Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha: Mfundo Yosatsatirika

Kuphatikiza ufulu wa boma kudzera pa 144 Demendment ndi imodzi ya zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’lamulo lachimereka la America. Kusintha kwa malamulo a boma la 14 mu 1868, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Maboma anamangidwa ndi malamulo awo okha ndi malamulo. Malamulo osintha a boma ndi Otetezera Celasity Celas anasintha mphamvu, koma ufulu weniweni umene boma linakhazikitsa polimbana ndi mabomawo wakhala wogwirizana ndi boma kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. ndipo, lofunika kwambiri, ndi makhoti a boma. Kumvetsa mmene makhoti akumasulira zimenezi ndi mtima wa ufulu wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kuyenera kwa ufulu sikukusintha kokha. Khoti Lalikulu latenga chiphunzitso cha kusankha kuwonjezera kwa , kutanthauza kuti ufulu uliwonse m'Malo a Zaufulu uyenera kupendedwa aliyense payekha kuti aone ngati uli “kulingalira za njira ya ku Amereka yochitira chilungamo. Ngati ndi yogwirizana ndi malamulo a dziko la America. Imakhala yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kudzera pa Madongosolo a Kukonzanso Koyamba kwa 149. Lerolino, pafupifupi chitetezo chonse m'Malamulo a ufulu wa ufulu wachibadwidwe cha ufulu chiyenera cha anthu, kusindikiza, kusindikiza ndi chipembedzo; kutetezera kwachisanu ndi chisanu ndi , kutsutsana ndi kudziko lakumanja kwa kudziko; ndi kuchepetsa kwa kuyenera kwa kuchotsako kwa kumanja. Chithandizo cha Chilango. Cholamulira cha Chilango cha Chisanu ndi Chilango. Chilango cha Chilango cha Chikuchotsapo. Chilatso cha Chilatso cha Chikulu, chiku

Koma Khoti Lapamwamba limapereka maziko okha. Ntchito yeniyeni, ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya kugwiritsira ntchito ufulu wophatikizidwa umenewu imachitika m'makhoti a boma. Oweruza a boma ayenera kusankha kuti ufulu wa boma umakhala wotani pansi pa lamulo la boma, makamaka pamene malamulo a boma apereka chitetezo chowonjezereka kapena pamene malamulo a boma apereka chitsanzo chosiyana. Mphamvu imeneyi imapatsa makhoti mphamvu yaikulu pa zokumana nazo za ufulu walamulo. Kufufuza kozama m’mbiri, onani Conferalionment Service ya Complication Office Office .

Kusankha Zochita: Mmene Makhoti a Boma Amachitira Kuyesako

Pamene khoti la boma liyang'anizana ndi chinenezo chakuti lamulo la boma kapena kachitidwe kaswa ufulu wa boma, choyamba liyenera kugamulapo kaya kuyenerako kwakhala kophatikizidwa kotheratu ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. Ngati lakhala, ntchito ya khoti la boma imakhala yomasulira kwakukulukulu: imagwira ntchito yofananayo Khoti Lalikulu likagwiritsira ntchito m’nkhani ya boma. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limasiya malo apamwamba kuti makhoti ayambitse lamulolo. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la [[FLT: 0] Mpambo wa ufulu waufulu [[FLD:1], Bwalo lakhazikitsa ziphunzitso zazikulu ngati kukana kwa boma ndi zokhalamo zokhalamo zaunjika, koma khoti la lamulo liyenera kutsata ziphunzitsozo ku malamulo a kumalo akumalo kapena ku yunivesite.

Chitsanzo cha Nkhani: Kusintha Koyamba ndi Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Anthu Onse

Talingalirani mlandu wa khoti la boma wokhudza chitsutso pa yunivesite ya boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lanena kuti mayunivesite a boma ali “auniversity omasuka” kaamba ka zifuno zaufulu. Khoti la boma liyenera kusankha ngati ziletso za yunivesite pa gulu la otsutsa zili za malingaliro a anthu ndi zololera. Koma khotilo lingawonenso mawu alamulo ake aufulu, amene m’maiko ena (monga California) amapereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa ku Lamulo Loyamba. M’zochitika zotero, makhoti angafotokozetsere lamulo lophatikizapo ufulu wa boma kumbali ya boma kumanja ndi boma logwirizana ndi boma, nthaŵi zina likhoza kukwaniritsa zotulukapo zosiyana kuposa khoti la boma la bomalo pansi pa mfundo zofananazo.

Chitsanzo cha Nkhani: Kusintha Zinthu kwachinayi ndi Kufufuza Kumangidwa

Malo ena ofala ndi kumasulira kwa boma ndi Demendment yosachedwa kuletsa kwa “kufufuza kopanda pake” ndi kugwidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lagamula kuti kufunafuna sikufuna chilolezo, koma ukulu wa kufunafunako waikidwa mopambanitsa. Maboma angatsatire malamulo awo kapena“ kuyesa kwachinsinsi koyenera kwa chinsinsi. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti ena aakulu aona kuti malamulo a boma afuna kuti lamulo lalamulo likhale ndi lamulo la mwazi m'milandu ya DuI, ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma (kutsatira mlandu wa 2019 [FL:]] [FLT:]]. [FLT] [FF:3])) yosagwirizana ndi ufulu wa chitetezero.

Malamulo a Boma Monga Magwero Odziimira Okha a Ufulu Wanu

Mwinamwake mbali yofunika kwambiri ya mmene makhoti a boma amamasulira ufulu wa boma ndi kuyenderana ndi lamulo la boma. Malamulo ambiri a boma ali ndi lamulo la ufulu limene limakhala ndi kalirole kapena kupitirira la boma la Bill of Rights. Khoti likagamula mlandu, lingadalire pa ufulu wa boma (monga momwe linamasulira ndi U.S. Supreme Court) kapena malamulo a boma. Ngati makonzedwe a boma ali otetezera kwambiri, khoti lingapereke lamulo la chithandizo pansi pa boma la boma popanda kukwaniritsa funso la boma. Zimenezi zimadziŵika monga dziko la [FLT: 0] la ufulu ndi lodziimira.

Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma kwatsogolera ku kuswana kwakukulu m'madera onga maphunziro, ukwati wauchiŵanda umodzimodzi (pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0]] .

Mavuto a M’khoti Loona za M’tsogolo

Ntchito yomasulira ntchito ya makhoti a boma yakhala yotsutsana kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa pa nkhani zingapo zotentha. Chimodzi ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito Demendment kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida pambuyo pa makhoti aakulu 20222] pa . New York State Rifle & lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT]. Bruen adakhulupirira kuti Second Reformation imateteza munthu kuyenera kwa kunyamula mfuti poyera, ndi kuti malamulo ankhondo alionse a dziko a kumbuyo kwa mfuti ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo ankhondo. Makhoti tsopano akuchitidwa ndi mayeso ofufuza mbiri yakale, amene ali “m'kapo kupyola mu mu muyezoloweredireding'o. Brusa oweruza a boma lakale.

Chitokoso china ndicho [[FLT: 0] kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi m'nkhani ya kuchotsa mimba ndi ufulu wakubala. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. mu MaDobs v. Akazi a Jackson a Health Organization [ [22] [22] [222] [22]) pa kulamulira [[FLT] [[FL:4]] Reoe v. Wadev ndi kuchirikiza kuti malamulo a boma samatetezera kuchotsa mimba koyenera, makhoti tsopano ndiwo nkhondo yaikulu. Makhoti ena amasulira malamulo awo a boma (kaŵiri] kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chofanana ndi chivomezi chimodzi chofanana ndi kutetezera ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba., chifukwa cha kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu a Bill Coustition ponena za ufulu wa kutetezera ufulu wa kutetezera, ngakhale chigamu, chigamu chigamu, chigamu chigamu chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha lamulo cha lamulo cha lamulo cha m’dziko.

Zimene Ayenera Kuchita Kuti Apeze Ufulu Wosankha

Kuphatikizidwa kwa ufulu woyenerera wa kukwatira ndi kuyenera kwa makolo, ndi kuyenera kwa kukana chithandizo cha mankhwala kwachitikanso m'boma. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lazindikira kuti zimenezi ndizo ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezeredwa ndi Active Claus of the 144th Amendment. Koma ufulu wa ufulu umenewu kaŵirikaŵiri umaikidwa m'makhoti monga kulera ana, malamulo a zamankhwala, ndi kutha kwa moyo (m’kakoto, kuyenera kufa, monga mu [FL:]] . Glucksberg . " [FFOL:]] ndi nkhondo zothandiza kudzipha). Boma liyenera kulinganiza ndi malamulo a Supreme Coust Court ndi malamulo. [I.]

Kugwirizana ndi Boma ndi Nzeru

Makhoti a boma atha kumasulira ufulu woikidwa mosiyana ndi makhoti a boma ndi mbali ya boma la America, osati chilombo. Dongosololi limalola kusokonezeka kwa ufulu ku madera ena a boma, malinga ngati nyumba ya boma yasungidwa. Komabe, chiweruzo chimenechi si chopanda malire. Makhoti a boma sangafotokoze kuyenera kwa lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma silingavomereze kuti malamulo a Olamulira Achinayi a kuchotsa ufulu wa boma sagwira ntchito kufufuza kopanda lamulo ngati Supreme Court ikuvomereza bwino lomwe. Koma makhoti akhoza kumasulira malo apamwamba a bomawo.

Chitsanzo chapadera ndicho [[FLT: 0] kuchenjeza kwa Malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lanena kuti kufunsa mlandu kwa woyang’anira popanda Mandanda [ kuchenjeza kwa ufulu wa Kusintha kwa Gawo Loyamba motsutsana ndi kudzipatula. Komabe, Khoti lasankhanso kuti kuswa [[FLT:] [FLD]] kumasuliridwa ndi khoti lake lodzi. Malamulo ena amafunikira kuletsa mawuwo ngati mawuwo anali odzifunira pansi pa mkhalidwe wonse (monga mu [FL:6]]]. [FT.FT.]

Chiyambukiro pa Mlandu Wamunthu Aliyense ndi Kukongola kwa Malamulo

Chiyambukiro chowonjezereka cha matanthauzo a khoti nchakuya. Chifukwa chakuti makhoti a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu ku United States, iwo ndiwo osonkhezera aakulu a ufulu wa boma monga wa oseŵera a boma ndi a boma. Mwini dziko amene amakhulupirira kuti ufulu wawo wa kulankhula waswedwa ndi lamulo la mzinda adzangonena mawu a m’khoti, osati khoti la boma, chifukwa chakuti makhoti a boma ali ndi malire ndipo amafuna kuti apeze nkhani ya boma imene si yongofunikira kuilongosola. Motero, makhoti a boma amamasulira mwachindunji tanthauzo la tsiku ndi tsiku loyamba, Lachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chisanu, chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndichisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Chisanu, ndi Malamulo a boma a ku America.

Ndiponso, mafotokozedwe a khoti lamilandu lapamwamba la United States angasonkhezere Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States. Pamene khoti lalikulu lifikira chigamulo chotsimikizirika pa nkhani ya lamulo la boma, lingakhale ngati ulamuliro wokopa pa Bwalo Lapamwamba. M’nkhani zina, mafotokozedwe atsopano a khoti lamilandu la boma angasonkhezere Bwalo Lapamwamba kulingaliranso chiphunzitso chake. Mwachitsanzo, khoti Lapamwamba la California litafika pa chigamulo cha [FLT: 0] anthu v. Anderson [1] [2] adaona kuti chilango cha imfa chiswe lamulo la boma lankhanza kapena chilango chachilendo chinathandizira kutsutsana ndi mkangano wa dziko umene pomalizira pake unatsogolera ku [FLD:2] Firman. Georgia v [FLD]

Kukhazikitsa Unansi Pakati pa Boma ndi Lamulo Lachigwirizano

Kwa oweruza, oweruza, ndi ophunzira a zamalamulo, kuzindikira mmene makhoti amamasulira ufulu wa boma kumafuna kupenda mosamalitsa zonse ziŵiri za dongosolo la boma ndi lamulo la boma. Mchitidwe wabwino koposa ndiwo kutsutsana ndi lamulo lina: choyamba, kuti ufulu wa boma umafunikira chotulukapo china; chachiŵiri, kuti malamulo a boma akupereka chitetezo chimodzimodzi kapena chachikulu. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amayamikira kupendedwa kofanana koteroko chifukwa chakuti amalemekeza kuchepa kwa boma pamene akuvomereza uchifumu wa boma.

Chiyeso chimodzi chofunika ndicho chiphunzitso cha kutsegulidwa kwa malamulo. Khoti likagamula nkhani yalamulo ya boma pankhaniyo, chigamulocho chingakhale ndi chigamulo chotheratu m’kupita kwa nthaŵi (zonse ziŵiri m’boma ndi makhoti a boma) pansi pa Chikalata cha Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Choikitsa ndi malamulo a mwambo. Komabe, ngati khotilo linadalira pa malamulo a boma ndipo silinagamule nkhani ya boma, pamenepo chigamulocho chingayanjidwe chatsopano m'khoti ya boma. Chosankha chimenechi choyenerera chimakangana pakati pa malamulo a boma: kaya kubweretsa kachitidwe kazembe m'mabwalo la boma kapena kugawa mlandu woyamba m’boma pansi pa malamulo a boma.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za mmene makhoti a boma amaumbira ufulu wa boma, onani nkhani ya Amelika Bar Association pa makhoti a boma ndi chipani cha boma [1] ndi kusanthula kwa Bill of Rights ndi compligation .

Kumaliza: Mbali Yokhalitsa ya Makhoti a Boma

Mabwalo a boma sali zidindo wamba za mphira zotsatizana. Iwo ali omasulira amphamvu a chiphunzitso chophatikizapo, kupanga chiweruzo chaumwini ponena za tanthauzo ndi ukulu wa zoyenera zazikulu. Zigamulo zawo zimasonyeza mwambo walamulo, mbiri, ndi mapindu a boma lililonse, pamene akutsimikizirabe kuti palibe boma limene likuloŵa pansi pa maziko a boma a ufulu. Kuphatikizidwa kwa ufulu wa boma kupyolera pa Geneth Amendment kwapanga Bill of Rights kukhala chikalata chamoyo m'khoti iriyonse. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene mabwalo a boma amachitira ndi ntchito imeneyi, ophunzira ndi oyendetsa zinthu angayamikire bwinopo bwino lomwe, olemekezeka, ndi mafomu a lamulo lalamulo la American.

Pamene mavuto atsopano abuka [1] kuyambira pa foni ndi ufulu wobala ndi kuphwanya malamulo a boma ndi [1] Makhoti a boma adzapitirizabe kukhala omasulira za zimene malamulo a boma akugwiritsa ntchito. Ziweruzo zawo sizidzangoumba ufulu wa anthu a m’malire awo okha komanso kukambirana kwakukulu kwa boma ponena za tanthauzo la ufulu m’dziko losiyana la demokrase.