Kuphatikizapo ulamuliro wa boma, utsogoleri wa boma ndi wa boma ndi wa kumaloko kumatanthauza chimodzi cha mbali zolongosola kwambiri za dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a U.S. amapatsa boma lamphamvu loŵerengeka, ulamuliro waukulu wa m'banja . Kuphatikizapo maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nthaka, ndi chiweruzo chaupandu (chimayang'anira maboma pansi pa Kayendedwe a Tenth. Komabe malamulo a boma, kupereka ndalama, ndi miyezo ya malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zofunika ndi zochita za boma ndi maboma a kumaloko m’njira zazikulu. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito zamphamvu zimenezi ziliri zofunika osati kokha kaamba ka opanga malamulo komanso kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene amafuna kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito zawo zimalamulira. Nkhaniyi imapenda njira zimene boma limakhudza ndi zochita zawo, kuzunguliranso kutsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa maboma osiyanasiyana.

Maziko a Mafuko a Mafuko

Federalism ku United States si makonzedwe osasintha koma unansi wosintha. Kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro pakati pa Washington, D.C., ndi malikulu a boma kwasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kaŵirikaŵiri poyankha mavuto a dziko, zitsenderezo zachuma, kapena madongosolo a anthu. M'dziko loyamba, lingaliro la maulamuliro aŵiri ogwirizana lokhala ndi maboma omwe akugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, osiyanasiyana. Lerolino, dongosololi limafotokozedwa bwino monga mtundu wa malamulo a boma, mmene boma ndi maboma amagaŵana mathayo ndi kugwirizana nawo kukhazikitsa malamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri kugwirizana kumeneku kumaperekedwa kudzera mwa zisonkhetso za ndalama: boma la boma limapatsa ndalama zopereka zopereka ndi mikhalidwe ina imene imabwera ndi mikhalidwe, yolimbikitsa kuvomereza malamulo ena kuti ayanjane. Komabe, zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa aonanso malamulo ogwirizana ndi boma odziŵikanso, odziŵika ndi: [Forgalamu yogwirizana ndi kupempha kuti: [Frialism]

Chimodzi cha mbali zazikulu za chigwirizano cha Amereka nchakuti chimalola kusinthasintha m'maiko. Kusintha kumeneku kungakhale kopekera ufulu kapena chitetezo, monga momwe Justice Louis Brandeis anafotokozera motchuka, komanso kungatsogolere ku kusiyana kwakukulu m'zotsatira za nzika kudalira pa kumene zimakhala. Malamulo a Federal, kaya kupyolera mwa malamulo, kulandidwa, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhazikitsa malo apamwamba a ufulu kapena chitetezo, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma akusunga kukhoza kupitirira malo a pansi. Kulimbana pakati pa anthu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mutu wankhani yofunika pomvetsetsa mmene malamulo a boma amachitira ndi zochita za kumaloko.

Atsogoleri Aakulu a Chigwirizano ndi Chipambano Chawo

Malamulo angapo a boma asintha unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma, kusonkhezera chirichonse kuyambira pa kusamalira thanzi kufikira kutetezera malo okhala. Zigawo zotsatirazi zikupenda malamulo ena osonkhezera kwambiri ndi mayankhidwe osiyanasiyana a boma amene achititsa.

Kukula kwa Magazi

Pamene ACA anasainidwa m'lamulo mu 2010, chinaimira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa zaumoyo kuyambira ku Medicare ndi Medicaid . Makonzedwe aakulu ofutukula Medicaid kufalikira kwa achikulire onse okhala ndi ndalama kufikira 138 peresenti ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma. Komabe, chigamulo cha 2012 cha Supreme Court mu National Society of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] adapanga Medic persed kuwonjezereka kwa maulamuliro awo. Zimenezi zinapanga mzera wowonekedwe wosasankhapo wa padera: monga 2025, 40 ndi Detimenti ya , pamene kulibe kuti kuwonjezera kwa zigamu za , kuwonjezera kwa zipatala zamphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ena awonjezera kuchepetsa kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama.

Lamulo la Maphunziro: Palibe Mwana Wosiyidwa Kufikira Pantchito ya Wophunzira Aliyense Amene Apambana

Federal gwirizanitsidwa ndi maphunziro oyambirira ndi a sekondale, anakula kwambiri ndi kudutsa kwa Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) mu 1965, imene inapereka Dipoti ya Indail ku sukulu zolandira ophunzira otsika. Mwa 2001 kulembedwanso, kodziŵika monga Kulibe Mwana Woledwa Bend (NCLB), kukulitsa mbali yaikulu ya boma mwa kufuna kuti maboma ayesetse, kuika zikole zaluso, ndi kukhazikitsa zilolezo pasukulu zimene zinalephera kupanga kupita patsogolo kokwanira chaka chilichonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti NCLB inafuna kutsekera mipata yokwaniritsa, inayambitsanso chitsutso cha “kulimbikitsa mayeso, , ndi kulamula kopanda pake. Boma ndi aphunzitsi a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri anadzimva kukhala otsendedwa ndi malamulo aukulu.

Poyankha, Congress inapereka Wophunzira aliyense Act (ESA) [Mu 2015], imene inabwezera ulamuliro waukulu ku boma. Pansi pa ESSA, ikunena kuti ayenera kuyesa ophunzira kuŵerenga ndi masamu ndi kusimba za masamu, koma tsopano amalinganiza madongosolo awo odziŵerengera, amakhazikitsa zolinga zawo, ndi kugamula kuti aloŵerere sukulu zovutika. Kusintha kumeneku kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha boma cha kusinthika ndi utsogoleri wa boma kwachititsa mafikire ambiri. Mayiko ena, monga Tennessee, agwiritsira ntchito njira zapamwamba zophunzitsira zimene zimapanga kukula, kumaliza maphunziro, ndi Chingelezi. Zina zayang'anizana ndi mavuto m'dziko lonselo. Kusintha kwa NCCCC kubweretsa njira za kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma la dziko lonse lakwanu.

Kusintha Kwabwino M’malo Okhala: Lamulo la Mpweya Woyera ndi Kutsatira Zolinganiza za Boma

Cleena Air Act ya 1970, monga momwe inasinthidwira, imakhazikitsa miyezo ya mtundu wa mpweya ya mtundu (NAAQS) ya zoipitsa zimene zimawononga thanzi la anthu ndi malo okhala. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo imeneyi, koma thayo la kuikwaniritsa ndi kuisunga limagwera ku boma. Boma lililonse liyenera kuyambitsa njira ya Boma yoperekera njira zoyendetsera (SIP) yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Mabungwe ameneŵa amalola kusintha zinthu posankha kuletsa kuletsa zinthu monga magetsi pa zomera, maprogramu oyendera galimoto, kapena zisonkhetso zobwezeretsa mphamvu. Komabe, ngati boma lingalephere kutumiza ndalama zokwanira kapena kuigwiritsa ntchito, EPA angaike makonzedwe a boma ndi kuipereka ndalama zapakhwalala.

California ali ndi malo apadera pansi pa Diec Air Act, atalandira woletsa kutulutsa galimoto kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake, yokhwima kwambiri [1] mphamvu imene maboma ena angasankhe. Izi zachititsa kuti California ayambe kuyendetsa malamulo a dziko, pamene opanga galimoto akupeza kuti nkosathandiza kupanga zombo zosiyana. Komabe, mkati mwa kuyang'anira kwa Trump, boma linayesa kuchotsa California ndi kuchepetsa ndalama za mafuta, kutsogolera nkhondo yalamulo ndi malo opangika. Oyang'anira amakono abwezeretsa ku California ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo yapamwamba ya boma ya boma, koma ikugogomezera kutsutsana ndi boma. M'dziko monga Ohio, limene limadalira kwambiri pa miyezo ya malasha, boma la boma lafuna kuyendetsa zinthu zowononga, ndi kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi kukonzanso zamakono, ndi kukonzanso zamalonda.

Anthu Olumala Pochita Ntchito Yophunzitsa (IDEA)

IDEA imatsimikizira kuti ana opunduka amalandira maphunziro oyenera a anthu onse (FAPE) m'malo oletsa kwambiri. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amene amatchula, kupenda, ndi kutumikira ophunzira oyenerera kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 21. ITEA amafunanso kuti sukulu zipange maphunziro a maphunziro a anthu onse (IEP) kwa wophunzira aliyense wopunduka. Lamulolo limapereka ndalama za boma, zimene sizinafike pa 40 peresenti ya ndalama zimene Nyumba za Ufumu zinavomereza poyamba. Monga chotulukapo chake, ndipo madera akukhala ndi mbali yaikulu ya ndalama. Kugaŵa ndalama kumachititsa kuti munthu aliyense wolemera: madera olemera angapereke mautumiki ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti madera osauka akulimbana kuti akumane ndi malamulowo. Boma lingamakana ndalama ngati boma lingalephere kuvomereza, koma limachita dala, koma limachita dala kuvomereza.

Massachusetts wakhala akutsogolera maphunziro apadera, akumapereka maprogramu amene amagogomezera kuphatikizidwa ndi mautumiki a kusintha kwa zinthu, ndi kukwaniritsa ziŵerengero zapamwamba za ophunzira opunduka. Mosiyana, Mississippi wayang'anizana ndi kusoŵa kwa aphunzitsi apadera oyenerera, kutsogolera ku zitokoso za lamulo ndi uyang'aniro wa boma. IDEA imasonyeza mmene lamulo la boma lingakhazikitsire ufulu wofunika koma kusiya kuchitidwa .

Mmene Dipatimenti Yopereka Malipiro ya Féning Drugs Inagwirizanirana

Pansi pa malamulo alamulo, chiŵiya chimodzi champhamvu koposa boma la boma liyenera kuumba ndi makhalidwe a kumaloko ndicho mphamvu ya chikwama. Maboma ndi malo amapatsa ndalama mazana mabiliyoni a madola chaka chilichonse, kuchotsa zonse kuyambira kumanga makwalala ndi nyumba za anthu ku kusungitsa malamulo ndi thanzi la anthu. Zimenezi zimapatsa pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, zikunena kuti kulandira ndalama zapamsewu wa boma ziyenera kuika zaka zochepetsera za kumwa 21 /a zimene zimasonkhezera boma lililonse kugwirizana ndi ma 1980. Mofananamo, pansi pa Ufulu wa Maphunziro ndi Act (FALTPA) [FLDPA:1], kuti masukulu a boma ayenera kutetezera zachinsinsi cha ophunzira. Chiwopsezo cha boma chimapangitsa chiwopsezo champhamvu cha kutsatsa malamulo a boma, ngakhale a boma lakwani.

Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama kuli ndi malire. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu lapereka chizindikiro chakuti mikhalidwe iyenera kuonekera bwino, mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha woperekayo, ndipo si boma lokakamiza kuti litenge malamulo amene ali okayikira lamulo. Chigamulo cha 2012 Medicaid chinali chitsanzo chodziwika bwino: Khotilo linagamula kuti kuopsa kwa kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zilipo m'ma Medicaid ngati maboma sanawonjezeredwe ndi cholinga cha boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chosasintha kwenikweni ntchito ya kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma. Motero, kuthandizira anthu kuthandizira mayiko kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono, kukonzanso ngozi, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza zinthu amakono, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu.

Kufufuza Zochitika m’Chisonkhezero cha Federal

Kuti tichitire chitsanzo za kuchuluka kwa dziko kwa kugwirizana kwa boma, tipenda kufufuza koyambirira kochuluka kumene kumasonyeza mayankhidwe osiyanasiyana a boma pa dongosolo limodzi la boma.

Kupenda Mfundo 1: Zosankha Zofutukuka Zoipa

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kunagaŵanitsa . California adagwirizana mwamsanga, kulembetsa ndi kuchepetsa chiŵerengero chake chosatsimikizirika kuchokera pa 17 peresenti mu 2013 kufika ku 7 peresenti ya 2016. Bomalo linagwiritsanso ntchito ndalama za boma kufutukula malo a zaumoyo a anthu ndi kusungitsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa California kwagwirizana kuti kuwongolere zipambano za matenda aakulu ndi kupeza thanzi la maganizo. Mosiyana ndi Texas, limene lili ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wosagulitsidwa m'dziko, lalephera mobwerezabwereza kufutukuka. Atsogoleri a boma akutsutsa kuti kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zambiri ndi kuti mapangano a boma a ndalama zambiri angasinthe. Zotsatira n’zoti 1,5 miliyoni ya kulowa m’kampata ya Taxs. Kuposa kwa kuyenerera kwapadera kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka padera ka , koma kukhozanso kukwaniritsa ndalama zambiri kwa boma.

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Ganizo la Mphamvu Yabwino ndi Zotsatira Zake

Mkati mwa kuyang'anira Obama, EPA inatulutsa Clean Power Plan (CPP), imene inalinganiza kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide ku zomera zamagetsi zomwe zilipo. Lamulo linapereka kusinthika kwakukulu: iwo angakumane ndi otayidwa ndi maluso osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusuntha magetsi achilengedwe, kuwonjezera mphamvu zokhalanso mphamvu, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito maprogramu a mphamvu ya mphamvu. Maboma anatsendereze a EPA mwamsanga, kutsutsana kuti lamulolo la EPA la pansi pa Diemor Act. Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga lamulolo mu 2016, ndipo silinapangidwe mokwanira. Kuyang'anira magetsi kunaloŵa m’malo mwake ndi Afford Ecreate Egy, kumene kunali ndi malamulo otetezedwa kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri amathandiza, ngakhale kuti mayiko ambiri amapanganso mphamvu.

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Kuŵerengera Maphunziro Pansi pa ESSSA

Kusintha kwa NCLB ndi ESSA kunatchula mwaŵi wa kukonzanso madongosolo awo oŵerengera. California anagwiritsira ntchito kusinthika kumeneku kusamuka kuchoka ku zopimira zapamwamba ndi kutengera njira ya stackboard yomwe imayesa ziŵerengero zambiri: kuyesa ziŵerengero za mayeso, kumaliza maphunziro, kuphonya kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kukoleji ndi kukonzekera ntchito, ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa ntchito. Kusintha kwa Florida kumagogomezeranso kuswa chidziŵitso mwa kuchepetsa ndi kuyesa kwa ophunzira ang'onoang'ono. Chitsanzo chimenechi cha boma chakhala chotamandidwa chifukwa cha kupereka chithunzi cha ntchito zambiri za sukulu, koma chanditsogoleranso kusuliza chifukwa cha kukhala wovuta kwambiri ndi wosapereka zotulukapo zoonekeratulirapo chifukwa cha kuchita ntchito. Mkhalidwe la Florida, posiyana ndi maboma akusonyezabe, pamene maboma akusonyeza kuyang'ana kwambiri mayeso a sukulu, kuwonjezera kuzoloŵera kwa kuzoloŵera kwa kuŵerengera kwake kwa kuŵerengera kwa maphunziro a Florida.

Kuipidwa Komakulabe Pakati pa Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Kufanana Kwake

Unansi pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi boma ndi zochita za kumaloko umadzazidwa mwachibadwa. Kumbali imodzi, miyezo ya dziko ingatetezere ufulu waukulu ndi kutsimikizira kulimba kwa ufulu m'dziko lonselo. Chigawo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964, mwachitsanzo, chinagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa boma kuchotsa kukondera ndi kuletsa tsankho, kugonjetsa boma ndi kutsutsa kwa kumaloko. Mofananamo, malamulo a boma aletsa mpweya wa dziko ndi kuipitsa madzi zimene boma lililonse silingathe kuthetsera lokha. Padzanja lina, malamulo a ukulu umodzi wa zinthu anganyalanyaze mikhalidwe ya dzikolo, kutsekapo kusinthitsa, ndi kusonkhezera. Kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa dziko la [[FLT:] ndi kutsutsa kochititsa chitsutso cha boma.

Zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala ndi chikhoterero chodziŵika: maulamuliro akugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri mphamvu zawo kulinganiza malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, maloya a boma agwirizana pamodzi kuti asunge boma lolamulira za kusungitsa anthu kusamuka, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo. Nyumba za malamulo za boma zapatula malamulo opatulidwa kuti aletse malamulo a kumaloko pa malipiro ochepa, kuletsa kuyendetsa mfuti, kapena malamulo opatulika a mzinda, pamene kuli kwakutinso afuna kuchepetsa kupotoza boma mwa kulinganiza kwa anthu. Pa mlingo wa kumaloko, mzinda ndi maboma akhala ochirikiza nkhani zofanana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, zokonzanso zaumoyo, ndi za anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri kupondereza boma kapena malamulo a boma. Kusinthasintha kumeneku kwamphamvu kwa boma kapena malamulo a boma.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma amapanga malamulo ndi zochita za kumaloko mwa kuphatikizana malamulo, ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa. Zitsanzo zofotokozedwa [1] kuyambira ku kukwera kwa Medicaid mpaka kuyang'anira zamaphunziro ndi malamulo a malo okhala . Chionetsero chakuti dzikolo nlosiyana kwambiri. Mayiko ena amalunjika patsogolo pa zofunika za boma, ndipo ena amavomereza monyinyinyirika, ndipo ochepa amakana. Kusintha kumeneku sikuli chizindikiro cha kulephera koma mbali ya ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kumalola kuyesa, kuonetsa mapindu osiyanasiyana a ndale, ndi kupanga mipata ya kuphunzira kudutsa madera ena. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi mmene malamulo a anthu amagwirira ntchito kwenikweni koma monga lamulo lapamwamba kwambiri. Monga mbali zosiyanasiyana za boma. Monga malamulo atsopano, kaya pa kusintha za nyengo, kapena kuteteza, kuteteza, kapena kuteteza, pakati pa makampani a Washington ndi makampani a Washington, kupitirizabe kuyendetsa nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa makompyuta, ndipo kupitirizabe kuyendetsa bwino kwa makompyuta.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa kugwiritsa ntchito boma ndi malamulo, fufuzani Office of Management and Baccount for system pa maadirect of State , Office ya Umboni wa maprogramu a Boma , ndi Conference of Legactislatures ya malamulo a boma .