Malamulo a Federal okhazikitsidwa ku Washington, D.C., amagubuduza mu mzinda uliwonse, tauni, ndi chigawo chakumidzi mu United States. Zosankha ponena za misonkho, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, maphunziro, maziko, ndi malo okhala sizimakhala mkati mwa Beltway . Iwo amaumba miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya nzika, thanzi la mabizinesi a kumaloko, ndi ubwino wa mautumiki a anthu. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a dziko ameneŵa amagwirizanirana ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko kuli kofunika kwa atsogoleri a chitaganya, opanga malamulo a za boma, ndi otomera anthu. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mpambo wa malamulo awo a boma ndi kulinganiza kwawo, kaŵirikaŵiri kosagwirizana, ndi ziyambukiro za anthu a m’deralo.

Kumvetsetsa Makhalidwe a Olamulira Ogwirizana

Malamulo a boma amaphatikizapo malamulo, malamulo, malamulo a boma, ndiponso njira zothandizira anthu kupeza ndalama zimene boma likufuna.

Makhalidwe a Zachuma

Imeneyi ndi misonkho, mapangano a malonda, ndalama zowonongedwa ndi boma, malamulo a zachuma (olamulidwa ndi Federal Reserve), ndi malamulo a zamalonda. Malamulo a zachuma amakhudza misika ya ntchito yakumaloko, kugulitsa malonda, ndi kukwera kwa ndalama zokhalira moyo. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa misonkho ya makampani kungayambukire kaya kupangidwa kwa malo opanga zinthu ku Ohio kapena kutsekedwa ku Michigan.

Kuchitira Ulemu Anthu

Malamulo a chikhalidwe a zaumoyo, maphunziro, nyumba, chithandizo cha chakudya, ndi kupuma pantchito. Maprogramu monga Medicare, Medicaid, Soltalition Interition Program (SNAP), ndi Pell Grants amayendetsedwa ndi boma koma amayendetsedwa kuderalo. Maprogramu amenewa amasankha amene amalandira chithandizo ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene amalandira.

Atsogoleli Anu

Malamulo amalamulira chitetezo cha malo okhala, chitetezo cha kuntchito, malamulo a malonda, ndi misika ya zachuma. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa mpweya ndi madzi abwino amene mafakitale a m’deralo ayenera kukwaniritsa. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) imakhazikitsa malamulo a chisungiko cha kuntchito amene amakhudza fakitale ndi ntchito iliyonse.

Chiyambukiro Choipa cha Zosankha Zaulimi

Malamulo a zachuma amachititsa kuti chuma cha m’dzikolo chikhale ndi mwayi komanso chikhale ndi mavuto.

Lamulo la Msonkho ndi Kusunga Ndalama m’Mabizinesi Akumaloko

Thaak Cuts and Jobs Act ya 2017 inachepetsa mtengo wa msonkho wa kampani kuchokera pa 35% mpaka 21%. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti kukasonkhezera kuikizira ndalama m'midzi yakwawo. Ndipo, makampani ena analengeza kuwonjezeka kwa malipiro, makana, ndi mapulani owonjezera. Komabe, maphunziro 2019 a National Bureaument of Economic Research (TCJA) apeza kuti ndalama zambiri za msonkho zinagulidwa ndi masheyalensi mmalo mwa kugula ndalama zatsopano zoikizira kapena ndalama zazikulu. Makampani ochepa opanda makampani aakulu anapindula kwambiri. Posachedwapa, Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) yoyambitsa mphamvu zokongola za mphamvu za kampani zimene za makampani a makampani a makampani a makampani a za feretting ndi ma meternat . Malo okongolawa akuchuluka ndi kulipira ndi kuyendetsa ntchito za m'masitolo za m'dziko. [F.]

Malonda ndi Kuthandiza Anthu Kupeza Zinthu Zabwino

Mapangano a zamalonda ndi makampani anasinthanso malo a maindasitale a America. Pangano la U.S.-Mexico-O. Linalowa mmalo mwa NAFTA (USCA) mu 2020, likukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima a kumene galimoto zinachokera. Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha kuteteza U.S., kuyendetsa zinthu za m'madera a kumeneko sikunayende bwino. M'madera monga Michigan ndi Ohio, panganoli linathandiza kuteteza ntchito zina, koma linachititsanso kuti makampani achepetse ndalama. Panthaŵiyi, makampani a stein a stempeni ndi Aaluminiyamu amene anakweza ndalama zothandizira opanga zinthuzo, kukonza mafakitale ang'ono kudutsa Pennsylvania ndi Indiana. Anthu a ku madera a ku madera a ku China, omwe anapangitsa kuti agulitsidwe ndalama zambiri. Koma ndalama za m'kawo sanapeze ndalama zambiri.

Malo Ogulitsira Zinthu ndi Zopereka Zosafunika

Federal akupereka maprogramu a ndalama mwachindunji kwa maboma a kumalo ndi mabungwe osapanga phindu. Programu ya Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) imapereka ndalama zosinthika kaamba ka nyumba zotchingira, maprogramu oletsa umphaŵi, ndi malo apadera. Mu 2023, programu ya CDBG inapangidwa pafupifupi $3 biliyoni ku maboma ndi mizinda. Komabe, kupereka ndalama ku makampani a m’mizinda yaikulu, kusiya midzi yokhala ndi anthu ochepa pa munthu aliyense. Zipatsogozo za Bipan Infraclactive Law (BUL) za 201 miliyoni ya misewu, mabuloko, magalimoto aakulu, ndi magalimoto oyendetsa zinthu zamagetsi osoŵa. Kwa anthu, zimenezi zimatanthauza mapangano atsopano omanga makampani, zokomenti owonjezereka, ndi aunika malo a Intaneti. Koma zimadalira pa kuyendetsa ntchito ndi kusoŵa kwa mabizinesi ambiri. Malo ambiri, amalephera kuyendetsa ntchito za ntchito za projekiti a . [F]

Kuthandiza Anthu Odwala ku Washington

Malamulo a zaumoyo a Federal amasankha amene ali ophatikizidwa, mautumiki amene alipo, ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zosamalira. Palibe lamulo losonyeza zimenezi mowonekera kwambiri kuposa Affordhable Care Act (ACA), komanso maprogramu ena a boma amaumbanso zotulukapo za umoyo wa kumaloko.

Lamulo la Kusamalira Losachedwa ndi Kusiyana kwa Boma

ACA SED SED SED SED DEID SEID . Komabe, chigamulo cha 2012 Supreme Court chinapangitsa kufutukuka kwa maboma. Pa 2024, maboma 40, ndi District ya Columbia atengera kufutukuka, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma 10 sanakule. Kugaŵa kumeneku kumayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba, kuchepa kwa anthu achikulire otsika pang'ono, kutsika pa 10%, pamene kuli kwakuti m'mayiko osafunikira monga Texas ndi Mississippian, kusiyana kwa magawo osatetezereka kumakhalapo kuposa 20%. Kugaŵa kumeneku kumakhudza kwambiri kwa anthu a m'madera aumphaŵi ndi kusoŵa kwa thanzi. Mpatalala m’mayiko osakhala akukumana ndi ndalama zambiri chifukwa satha kuthandizira ndi odwala. Kuthandizana kwa Malo kuwonjezera ndalama za kuderalo kuwonjezera chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama zoyendetsera ndi kuchepetsa kwa mayanja a za Zambia a Zaumoyo, komanso kuthandiziranso kuchirikiza zaumoyo wa anthu ambiri.

Kupereka Ndalama Zothandizira Malo Osamalira Thanzi a Anthu

Malo a zaumoyo oposa 1,400 miliyoni omwe amathandizira odwala 30 miliyoni chaka chilichonse. Malo ameneŵa amapereka chisamaliro chachikulu, mano, thanzi la maganizo, ndi mankhwala m'madera osungidwa. Maboma opereka ndalama n’zofunika kwambiri kuti agwire ntchito yawo . Koma ndalama zoyendera limodzi ndi boma ndi malo a kumene kuli. Pamene mabungwe a zaumoyo akuchedwa kapena kuchepetsa, malo a zaumoyo ayenera kuchepetsa antchito, kudula, kapena kuchepetsa maola a chipatala. Mkati mwa mliri wa CHOVID , boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira zamwayikitsa mwamsanga, koma kuti chichirikizo cha anthu ambiri chikhale chatha. Malo ambiri a zaumoyo tsopano akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a za ndalama, makamaka m’madera akumidzi kumene iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amayenera kusamala.

Vuto la Opioid ndi Kulabadira kwa Maboma

Mliri wa Opioid unawononga anthu a m'madera ambiri, makamaka ku Appalachia, New England, ndi Midwest . Chivomerezo cha boma chinaphatikizapo Descier Act ya 2018, imene inawonjezera njira zoperekera chithandizo cha mankhwala (AM) ndi kupanga maprogramu opereka kuletsa. Substance Abuse ndi Mental Service Service Administration (SA) Boma la Opioid Resotion (SOR) Logalamu) Lopereka ndalama zothandizira kukhazikitsa, zimene zimapatsa ndalama zothandizira chithandizo cha mankhwala. Komabe, kugaŵira ndalama zimenezi kwakhala kosuliridwa chifukwa chosafikira ku midzi ya kumidzi yolimba kwambiri koma kumene kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mankhwala kuli kofooka kwambiri. A 2023 GAO anapeza kuti madipatimenti ambiri a zaumoyo akusoŵa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwa dziko lonse. Chithandiro cha dziko. [FF.]

Maphunziro: Kuchokera ku Washington Kupita ku Sukulu

Malamulo a maphunziro a boma amakhazikitsa miyezo, amapereka ndalama, ndi maphunziro apamwamba, koma zigawo za sukulu za kumaloko zimalamulira kwambiri.

Mutu wa Nkhani Yopereka Ndalama Ndiponso Malamulo Olakwika

Zikalata za Udindo I za Malamulo a Elementary and Secondal Education Act (Chilamulo cha Ophunzira Onse Okhala ndi Maganizo mu 2015) zimapereka ndalama za boma ku sukulu zimene zili ndi maperesenti ochepa a ophunzira otsika. Mu 2023, Mutu Udindo Umene ndinagaŵira pafupifupi $18.4 biliyoni . Ndalamazo zakhala zotsekera zinthu mwa kuchirikiza kuwonjezera aphunzitsi, zigawo za m'kalasi, ndi maprogramu a pangano la makolo opanga pangano. Komabe, njira yoperekera Mtengo I imazikidwa pa kuŵerengera anthu, kumene kungakhale zaka zingapo. Monga chotulukapo, midzi imene ikukhala ndi kusawonjezeka mofulumira kwa umphaŵi ingawonjezedwe kwa zaka zingapo. Ndiponso, masukulu ambiri a Mphunzitsi anga alibebe chuma chothandiza kuyang'anira ndi kusokoneza zinthu, kutsogolera kuletsa kwa boma kwa boma.

Wophunzira Aliyense Apambana pa Ntchito (Essa) ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

ESSA inalowa mmalo mwa No Child Led Behind Act ndipo inapereka malamulo osinthika m'makonzedwe a maphunziro ndi njira za kudziŵerengera. Magawo a sukulu a m’madera akumidzi tsopano ali ndi ufulu wochuluka wopanga mapulani awo owongolera. Komabe, lamulo la boma likufunabe kuyesedwa kwa chaka ndi chaka m'magiredi 3-8 ndi pasukulu ya sekondale. Kuyesa kumeneku kukhudza zimene amasankha pophunzira maphunziro a m'masukulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchepetsa malangizo a maphunziro a maphunziro a m'dzikolo ku nkhani zoyesedwa. Magawo a m’madera akumidzi, omwe angakhale ndi antchito ochepa ndi chuma, kuyesayesa kukhazikitsa madongosolo a boma amene amafuna kusonkhanitsa ndi kuŵerengera zinthu zambiri.

Wophunzira Loans ndi Community College Affordial

Programu za maphunziro a Federal .Pell Grants, Direct Loans, ndi Kuphunzira Ntchito zimakhudza mwachindunji koleji ya anthu ndi kulembetsa kwa yunivesite m'midzi yakwawo. Pell Grants, zimene sizifunikira kubwezeredwa, ndizo magwero aakulu a boma a chithandizo cha ophunzira otsika. Komabe, Pell Grant , wochulukayo sasungabe kuyenda ndi kukwera kwa ndalama. Mu 2023, Pell Grant anakwaniritsa 25% ya ndalama zopitirapo pa bungwe la anthu onse chaka chachinayi. Makoleji, amene amatumikira ophunzira ambiri otsika ndi osaphunzira, makamaka okhudzidwa ndi ndalama zothandizira ndalama za Pamabanki. Makampani a Biden adadalira ndalama zatsopano (AVS) ndi zowonjezereka kuti awonjeze kuwongolera ku zopereka ndalama, koma amathandiza maprogramungwe a pulogalamu a chigawo chakunja ndi kuwonjezera ntchito.

Chilungamo cha M’malo Okhala ndi Thanzi Lakwawo

Malamulo a zachilengedwe amateteza zachilengedwe ndiponso thanzi la anthu, koma malamulo oonetsetsa kuti anthu akukhala m’deralo ndiponso anthu a m’madera ochepa, sapezeka m’madera osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo a Mpweya Woyera ndi Amadzi

Cease Air Act and Clean Water Act imapereka malamulo a dziko lolamulidwa ndi mabungwe a EPA ndi boma. Zootcha za zoipitsa za mpweya monga sulfur dioxide ndi nitrogen oxide zawongoletsa kwambiri thanzi la anthu m’madera ambiri. Komabe, madera apafupi ndi malo a maindasitale, madoko, ndi misewu yaikulu zikupitirizabe kukhala ndi mavuto a chifuwa ndi kansa. Vuto la Flint, Michigan, linasonyeza zotsatirapo za kulephera kuletsa madzi Otetezeka. Mu 2014, mzindawo unasintha magwero ake a madzi ku Flint River popanda kuletsa kuwonongeka, ndipo linachititsa kuti boma lizikuipirire. Kuyankha pang’onopang'onopang'ono ndi kulephera kuyang’anira kwa anthu omwe ana. Chiyambire, kutsogolera malamulo a mkuwa, koma anthu ambiri akulimbanabe ndi kuwonongeka kwa ukalamba. [FF.]

Kachitidwe Kochepetsa Kukwera kwa Mafuta Kamene Kamathandizira Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Chikalata cha Inflation Reduction Act cha 2022 cha kuchepetsa kuipitsa kwa madera ndi magetsi choperekedwa pa $70 biliyoni. Chimaphatikizapo ngongole ya msonkho ya mphamvu zobwezeredwa, kukonzanso mphamvu, ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Chinayambitsanso Chilungamo Chokhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Zipatala Chimapanga pulogalamu, chimene chimapereka ndalama zokwana madola 3 biliyoni kuti ntchito za anthu zichepetse kuipitsa, kukonzanso thanzi, ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya nyengo. Kukonza kumeneku kumatanthauza kagulu kagulu ka anthu a m'dera la Pittsburgh kangagwirizanitse ndalama zoika zinthu za m'mlengalenga pafupi ndi chitsulo, kapena chigawo cha Alaska chikhoza kupanga makonzedwe osintha madera. Komabe, njira yopereka chilolezo imadalira njira yothandiza kuyendetsa bwino njira za ndandanda ya kampani ndi ntchito yaumoyo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo ndi Kuteteza Makhalidwe a Anthu

Mabungwe oyang'anira dziko a Federal . . . . . . . . . . . Zigamulo zawo za kudula mitengo, kudyetsa, kukonza mphamvu, ndi zosangulutsa zimayambukira mwachindunji chuma cha kumaloko, makamaka m'mayiko a Kumadzulo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo oletsa moto wamwadzidzidzi amayambitsa ngozi ku madera apafupi ndi nkhalango. Lamulo la Bipartan Infractive Infraclarective la kuchepetsako ngozi, kuphatikizapo kuphwa kwa mafuta ndi kutentha kwa boma. Kuyesa kulinganiza kwina kwa boma, ku America Beart, zolinga za kusungitsa maiko 30% a U. ndi madzi a U. Midzi yakwawo ikuda nkhaŵa ndi kutayikiridwa kwa ntchito zaulimi, kusaka, ndi kusakasaka chuma kofala.

Nyumba, Zoyendera, ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Matauni

Malamulo a boma ndi oyendetsa zinthu amasinthasintha malo amene anthu amakhala, mmene amayendera, ndiponso mmene anthu okhala m’deralo amakhalira.

Nyumba Zokhalamo Anthu Ambiri Ndiponso Nyumba Zosavuta Kuzipeza

Nyumba Commoner Program (Ikuthandiza mabanja olandira ndalama zochepa kulipira nyumba zochitira lendi. Mu 2024, pafupifupi mabanja 2.3 miliyoni analandira makampani. Komabe, programuyo siiri yololeka; imodzi yokha mwa mabanja anayi oyenerera imalandira chithandizo chifukwa cha ndalama. Maboma a nyumba akumasamalira programuyo, koma amayang'anizana ndi ntchito za boma ndi ntchito za mwini nyumba zothandizira. M'mafakitale ambiri ovuta, eni nyumba amakana kulandira malo osungira ndalama chifukwa chakuti malendirenti amapitirira miyezo yolipirira mwalamulo. Boma la boma laling'ono limapanganso kumangidwa kwa nyumba zosakhoza kugulitsidwa kudzera m'malo la Lowhondation Inhondation Rehoverstion Reation Coult (LTC), imene yapereka ndalama zoposa mamiliyoni 3 kuchokera pamene inakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, ndalama zotsala zapamwamba kwambiri m'makwanirse mizinda ya ku mizinda ya Sun ndi ku Beneverseast kuwonjezera kwa kukonzanso ndalama zatsopano za ku .

Kupereka Ndalama Zoyendera ndi Kulamulira Anthu

Malo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amachepetsa mmene makampani a boma amaperekera ndalama zoyendera. Matauni ambiri aang'ono ndi madera akumidzi amaona mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zothandizira ntchito za misewu mmalo mwa kupititsa patsogolo anthu apansi kapena oyenda pansi. Programme ya New Stars imapereka ndalama za ntchito zazikulu za thumba, koma njira yofunsira imakhala yotalikirapo, yoyanja madera aakulu. Monga chotulukapo, anthu oyenda m’madera akumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'ana ndi galimoto zazitali zochepa zotsala. RAIS (kukonzanso njira ya kuyenda bwino ndi kuyenda bwino ndi kuyenda bwino kwa anthu. Chitukuko cha United States chimapatsa ntchito yaikulu ya kukonza ndi kukonzanso Ery, koma njira yochitira ntchitoyi imakhala yosangalatsa, yoyanja madera aakulu. Monga chotulukapo chapafupi, anthu ambiri m’magalimoto ambiri olandira m’magalimoto ambiri olandirira zinthu. Chipatachi chamakono chochepa cha RAIS (kukonzanso njira ya Eunitsira ndi yothandiza ndi yodziŵika bwino kwambiri, yodziŵika kale kwambiri, monga kuthandizira kwa zikalata za ku BRI, chikalata ndi kuthandizira kwa mayiko ambiri, chituku

Kumaliza: Kuyendetsa Fromita ya Malo Ozungulira Mogwira Mtima

Malamulo a boma sali a m’malamulo; ndi ziŵiya zamphamvu zimene zimaumba malo amodzi a kumaloko. Malamulo a msonkho amayambukira kumene mafakitale amamangidwa, malamulo a zaumoyo amagamula kaya chipatala chimakhala chotseguka, ndalama zothandizira maphunziro zimakhudza makalasi, ndi malamulo a malo okhala amasankha ngati ana angapume mpweya woyera. Si kaŵirikaŵiri kuti chiyambukirocho chingakhale chofanana. Chiyambukiro chofananacho chingakhale chopindulitsa chitaganya chimodzi pamene chikuvulaza china, malinga ndi makampani, ndi ntchito ya kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.

Atsogoleri a boma amene amamvetsa bwino malamulo a boma angachirikize bwino kwambiri chuma ndi njira za kumaloko zogwirizana ndi zinthu zofunika. Izi zimafunikira kukhala odziŵa za kupatsa mwaŵi, kutengamo mbali m'nyengo zopereka ndemanga zapoyera kaamba ka kusintha kwa dongosolo, ndi kumanga magulu ena a anthu amene amagaŵana ndi mavuto ofanana. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, opanga malamulo a boma ayenera kuzindikira kuti njira imodzi yothandiza pa zinthu zonse zaumoyo imalephera. Programme zimene zimaphatikizapo kupatsa maofesi a kumidzi, mizinda, ndi mafuko, zimene zimachepetsa katundu wa zauyang'aniro, ndipo zimene zimapereka chithandizo cha makampani zidzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chabwino kwambiri pa nthaka.

Kugwirizana pakati pa zosankha za boma ndi zenizeni za kumaloko nkolimba ndipo n’kopitirizabe. Mwa kupenda ponse paŵiri zipambano ndi zophophonya za malamulo aposachedwapa, anthu angakakamize kuti pakhale dongosolo la boma lovomereza ndi lopanda chisawawa lomwe limatumikiradi zosoŵa zosiyanasiyana za anthu a ku America.