajaji eqeqeshelwe ukubekela eceleni imibono yomuntu siqu, umbono wobandlululo ungalulaza ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Okokugcina, [[QT:0] ubuwula bezinqumo zecala ngezinye izikhathi kungabangela ukungaqiniseki okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngisho nangemva kokudlulisa isikhalo sokuqala, amaqembu angafuna ukubukeza (ngenkantolo egcwele) noma isicelo se-certiorari enkantolo ephakeme, ukunwebela ukuphila kwecala iminyaka eminingi. Izihlongozo zenguquko zihlanganisa ukulinganisela inani lokunxusa njengokulungile nokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kokudlulisa izikhalo.

Isiphetho

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesimiso sokwahlulela. Ziqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayalungiswa, ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngokufana, nokuthi amalungelo awedwa avikelwe. Ngokubukeza umsebenzi wezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ngenqubo ehlelwe kahle yokufushanisa, impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, futhi iqondene nemibono, zilondoloza ubuqotho nobuqotho obulindele umphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa. Uma kuqinisekiswa ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuncishiswa kwesahlulelo somphakathi, noma ukubuyiselwa kwecala ngecala elisha, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho yecala, ukuhlelwa kwezenzo ezinkantolo hhayi nje kuphela ukuphila kwamaqembu angaphambi kwawo kodwa futhi nokuhlelwa kwemibono engokomthetho ebanzi ngamandla engoko. Ukuqonda umsebenzi wawo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuya phambili noma ukuqonda inqubo engokomthetho.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, i- Legal Information Institute (iSikole soMthetho we-Cornell) inikeza ukucaciswa okuhle, ne American Psychological Association’s system yesiqondiso sesicelo sikahulumeni [ inikeza ukuqonda okusebenzayo enqubweni ye-appelta kuhulumeni.