Umthetho Wesigebengu: Lokho Izakhamuzi Zonke Okufanele Zazi Ngamalungelo Azo

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu kubalulekile ku isakhamuzi ngasinye. Lamagatsha amabili omthetho abusa izici ezihlukene zomphakathi futhi anamalungelo ahlukile, nemiphumela. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umehluko oyinhloko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowesigebengu, siqokomisa lokho izakhamuzi zonke okufanele zikwazi ngamalungelo azo. Sizohlola imisuka engokomlando yesimiso ngasinye, umthwalo wobufakazi, imiphumela engokoqobo, kanye namalungelo akhethekile asebenzayo.

Uyini uMthetho Wangaphakathi?

Umthetho wesizwe usingatha izingxabano phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano. Uhlanganisa izimpikiswano zomthetho eziningi, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano, izingxabano zempahla, umthetho womkhaya, ne-torth. Emthethoni womphakathi, iqembu eliletha icala laziwa ngokuthi isikhulumi, kanti iqembu elibekwa icala lingummangalelwa. Injongo yokumangalelwa akukona ukujezisa kodwa ukuxazulula izingxabano nokunikeza amakhambi, ngokuvamile ngokwendlela yokukhokha imali noma ukwenza okuthile.

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zilandelela umsuka wazo emthethweni waseRoma wasendulo futhi kamuva zahlanganiswa kumthetho we-Napoleonic Code. E-United States, umthetho wezwe nohulumeni usebenza ezindabeni lapho iqembu elithile elizimele limangalela omunye. Imithetho ilawulwa ngemithetho yemithetho yezesiko nemithetho yenkantolo, njenge-Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

  • I-bowden yobufakazi: I-pasttiff kumele ifakazele icala layo ngokubhekisisa ubufakazi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi iyiqiniso. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunomthetho wobugebengu.
  • [ Imali ehhlisiwe:[ Amacala angaphakathi avame ukuphumela ekulimaleni kwemali, iziyalezo, noma ukwenza okuthile kunokuboshwa. Isijeziso singakhokhelwa ezimweni ezithile ukuze sinqande ukuziphatha okungafanele.
  • Izinhlobo zecala:[ Icala elivamile lomphakathi lihlanganisa ukulimaza komuntu siqu, ukwephulwa kwezingxabano zesivumelwano, imicimbi yesehlukaniso, izimpikiswano ezithatha indawo, kanye nezimpi zempahla ezingokwengqondo.
  • Izindawo:[ Iqembu eliqala icala; ummangalelwa umbangi umangalelwa. Uhulumeni futhi angaba iqembu elifake amasudi omphakathi, njengasezimpikiswaneni zentela noma emacaleni avelele ezindawo.

Ukuze kungene kakhulu phakathi kwenqubo yomphakathi, Imithetho ye-Federal of Civil Procedure inikeza uhlelo olubanzi lwezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Umthetho wetort uhlanganisa ukulimala komuntu, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukunganaki, nokulimala ngenhloso.

Umthetho Ongenamthetho

Izivumelwano zilawula intengiselwano yansuku zonke, kusukela ekuthengeni indlu kuya ekusayineni isithembiso somsebenzi. Ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano kwenzeka lapho omunye umuntu ehluleka ukufeza izibopho zakhe. Inkantolo ingase ikhokhe izingozi noma ihlele umsebenzi othile, njengokuphoqelela umthengisi ukuba aqede ukuthengisa impahla.

Umthetho Womkhaya

Icala eliyinhloko lenkantolo liyinzuzo engcono kakhulu enganeni. Ukukhipha isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa kwabantwana, ukuhlalisana kwabantwana, kanye nokuhlalisana kwasekhaya.

Uyini uMthetho Wesigebengu?

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthetho wesigebengu uhilela izimo lapho uhulumeni emangalela umuntu ngenxa yokwephula imithetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi nenhlalakahle. Amacala ezigebengu angasukela eziphambanweni ezincane kuya eziphakameni ezingathi sína. Uhulumeni (owesifunda noma owesizwe) wenza njengomshushisi, futhi ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala.

Umthetho wesigebengu unezimpande zasendulo, ususelwa emibhalweni enjengemithetho kaHammurabi neyomthetho wesiNgisi ovamile. Izimiso zanamuhla zobugebengu zichaza ubugebengu futhi zinikeza izijeziso ezisekelwe ebuqathani bomthetho. Imfundiso yobukhosi ehlangene ivumela ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni ukuba bamangale ukuziphatha okufanayo uma bephula yomibili imithetho.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zomthetho Wesigebengu

  • I-Briden yobufakazi: Uhulumeni kumele afakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, okuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangenacala abalahlwanga ngokuphutha.
  • Imali efunyenweyo:[ Amacala ezigebengu angaphumela ekukhokheleni, ekusebenzeni komphakathi, ekulingisweni, ekuboshweni, noma ngisho nasesijeziso sokufa (kwezinye izifunda). Umgomo yisijeziso, ukunqanda, nokulungisa isimo.
  • Izibonelo zecala: Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba, ukuhlasela, amacala ezidakamizwa, ukubulala, nobugebengu bangaphandle obumhlophe njengenkohliso. Izenzo zobugebengu zihlukaniswa njengeziphazamiso, iziphazamiso ezingafanele, noma amaphutha asekelwe ebukhalini.
  • Izindawo:[ Uhulumeni (umshushisi) uletha icala kummangalelwa (omangalelwe). Isisulu asiyena umshushisi walelicala kodwa singafakaza njengofakazi noma sifune ukubuyiselwa.

[[QULT:0] I-Cornell Legal Information Institute inikeza ukucaciswa okuhle kakhulu kwemiqondo yomthetho wobugebengu kanye namagama.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Ezelelesi

Ubugebengu Obunobudlova

Amacala anobudlova ahlanganisa ukubulala, ukuhlasela, ukuphanga, nokuhlasela ngokobulili, anezijeziso ezinzima ngoba alimaza abantu ngokuqondile.

Ubugebengu Bempahla

Ukweba, ukugqekeza, ukugqekeza, nokucekela phansi kuyizibonelo zobugebengu bempahla.

Ubugebengu Obumhlophe

Ukukhwabanisa, ukuphamba, ukuthengisa ngaphakathi, nokweba imininingwane yempahla kubangelwa ubugebengu belanga elimhlophe. Lokhu macala ngokuvamile awanabudlova kodwa angahlanganisa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu ngokwezimali. Abashushisi bagxila ekuhloseni nasekusebenziseni ukukhohlisa ukuze bathole imali noma impahla.

Ukuqhathanisa Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu

Nakuba umthetho wezembubhiso nowezigebengu ufeza izinjongo ezihlukene, ngezinye izikhathi zingahlangana.

  • Iziphakamiso ezihilelekile: emthetho, impikiswano iphakathi kwamaqembu azimele. Emthethoni wobugebengu, icala lilethwa uhulumeni (umshushisi) nomuntu.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izindinganiso zomthetho:[ Umthwalo wobufakazi uphansi ezicabeni zomphakathi (ubufakazi obuqanjiwe) uma kuqhathaniswa namacala obugebengu (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo).
  • Ikhonthi:[ umthetho womphakathi uveza isinxephezelo noma umyalo wokwenza noma wokuyeka ukwenza okuthile. Umthetho wesigebengu ungaholela ekukhokheleni, ekususweni, ekuboshweni, noma kwezinye izinyathelo zokujezisa.
  • Icala lomthetho: Zombili imicimbi yomphakathi neyobugebengu zingahlanganisa izigebengu, kodwa ubukhulu nezimfuneko zokungalingani zivame ukuhluka. Amajaji ezigebengu avame ukuba amalungu angu-12 futhi kumelwe avumelane ukuze athole isiqinisekiso, kuyilapho iziqu zomphakathi zingaba zincane futhi ngezinye izikhathi zifinyelele isinqumo ngenani elikhulu noma elikhulu.
  • Izikhalo: ziyatholakala kuzo zombili izimiso, kodwa izisekelo nezinqubo ziyahluka. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ukunxusa kuvame ukuhilela imibuzo yomthetho kunokuba kube yize. Emacaleni obugebengu, abamangalelwa banezivikelo ezibanzi zomthetho ezisekelwe ezingozini eziphindwe kabili futhi bangadlulisa iziphakamiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini noma enqubweni.

Ukuze kuqhathaniswe ngokuningiliziwe, i-Melikan Bar Association inikeza imithombo yendlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo amacala ahlukahlukene.

Lapho Umthetho Wangaphakathi Nowesigebengu Uweqisa

Enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlangana yilapho ukuziphatha okufanayo kubangela kokubili ubugebengu ne-oxter. Ngokwesibonelo, uma othile ehlasela futhi eshaya ibhetri, umbuso ungawamangalela ngenxa yobugebengu, futhi isisulu singawamangalela ngenxa yomonakalo enkantolo yomphakathi. Imiphumela izimele: ummangalelwa angase atholakale engenacala enkantolo ngenxa yobufakazi obunganele kodwa alahlekelwe isandulela uma ummangalelwa ehlangabezana nomthwalo ophansi wobufakazi. Icala lika-O.S.S.Simpson liwumfanekiso odumile walesimiso.

Okunye kwenzeka ngemithetho enikeza kokubili izijeziso zobugebengu namakhambi omphakathi, njengeRacketeer Ifoundation and Cormoctic Organizations Act (RICO) noma imithetho yokuvinjelwa kwezindawo. Kulezi zimo, iqembu lomuntu siqu lingathola umonakalo ophindwe kathathu uma uhulumeni esegunyaze ukwephulwa okungenakungatshazwa.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Emacaleni Omphakathi Nawezigebengu

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho kokubili emacaleni omphakathi nawamacala obugebengu kubalulekile ukuze ulandelele imithetho yezomthetho.

  • Ekulungeni lokumelela: Kukho kokubili emacaleni omphakathi nawobugebengu, abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho. Emacaleni obugebengu, uma ungakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze (ISichibiyelo Sesi-ciji-khathi). Ezimweni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile awunalo ilungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko esimisiwe, nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho zingasiza.
  • Ekulungeni ukuya e-Fair Trial: Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile, elihlanganisa ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, ofakazi abaphikisayo besiphambano, futhi unomahluleli ongakhethi noma abahluleli. Inqubo elandela inqubo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane nesine ivikela lamalungelo.
  • Isokudla Ukuthula: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela abantu ekuphoqelelweni ukuba bafakazele ngokwabo ezicabeni zobugebengu. Lelilungelo alisebenzi ngokuqondile emacaleni omphakathi, kodwa ubufakazi obuyiqiniso buyadingeka; kodwa nokho, ungakwenqaba ukuphendula uma bekungakumangalela ezindabeni zobugebengu.
  • Isokudla ekudluliseleni: Uma umthelela enganelisekile ngomphumela wecala, ngokuvamile banelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo enkantolo ephakeme. Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa unamagunya amakhulu, kanti umshushisi akakwazi ukudlulisa ukuthethelelwa ngenxa yezingozi eziphindwe kabili.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwe-Reopardy ephindwe kabili: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu futhi sinqabela ukuqulwa kabili kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa. Lesivikelo asisebenzi kumasudi omphakathi, okuyizenzakalo ezihlukene.

Kubalulekile ukuya kummeli ogunyaziwe uma uhilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho. I-website yosizo ixhumanisa abantu ngabanye ngensiza yomthetho ekhululekile endaweni yabo.

Ukungafani Kwemvelo Nezinombolo Zesikhathi

Icala lombango nobugebengu lilandela izilinganiso zesikhathi ezihlukene. Amacala obugebengu ashesha kakhulu ngenxa yamalungelo asheshayo okuqulwa kwecala. Amacala amacala kufanele aqulwe phakathi nezinsuku ezimisiwe (umzk., izinsuku ezingu-70 ngaphansi kwe-Foursy Trip Act kahulumeni). Amacala omphakathi angathatha iminyaka, ikakhulukazi uma ukutholwa kuthatha isikhathi eside noma kuxoshwa. Emthethoni wobugebengu, uhulumeni ungasebenzisa izikhalo ezinkulu ekumangaleleni, kanti imicimbi yombango isebenzisa izikhalo nezimpendulo.

Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezitholakele emacaleni omphakathi ziyakwazi ukucela izincwadi, iziphakamiso, nemibuzo.

Imibono Evamile Eyiphutha

Izakhamuzi eziningi azikuqondi ukungafani komthetho wezephula - mthetho.

  • Ukufakwa: “Uma ngiwina icala lomphakathi, ummangalelwa uyavalelwa.” Ukuba yiqiniso:[ Jail iyisijeziso sobugebengu. Amacala omphakathi aphumela kuphela ekwahlulelweni kwemali noma eziyalweni zenkantolo.
  • Ukuhlanganisa: “Uhulumeni angangimangalela ukuba ngiphule isivumelwano.” Ukuba yiqiniso: Ukufinyeza isivumelwano kuyinto engokwesiko phakathi kwamaqembu abantu ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni uyingxenye yesivumelwano.
  • Ukufakwa: “Uma icala lobugebengu liphela ngokunxusa, isisulu asinakumangalela.” Ukuba yiqiniso:[ Isisulu singabhala ifaksi ehlukile yengozi kungakhathaliseki umphumela wobugebengu.
  • Ukwehluleka kokulinganisa: “Umthwalo wobufakazi uyafana kuzo zombili izimiso.” Ukwenzeka kwangempela:[ Kuphakeme kakhulu emthethweni wobugebengu ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Umphumela Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Ukwazi umehluko phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowezephulamthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukuthi zingase zidinge usizo olungokomthetho nini.

Isimiso somthetho sithinta wonke umuntu ngokusayina irejista, ukushada noma ukubika ubugebengu.

Indlela Yokufuna Usizo

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi unendaba engokomthetho, iqala ngokubhala izenzakalo nangokugcina ubufakazi. Khona - ke thintana nommeli osebenza endaweni efanele yomthetho. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zinganikeza izinkonzo zamahhala noma eziphansi kubantu abahlawulwayo. Ama-bar amaningi anezinkonzo eziphuthumayo. Ngokuboshwa kobugebengu, unelungelo lokuhlala uthule kuze kufike iseluleko.

Imithombo yemfundo, njenge [[QUMT: 0] Ikhothamo lemfundo yeNkantolo yezemfundo[, inikeza iziqondisi eziqondiswe ezinqubeni zokuqonda.

Isiphetho

Ngamafuphi, umthetho wesizwe nowezobugebengu ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nobulungisa emphakathini. Ngokuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezizindawo zomthetho ezimbili, izakhamuzi zingawavikela kangcono amalungelo azo futhi zisebenzise isimiso somthetho uma kudingekile. Uma kubhekwana nempikiswano yombango noma ukumangalelwa kwecala, ukwazi amalungelo akho ayisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ubulungisa. Khumbula ukuthi umthwalo wobufakazi, amaqembu, imiphumela, nezinqubo uhlukile kakhulu. Ngaso sonke isikhathi thintana nommeli ofanelekayo weseluleko esivumelana nesimo sakho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, cabangela ukuhlola i - encyclopedia yomthetho womthetho we-pal kanye noMnyango woMahluleli wezokuqondisa kumthetho wobugebengu [. Hlala unolwazi, futhi usebenzise amalungelo akho ngokufanele.