Malamulo Osinthasintha a Mfumu Yadziko pansi pa Chilamulo Chachisawawa

Chiphunzitsochi chimateteza anthu ku boma kuti asawonongedwe ndi kuti asakhale ndi ufulu wochita zinthu. Chiphunzitsochi, chimene chimaletsa kusudzulidwa popanda chilolezo chawo, chimatsata chiyambi chake ku lamulo la ku England ndi lingaliro laudani lakuti mfumu siingachite cholakwika. M'dongosolo la boma la America, ufulu wodzitetezera unasinthidwa kuteteza ulemu ndi kukhazikika kwa maboma, kuletsa magulu a anthu ndi akuluakulu a boma kuloŵetsa maboma m’khoti popanda chilolezo chawo. Komabe, lamulo limeneli silinakhale lokwanira. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a Republic, lamulo la boma lawonongeka pa chiphunzitsocho, kupanga, mawinja, ndi magawo a mlandu amene abwezeretsanso unansi pakati pa maboma ndi anthu amene amalamulira. Kumvetsa malamulo a boma ndi oteteza ufulu n’kuthandizana. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma ndi ogwirizana ndi ochirikiza ufulu a boma kuli kofunika kwa oimira, aphunzitsi, ndi otsogolera ntchito onse.

Kutsutsana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma kumaikidwa m'makonzedwe a lamulo. Mafream anayesa kupanga boma la dziko lolimba kwambiri kuti ligwirizanitse ulamuliro wa boma pamene likusunga ulamuliro wodziimira wa boma. Kulinganiza kumeneku kwayesedwa mobwerezabwereza mwa malamulo ndi kumasulira, ndipo kutetezera kwa ufulu kwakhala kuonekera. Lerolino, chiphunzitsochi si chitetezero chathunthu cha maboma kapena chokhala ndi nyengo yakale. Chili maziko alamulo amphamvu opangidwa ndi dongosolo la malamulo, kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, ndi kutetezera dongosolo la boma locholoŵana.

Maziko a Kusagwirizana Kolamulira

Chikalata cha 11 cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo ku United States ndicho chotetezera chisungiko cha boma m'khoti la boma. Chigamulo cha m'chaka cha 1795, Chisinthiko chikupereka kuti: "Gulu la Chiweruzo la United States silidzalingaliridwa kuwonjezera ku pepala lililonse la lamulo kapena kutsatiridwa, loyambitsidwa kapena kuweruzidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika za boma lililonse la dziko la maiko achilendo. Pankhope pake, kuwonjezerako sikungaonedwe kukhala kuletsa ufulu wa kugaŵana ndi mitundu ina ya maiko kapena mitundu ina. Koma Khoti Lapamwamba laŵerenga Kukonzanso malamulo mokulirapo, likumasulira kukhala lamulo la malamulo a boma lodzitetezera lotsutsana ndi nzika zawo.

Kumasulira kwakukulu kumeneku kunachirikizidwa m'nkhani yotchuka ya Hans v. Louisiana [1] (1890), kumene Khoti linavomereza kuti nzika siingasunge boma lake m’bwalo la boma pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Malingaliro anali akuti Kusintha kwa khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi sikunali magwero a oletsa kuletsa kulanda koma kubwezeretsa kwapang'ono kwa kakhalidwe komwe Konsichushoni inayo inaganiridwa. Chiyambire Hans [1], Bwalo lanena mobwerezabwereza kuti kutetezera kolamulira kuli mbali yofunika ya boma imene Nyumba ya boma ingakhale yokhayokha m’malo ake operewera.

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwira ntchito osati kokha pa masuti a chiwopsezo cha ndalama komanso kuyenerera kuchepetsa ndi kuchotsako mpumulo pamene boma lipatsidwa dzina la mfuyo. Komabe, chodziŵika bwino Ex parede Young (08) chiphunzitsocho chimalola masuti otsutsana ndi nduna za boma m'maudindo awo alamulo kaamba ka kuyembekezera kwawo kubwezera chithandizo chomapitirizidwa kwa kuswa lamulo la boma. Kusiyanaku kwatsimikizira kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma motsutsana ndi opanga mafilimu a boma popanda kuyendetsa fomu ya Lambo la Aamboweru.

Mphamvu ya Congress Yakugwirizanitsa Mfumu Yachigwirizano cha Broat

Funso lalikulu m'dziko lamakono lotetezera ufulu wa anthu ndilo ukulu umene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapangitse maboma otetezera kunkhondo mwa lamulo la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa mayeso aŵiri otsimikizira ngati lamulo la boma liyenera kukhala loletsa kulanda ulamuliro wa boma. Choyamba, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kulongosola cholinga chake mosabisa cholinga cha kusokonezeka. Chachiŵiri, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti igwiritse ntchito moyenera ulamuliro wake wa malamulo.

Chiyeneretso cha mawu omveka bwino chimatanthauza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo siingatetezedwe mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu achinyengo ovuta. Khoti limafuna kuti pakhale mawu omveka bwino a cholinga cha msonkhano, makamaka m’mawu a lamulolo. Zilolezo zachisawawa za kusuta kapena kutchula "munthu aliyense" kapena "wolandira ndalama za boma" sangakhale wokwanira kunena kuti atha kuuzidwa kuti ayenerera.

Prong yachiŵiri ndi kumene nkhondo zazikulu zamenyedwa. Congress iyenera kukhala ikuchita mogwirizana ndi lamulo limene limaipatsa mphamvu ya kusokonezeka. Khotilo lanena kuti Congress ingaletse kuti boma likhale ndi mphamvu yodzilamulira pamene lichitapo kanthu kuti likhale Gawo 5 la Demendment ya 145, limene limalola kuti Nyumba ya Lamulo ’ zitsimikizo zotsalira mwa malamulo oyenerera. Koma, Nyumba ya malamulo siingathetsetseketse ngati ikugwira ntchito pansi pa mfundo zake zamphamvu, monga Commercial Claus kapena Bank Reutcy Claus Claus , osati kwenikweni pa malamulo a anthu odzitetezera.

Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kunasonyezedwa kwambiri mu [[FLT: 0], Khoti linavomereza kuti Courts , Courts , silingagwiritsire ntchito mfundo yake I Indian Communicale ku ulamuliro wa boma mu Indiya Gaming Regaliation Act. M'nkhaniyi, chigamulo cha mlandu wapasadakhale chimene chinalola kuulutsidwa pansi pa Chigawo I ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo la lamulo: Chigawo 5 chokha cha madesiki a 1490 Resmecle chimapereka maziko oyenerera kaamba ka malamulo awo otetezera ufulu wa boma. Chigamulo china chinagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la kuweruza mlandu wa kumbuyo, kuphatikizapo Clauston, ndi Clausne, ndi Claus, ndi Classianne, ndi Clausnet, ndi Reconvet.

Malamulo Ogwirizana Amene Amapanga Osiyana ndi Ogwirizana

Mosasamala kanthu za zoletsa zoikidwa ndi Tribun , Msonkhano wakhazikitsa malamulo a boma akuti kaya otetezera ufulu wa onse pansi pa Gawo 5 la Demetrition ya 144 kapena zikhumbo za boma la boma la boma pa wotetezera. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga njira zofunika zosungira malamulo oŵerengera m’khoti la boma.

Malamulo Ovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo ovomerezeka kwambiri oletsa ufulu wa kudziimira paokha amapangidwa m'malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Zikalata VI za Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 zimaletsa tsankho pamaziko a fuko, mtundu, kapena mtundu wa anthu m'maprogramu ndi ntchito zimene amalandira ndalama za boma. Zikalata za IX za Education Amendments za 1972 zimaletsanso tsankho la kugonana m'maprogramu a maphunziro oyendetsedwa ndi boma. Malamulo onsewa atembenuzidwa kulola masuti aumwini kuwonongeka ndi maboma, malinga ngati boma lalandira ndalama za boma ndipo motero laletsa kutetezeredwa kwake.

Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikizanso kuperekedwa kwa otetezera ufulu pansi pa makonzedwe ena a ku America ndi Ulemu Act (ADA) ndi Tsankho la Nyengo mu Auros Act (ADEA), koma kokha ku mlingo umene malamulo ameneŵa amakakamiza kukhazikitsa Kusintha kwa Zaka 14 ndi Inet Reformation. [[FL:0]] Booard of Truddedensies of the Truddence of University of Alabama v. Garrett [[FLT: 1] [2001] [2001], Khoti linakhulupirira kuti ADA&squo; Zigawo I, zimene zimaletsa kutsendereza kusoŵa ntchito, kupitirira kochitidwa ndi Courages &quo; Gawo 5 la ulamuliro pa malamulo otetezeredwa ndi kulongosola. Komabe, [FLD:] Venne: [2004], Divition, Divition ya AD (A) inagwiritsira ntchito Khoti la AD ku khoti la AD, loyenerera kukhazikitsa khoti loyenera kulongosola.

Bungwe la Kong’i la United States likhoza kuteteza ufulu wa anthu kuti usawonongedwe, ndipo izi zingachititse kuti khotili liyambe kuuona kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri kapena lizisintha mfundo zina n’cholinga choti lifufuze mfundo zina.

Zonena za Boma ndi Zaudziko

Federal Tort Actips Act (FTCA) imapereka lamulo loletsa kutetezera kwa ulamuliro kwa United States, kulola zigaŵenga zaumwini kusungirira boma la boma kaamba ka mamete ena ochitidwa ndi antchito a boma. FTCA samagwira ntchito ku maboma. Komabe, maboma ambiri adziikira okha malamulo oletsa kutetezera kokhala ndi ulamuliro m’khoti kuti apereke zinenezo zotsutsana ndi boma. Oyendetsa boma ameneŵa ndi odzifunira ndipo amasiyana kwambiri m'zikulu ndi malire.

Nyumba ya Malamulo yagwiritsiranso ntchito ulamuliro wa malamulo kuchititsa maboma kukana kutetezeredwa monga mkhalidwe wa kulandira ndalama za boma. Pansi pa Kuwononga Claus, Msonkhano ungagwirizanitse mikhalidwe ya kulanditsidwa kwa ndalama za boma, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lavomereza kuti kulandira ndalama zoterozo kumapanga kudziŵa ndi kulephera modzifunira kwa kudzitetezera kwa ufulu, malinga ngati mkhalidwewo uli wotsimikizirika ndi wogwirizana ndi chifuno cha programu ya boma. Chikalata cha Rebabilitation cha 1973, chimene chimaletsa tsankho lolemala m'maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma, chimagwira ntchito pa chitsanzo chimenechi. Maboma amene amalandira ndalama amavomereza kuti agwirizane ndi lamulo la boma pansi pa Chilamulo.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe ndi Alamulo

Malamulo a dziko okhala ndi malo okhala asungidwanso ku chitetezero cha boma cholephera kugonjetsedwa m'nkhani zina. The Cease Water Act, The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RRRA), ndi Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compisensiation, ndi Liability Act (CERCLA) onse ali ndi makonzedwe amene akugwirizana ndi kuswa miyezo ya dziko. M’nkhani zambiri, malamulo ameneŵa amadalira pa kuphatikizana kwa ulamuliro wa Chigawo 5 ndi mphamvu ya kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kuti akwaniritse zolinga zawo zowongolera.

Khoti lachirikiza kaŵirikaŵiri makonzedwe a nzika za malo okhala ogwirizana ndi zitokoso za ufulu wodzitetezera pamene lamulolo likulongosola bwino lomwe cholinga cha kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi pamene makonzedwe alamulo agwirizana ndi chitetezo cha thanzi, chisungiko, kapena katundu amene aloŵa m'mipiti ya Demendment ya 14. Komabe, malire enieni atsala otsutsidwa, ndipo makhoti aang'ono afikira zigamulo zosiyana ponena za kuwona kwa malo okhala pambuyo pa [[FL:0] SAMINOLE FUT [[FL:1]].

Ntchito ya Boma Lovomerezana ndi Lachinayi

Si onse opatulapo odzitetezera okha amapezeka ku kugonja kwa boma. Maboma angavomereze modzifunira kugwirizana ndi bwalo lamilandu la boma, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lavomereza mitundu ingapo ya kuchotsapo. Chivomerezo chingafotokozedwe, monga pamene bungwe la malamulo la boma lipereka lamulo lovomereza chisuti chotsutsana ndi boma m’khoti. Kuvomereza kungaperekedwenso m'kachitidwe ka boma, ngakhale kuti Khotilo lakhala likuzengereza kupeza umboni womveka bwino wa cholinga chake.

Chiphunzitso chochotsacho chimapereka kukwinya kofunika. Lapides . Boma la Regents la University System of Georgia (2002], khoti linakhulupirira kuti pamene boma mwaufulu lichotsa mlandu ku khoti la boma ku bwalo la boma, limauchotsa chitetezero chake cha Demetrition pa suti ya boma kaamba ka zimene zimatuluka pansi pa lamulo la boma. Malingalirowo ndi akuti kuchotsako kuli kutsendereza kwaufulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma kumene kuli kotsutsana ndi lamulo loletsa. Lamulo lamakhalidwe lofananalo silimagwira ntchito kwenikweni ku zigamu za boma, ndipo Bwalo lasiya funso lotseka kaya ngati kuchotsa chitetezero cha boma kaamba ka zochita.

Mayiko amaletsanso kuteteza thupi poyambitsa kapena kutenga nawo mbali m'nkhani za boma. Boma lakuti lizenge mlandu m'mabwalo a khoti a boma ku kulamula kuti aloŵe m'zochitika zofanana. Mofananamo, boma limene limaloŵerera kapena kuchita nawo mbali yokangalika m'kuweruza kwa boma lingaonedwe kukhala lovomereza ku ukulu wonse wa khoti la ’ maulamuliro a boma.

Zovuta Zothandiza za Lamulo la Boma ndi Uyang’aniro

Kugwirizana kwa malamulo a boma ndi chitetezo cha boma kuli ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa malamulo a boma. Mabungwe a boma, mayunivesite a boma, masukulu, ndi maboma a m’madera amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ovuta kwambiri otetezera thupi amene amasiyana mogwirizana ndi malamulo, khoti, ndi nkhani yake. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri potsatira malamulo, poyang’anira ngozi, ndiponso popanga malamulo othandiza.

Kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu, kukhoza kusungirira milandu ya maboma pa malamulo a boma monga Theat VI, Thit IX, ndi ADA kwakhala chida champhamvu chotsimikizira kuti maphunziro, ntchito, ndi ntchito za anthu onse n’zofanana. Komabe, kulephera koikidwa ndi khoti la Judge Apprsquo; Chigawo 5 jurispudence chimatanthauza kuti sikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu kulikonse kumene kumachitika ndi maboma. Attorney ndi oimira malamulo a boma ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa ngati bungwe la Courage laletsa kuteteza kapena ngati boma laletsa kuletsa kuletsa kulakwa kwake mwa kuvomereza ndalama za boma.

Kwa osungitsa malo okhala, malo otetezera malo okhala amakhudza mphamvu ya nzika zaumwini ndi mabungwe a malo okhala kuti aike mlandu wa maboma kaamba ka kuipitsa ndi kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a boma athandiza kudzaza mipata yotsalira ndi kusungidwa ndi boma, koma mphamvu yawo imadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa makhoti kuchirikiza chitetezo pa malo a post [[FLT:] . SAMINOLE F mavuto.

Pa maphunziro apamwamba ndi mabungwe ena a boma, malamulo otetezera ku matenda amaumba zosankha zonse za ntchito kuyambira pa ntchito ndi maphunziro a ophunzira mpaka kutsata. Mayunivesite a boma, omwe ali zida za boma kaamba ka zifuno za kudzilamulira, ayenera kudziŵa malamulo otsimikizirika amene amayambitsa kulakwa ndi mikhalidwe imene chitetezo chakhala chikuletsedwa. Mapangano a zachuma, amapatsa mikhalidwe, ndi mapangano ogwirizana onse ali ndi ziyambukiro zothekera zokhoza kugonjetsedwa bwino lomwe.

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Nkhani Zomadza

Lamulo la kutetezera ufulu wa boma likupitirizabe kusintha. M'Malamulo aposachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likuyankha mafunso onena za ukulu wa Ex propee Young , kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mphamvu yoteteza anthu a mafuko, ndi kusokonezeka kwa chitetezo ndi lamulo lolephera kulowa pansi. Khoti ’ mapangano a boma adakali ogwira ntchito, ndipo milandu yatsopano idzapitiriza kulongosola malire a kuŵerengera mlandu kwa boma.

Chiphunzitso chimodzi chobuka ndicho kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ufulu wodzitetezera ku zinthu zanzeru. Allen v. Cooper (2020), khoti linavomereza kuti Congress siingakhoze kuletsa ufulu wa boma pa malamulo a Remedity Claritification Act chifukwa chakuti Chilamulocho sichinali njira yovomerezeka ya Chigawo 5 cha mphamvu. Chigamulocho chinasiya eni ake opanda mankhwala oletsa kuletsa ufulu wa olemba, ngakhale kuti chigamulo chachi chisankho chachi chachigamulo chachi pansi pa Mbali ina ya Chikalata cha Leading Confy Conficial Conficiation Act chifukwa chakuti chinkapezekabe m’malo oyenerera. Pattent imatsutsa kwambiri malamulo ofanana ndi zopinga, ndipo amatsutsa kwambiri chuma chanzeru.

Malo ena omatukuka ndiwo kugwirizana pakati pa kutetezera kwa kudziimira ndi Bankruptic Code . Khotilo lanena kuti kuzenga mlandu kuli kofala m'malem ndi kuti kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu sikumaletsa kulephera kwa khoti kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa boma pa mlandu wa kuwopa kukongola kwa boma. Komabe, ukulu umene boma linzake’ kutetezera kwa kudzilamulira kungagwetsedwe m'zotsatira za kulephera kwa kulephera kwa ntchito, ndipo nkhaniyo tsopano ndi yokhudza kugaŵidwa kwa boma m'madera angapo.

Kuwononga mphamvu kwa mphamvu kwakhalanso kotsutsana kwambiri. NFIB v. Sebelius (202), Khoti linagamula kuti Congress singathe kuopseza kuletsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo za Medicaid kuchokera ku maboma amene amakana kuwonjezera medicaid, kuyerekeza kuti pali malire a mikhalidwe ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaike pansi pa Kupereka Classia. Chigamulo chimenechi chimakhudza ntchito iliyonse ya boma imene imapereka ndalama pa boma zotetezera ufulu wa dziko, ndipo mavuto amtsogolo angayese malire a kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zololedwa.

Anthu Ochita Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana Ayenera Kuwaganizira Bwino

Kwa maloya amene amaimira ogulitsa amene amalimbana ndi maboma, funso nlakuti kaya nthaŵi zonse chitetezero chalamulo chimatsekerezedwa. Kusanthulaku kumafuna kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa maziko anayi othekera kupambana ochinjirizidwa: (1) ngati Congress iri ndi chitetezo chotsimikizirika kupyolera mwa lamulo lopangidwa la kutetezera kwa kachitidwe ka 5 pa Demendment ya Jenetic; (2) kaya bomalo lakhala ndi mphamvu yotetezera thupi lake kapena yolingaliridwa; (3) kaya boma lavomereza kuyenerera mwa kuvomereza ndalama za boma kukhala ndi mkhalidwe woonekera bwino wa rainer; ndi (4) kaya suti ingapitire ku polisi pansi pa [FLT:] mbali ya chiphunzitso choyembekezeredwa m'chithandizo.

Chimodzi ndi chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zimenezi chiri ndi kucholoŵana kwake ndi malire. Kutsegulidwa pansi pa Chigawo 5 kumafuna kusonyeza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo yapeza njira ya makhalidwe osayenera ndi kuti mankhwala a statory ngogwirizana ndi kulingana ndi kuvulaza kopezedwa. Waiver amafuna umboni wowonekera bwino wa chivomerezo chimene sichikuchitidwa mopepuka. Otsendereza malamulo a boma ayenera kukhala odziŵa ndi odzifunira, ndipo mkhalidwewo uyenera kufotokozedwa bwino m'malemba a malamulo. Mbali yaikulu ya Yoŵerengeka ilipo kokha kaamba ka kuswa lamulo kopitirizabe ndipo samalola kuvulaza anthu.

Chenicheni chogwira nchakuti zinenezo zambiri zovomerezedwa zotsutsana ndi maboma sizingachitidwe m'khoti la boma. Attorney ayenera kukhala okonzekera kufunafuna chithandizo m'khoti la boma, kumene malamulo a kulamulira otetezera matenda angakhale ooloŵa manja kwa otsutsa, kapena kulondola njira za kulamulira kupyolera mwa mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe auyang’aniro. Zosankha zaluso zimafuna kumvetsetsa bwino kwa malo otetezera ndi kusanthula kwenikweni kwa maluso ndi mankhwala opezeka.

Tsogolo la Kugwirizana kwa Boma Lolamulira m’Njira ya Federal

Chiphunzitso cha kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma sichimasintha. Chimapangidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa kachitidwe ka bungwe, kumasulira kwachiweruzo, ndi zofunika zothandiza za kulamulira m’dongosolo la boma. Khoti Lalikulu’ lolamulira la boma laika malire aakulu pa kukhoza kwa Congress kugonjera malamulo aumwini, koma malirewo sanaletse Nyumba za Malamulo kupanga njira zatanthauzo la kuŵerengera pamene ichita mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wake wa malamulo.

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, zikhoterero zambiri zingaumbe mtsogolo mwa chiphunzitsocho. Choyamba, Court’ masunagoge opitirizabe kusumika pa ulemu wa boma ndi ulemu wa boma amalingalira kuti ziletso zatsopano pa mphamvu yotetezera ku maupandu nzotheka, makamaka m'madera amene Nyumba za Malamulo zayesa kukulitsa kulakwa kuposa zimene Khoti likuona kukhala zofunika kukhazikitsa zitsimikizo za lamulo. Chachiŵiri, kudalira kwambiri pa kutetezera boma kuti litetezere ku boma, ndipo malire ake adzapitirizabe kutulutsa kukhazikitsa mphamvu ndi malire a kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za bungwe. Chachitatu, Expart . Chiphunzitso chachi [FLT] chidzakhalabe chothandiza kwambiri pokhazikitsa lamulo loletsa lamulo lotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma, ndipo malire ake adzayesedwa m'maudindo atsopano, kuphatikizapo mfundo za zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi malangizo a za ndandanda a za ndandanda.

Kutsutsana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa boma kuli m'makonzedwe a lamulo. Malamulo a Federal afutukula ndi kutsendereza onse aŵiri ukulu wa kutetezera ufulu wa boma, kuyambitsa bungwe la malamulo locholoŵana ndi lotsutsana nthaŵi zina. Kwa awo amene amagwira ntchito pa kulinganiza malamulo, malamulo, ndi kuyang’anira chitaganya, kuzindikira malo ameneŵa n’kodzisankhira. Nkofunika kwambiri kuti pachitidwe chogwira ntchito ya ufulu, kuyang'anira maprogramu a boma, ndi ntchito yopitiriza yomanga dongosolo la boma lolungama ndi lokhala ndi loŵerengera mlandu.