Kumvetsa mmene malamulo amatanthauzidwira ndi kutsatiridwa kupyola m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi ofufuza malamulo oyendera dziko mowonjezereka. Madongosolo a malamulo sagwirizana ndi njira imodzi yokha; amapangidwa ndi njira za mbiri yakale zosiyana, chikhalidwe, ndi zigwirizano za ndale zadziko. Nkhani ino imapereka kusanthula kozama kwa malamulo aakulu . "kalmommomf, lamulo lachiŵeniŵeniŵeni, lamulo lachipembedzo, ndi lamulo lamwambo, ndi kupenda mmene dongosolo lirilonse limafikira kumasulira ndi kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo alamulo. Mwakuyerekezera njira zimenezi, oŵerenga adzapeza chidziŵitso chakuyaluka pamene malamulo akudutsa malire, njira zimene zimatsimikizira kugwirizana, ndi zitsutso zamakono.

Kufotokoza Mabodza ndi Tanthauzo Lawo

Chilamuliro ndicho ulamuliro walamulo kupanga zigamulo zalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa zigamulo pa gawo lolongosoledwa, nkhani, kapena anthu. Malamulo a jurional angakhale a malo (m., dziko, boma, kapena chigawo), ozikidwa pa mtundu wa lamulo (m., chigamulo chachifwamba chotsutsana ndi boma), kapena kufotokozedwa ndi ulamuliro wa khoti (mphini, kutsutsana ndi kuyesedwa). Lingaliro nla maziko chifukwa chakuti panganolo ndi pangano kapena mlandu ungachitidwe mosiyana ndi zimene zikumvera mlanduwo. Mwachitsanzo, kuswa mlandu kubweretsa ku United States kudzatsimikizira kulakwa kwenikweni, pamene kuli mu United States, pamene kulibe mtolo wa Ufumu wa kuwona cholakwa.

Malamulo Aakulu Anayi

Pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri amaphatikiza mbali za miyambo yambiri, madongosolo anayi aakulu a zamalamulo amalamulira dziko lonse: malamulo wamba, malamulo a boma, lamulo lachipembedzo, ndi mwambo.

Chilamulo Chachisawawa

Malamulo wamba adayambika ku England ndipo tsopano akukhazikitsidwa mu United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, ndi maiko ena ambiri omwe anali mbali ya Ufumu wa Britain. Chizindikiritso cha lamulo wamba ndicho chiphunzitso cha stare decis (Chilatini kaamba ka “kuima pa nkhani zachigamulo ). Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, makhoti amatsimikiza kutsatira kukambitsirana koperekedwa m'malamulo asanakhalepo . [__pambuyo pa kuweruza kwa milandu yofananayo] zimenezi zimagamula kuti akhale ndi mbali yamphamvu m'malamulo okongoletsa, monga mafotokozedwe awo alamulo a pansi.

M'malamulo ofala, kumasulira malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizapo kupenda cholinga cha malamulo kudzera m'lamulo lomveka bwino, ulamuliro wa kuipidwa, kapena njira yotsatizana. Oweruza amadaliranso pa maudindo opatulika omanga, monga ejusdem generis [1] (ya mtundu umodzi) (ya mtundu umodzi) ndi [[FLT:] kutsendereza kwa alticus unius ex exclio transformius [ (mawu a chinthu chimodzi amachotsa ena). Kusintha kwa lamulo lapafupi kumalola kusintha zinthu zatsopano za chikhalidwe cha anthu, mwachitsanzo, mmene makhoti adziŵira ufulu wa zachinsinsi popanda chitsogozo. Mgwirizano waperekedwa mwalamulo ndi malamulo a ufulu wa ufulu wodziimira paokhamalamulo, ndi zikalata za malamulo oyendetse.

Chitsanzo: M'khoti lapamwamba la U.S. mlandu wa [FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Khoti linazemba chiphunzitsocho “chosiyana koma cholingana” mwa kumasulira Chitetezo cha Ault Claus kuunika miyezo ya social, kusonyeza mmene lamulo lofala limakhalirako kupyolera m’kumasulira kwachiweruzo.

Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo lachiŵeniŵeni, lodziŵikanso monga Romano- Jeremani, linayambira ku kontinenti ya Yuropu ndipo limaikidwa m'malamulo adongosolo. Maiko onga France, Germany, Spain, Japan, ndi Latin America ambiri amagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma. Magwero aakulu a lamulo ndi malamulo . Malamulo olembedwa ndi malamulo . Oweruza m'malamulo a boma amaonedwa kukhala osunga malamulo, osati opanga. Ntchito yawo ndiyo kugamula ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma; zigamu zapasadakhale zigamulo za lamulolo ndizo koma sizimatsata malamulo.

Kumasulira malamulo a boma kumasumika kwambiri pa mawu a malamulo. Ofufuza za malamulo amagwiritsa ntchito njira monga kumasulira galamala, kumasulira komveka bwino, ndi kumasulira kwa foni (cholinga) kuti apeze cholinga cha nyumba yogawira malamulo. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo amasinthasintha, sadalira kwambiri malamulo a milandu. Komabe, pochita zimenezi, makhoti aakulu kwambiri . Makamaka, amakopa anthu ndi kutsogolera makhoti aang'ono, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti malamulo a anthu azikhala ogwirizana. Mabungwe a boma ndi oyang’anira milandu azikhala ndi ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma amatsatiridwa mofanana ndi mabungwe a boma, koma kugogomezera malamulo olembedwa kungachititse makhoti aakulu ndi odalirika kwambiri ndi osapereka nzeru.

Chitsanzo: Common Common Common (Cover Napoléon) yasonkhezera madongosolo ambiri a zamalamulo padziko lonse. Makonzedwe ake pa katundu, mapangano, ndi matort amatembenuzidwa kupyolera m'malensi a kapangidwe ka lembedwe konse, ndi kachiŵiri ku malamulo a khoti loyamba.

Chilamulo cha Chipembedzo

Malamulo achipembedzo amapeza ulamuliro ku malemba opatulika ndi malamulo aumulungu. Chitsanzo chofala kwambiri ndicho lamulo lachimwira (chibadwidwe) [1], lomwe liri maziko a malamulo m'maiko onga Saudi Arabia, Iran, ndi Sudan, ndi limene limasonkhezeranso lamulo la banja m'mitundu yambiri ya Asilamu-majijini. Sharia linatengedwa ku magwero anayi: Quran, Sunnah (maphunziro a Mutumi), Mapangano (jma), ndi kukambitsirana kwachikale (jyas).

Kumasulira lamulo lachipembedzo kumachitika ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa (kusintha kapena oweruza) amene amachita zigawo zapadera za zigamulo zachipembedzo zopanda pake kuti agwiritse ntchito mfundo zachikhalidwe zosasintha pankhani zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, mafunso amakono okhudza kupereka ziwalo kapena kupeka amayankhidwa mwa kufufuza mfundo za makhalidwe abwino. Kukakamiza kumaphatikizapo makhoti achipembedzo kapena zipinda zapadera m’makhoti a milandu ya boma, ndiponso chilango chingaphatikizepo chilango, misonkho, kapena kubwezera. Kulekana kwa chipembedzo ndi dziko kaŵirikaŵiri kumasokonezeka, popeza kuti lamulo lachipembedzo limalimbikitsanso khalidwe laumwini, kulambira, ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Mofananamo, lamulo lachiyuda (Halakha) limalamulira mbali zambiri za moyo wa Ayuda ozindikira ndipo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’makhoti a arabi kaamba ka nkhani zonga ngati ukwati ndi chisudzulo. Lamulo la Chikomyunizimu la Tchalitchi cha Katolika limalamulira nkhani za mkati mwa Tchalitchi ndipo limalamulidwa kupyolera m’mabwalo amilandu a tchalitchi. M’malamulo osanganikirana, monga ngati aja a ku India kapena Nigeria, malamulo achipembedzo aumwini amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi malamulo a boma ndi aupandu.

Kugwirizanitsa:[[FLT :1] [[FLT ] [[FLT :2] Mawu a kulowa kwa Enclopædia Britannica pa Sharia akupereka chidule chodalirika cha magwero ake ndi mafotokozedwe ake.

Chilamulo cha Mwambo

Malamulo a mwambo ali ndi malamulo ndi machitachita omwe akhalapo kwa mibadwo yambiri. Amapezeka m'midzi ya nzika za ku Africa, Asia, zilumba za Pacific, ndi pakati pa mitundu Yoyamba ku America. Malamulo a mwambo amalamulira nthaka, maunansi abanja, kutsutsana, ndi ulamuliro wa anthu. Ilo nlosinthika mwachibadwa ndi logwirizana ndi mawu ake, losiyana ngakhale pakati pa midzi yapafupi.

Kumasulira lamulo lamwambo kumadalira pa chikumbukiro ndi ulamuliro wa akulu kapena atsogoleri amwambo, amene amagamula mikangano yozikidwa pa malamulo ovomerezeka ndi mbiri zapakamwa . Zosankha zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimakonzedwanso mmalo mwa kubwezera chilango, kulinganiza kubwezeretsa chigwirizano pakati pa chitaganya. Kukakamiza kumabwera mwa kukakamiza kwa anthu, kuvomereza, ndi kuvomereza ulamuliro wa mtsogoleri. M'maiko ambiri, lamulo lamwambo limavomerezedwa mwalamulo ndi boma, logwira ntchito monga njira yogwirizana ndi malamulo a m'malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ku South Africa, malamulo amwambo amavomereza lamulo kukhala magwero odziimira pawekha, omvera Bill of Rights.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina Mokakamiza

Kaya lamulo lilembedwe kapena kumasuliridwa momveka bwino motani, limakhala losagwira ntchito popanda njira zodalirika zosungitsira lamulo. Njira zofala zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kusungitsa kwa lamulo la boma: Makhoti akupereka zigamulo, malamulo, ndi zigamulo, zochirikizidwa ndi mphamvu ya boma ya kuchotsa faindi, kulanda katundu, kapena kutsekera m’ndende olakwa.
  • Administrative : Mabungwe a za malamulo (m' lekuatiso, Environmental Protection Agency ku U.S., Financial Selive Authority in U.K.) amakhazikitsa ndi kukakamiza malamulo apadera mwa kufufuza, chilango, ndi kutumiza nsabwe.
  • Kuzenga mlandu: Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo amafufuza upandu, kusonkhanitsa umboni, ndi kutchula milandu kwa ozenga mlandu, amene amasankha kaya kubweretsa milandu.
  • Kusungitsa lamulo lakukhazikitsa: m'madongosolo amwambo, lamulo limadalira pa chitsenderezo cha onse, kuulutsa, ndi dzoma la kuyanjanitsidwa mmalo mwa zipangizo za boma.

Kusiyana kwa malamulo kungayambukire kwambiri. apolisi amphamvu odziimira okha m’dziko la anthu wamba angayang’anizane mwamphamvu ndi ozembedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma okhala ndi ntchito yaumboni yamphamvu angapange bwino mbali zazikulu za milandu. Malamulo achipembedzo kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikiza ziletso za makhalidwe abwino ndi zamalamulo, monga momwe zimawonedwa m’mabwalo a ku Sharia kumene oweruza onse aŵiri amachita monga ozenga malamulo ndi otetezera makhalidwe abwino.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Mafotokozedwe Atsopano

Malamulo amamasuliridwa m’njira yosiyana ndi nkhwangwa zingapo: malemba ogwirizana ndi kusanthula, okhwima, ogwirizana ndi kulolerana, ndi a m'mbiri. Malamulo wamba amasiyanitsa mawu (kuyang'ana pa tanthauzo lomveka la malemba) ndi purposivisism (kuyang'ana pa chifuno chachikulu). Ku United States, mkangano pakati pa kuyambirira ndi kukhala ndi malamulo umayerekezera ndi kupanikizika kumeneku. Madongosolo a malamulo a boma, posiyana, amadalira kwambiri pa malemba a chinsinsi, koma oweruza amakono amalingalira mowonjezereka chifuno ndi chiyambukiro cha chiyambukiro.

Mwachitsanzo, kumasulira malamulo a chipembedzo kumalola akatswiri odziŵa bwino za malamulo kuti atulutse malamulo atsopano pankhani zimene sizikukhudza mwachindunji Quran kapena Sunnah.

Appendix Implini:[[FLT :1] "Kutsatira Chilamulo” module kuchokera ku Max Planck Institute imapereka lingaliro la maphunziro pa kumasulira kwa lamulo kolingana.

Mavuto M’dziko Lopanda Anthu

Kuchuluka kwa malamulo kwa madongosolo ambiri alamulo m'chigawo chimodzi . Kulenga ponse paŵiri mwaŵi ndi mavuto . M'maiko onga India, malamulo aumwini ozikidwa pa chipembedzo (Chihindu, Chisilamu, Chikristu) amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi malamulo a kudziko a chilango ndi njira yachiŵeniŵeni. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku mikangano ya boma, kugula zinthu, ndi mikangano yokhudza kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi pamene lamulo laumwini likusiyana ndi malamulo a lamulo.

Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumawonjezera mavuto ameneŵa. Mapangano a mayiko, milandu ya pa Intaneti, ndi ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse zimafuna kuti makhoti afotokoze malamulo achilendo, asankhe nthawi yowagwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo ku malire. Chigamulo cha n’chogwirizana (chilolezo ndi ulemu pakati pa mayiko]) chimatsogolera zosankha zambiri zotero, koma chimakhala ndi mavuto pamene malamulo a dziko lapansi akutsutsana ndi mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, khoti la Ulaya lingaletse kukhazikitsa U.S. Zigamu za mlandu zimene zimaphatikizapo chilango, zimene zimalingaliridwa kukhala zopambanitsa pansi pa malamulo a anthu.

Vuto lina lalikulu ndilo la kuweruza . Kaya m'lamulo limodzi lokhala ndi malamulo odula kapena njira yamwambo yochokera m’makhoti, magulu opatuka kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zalamulo. Chithandizo chalamulo, chigamulo china, ndi kuvomereza makhoti akwawo ndi njira zina, koma ziphuphu zikupitirizabe.

Zomwe Akuchita Masiku Ano: Kusuta ndi Kupotoza

Malamulo samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Maiko ambiri tsopano amatchula zigamulo za makhoti zapamwamba monga ulamuliro wokopa, pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba zomanga malamulo wamba kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizanitsa mbali za malamulo (m’chitsanzo, CYFC Code in the U.S.). European Union ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kugaŵanitsa, kuphatikiza mbali za malamulo a boma ndi ogwirizana m’malamulo ake ndi m’makhoti.

Malamulo achipembedzo amagwirizananso ndi madongosolo a dziko. Mayiko ena amene ali ndi mphamvu ya Sharia asintha malamulo a m’banja kuti agwirizane ndi miyezo ya ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse, pamene ena amamasulira motsimikiza. Malamulo a mwambo akugwirizanitsidwa m’madongosolo a malamulo ovomerezeka mwa njira zonga “Community Sed Resorts". Programmes ku Norway, imene imaphatikizapo miyambo ya mtundu wa Sami m’ndende.

Kugwirizanitsa: Bank ya World Bank [[FT:2] M''ALEM ] ya Chilamulo [ imapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene maiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsira ntchito ndi kusungitsira malamulo, kugogomezera ponse paŵiri nyonga ndi zofooka ku madera onse.

Kufuna Aphunzitsi ndi Ophunzira

Kwa aphunzitsi a mbiri ndi alamulo, kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwa kumasulira kwa lamulo ndi kusungitsa nkofunika kuti ophunzira alingalire mochenjera ponena za chilungamo, ulamuliro, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kuyerekezera kumathandiza ophunzira kuona malamulo kukhala osati monga mpambo wa malamulo koma monga gulu lamphamvu losonkhezeredwa ndi chikhalidwe, mphamvu, ndi nzeru. Pophunzira zochitika za m'mbiri, monga ngati kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a boma kapena kuyambika kwa ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse.

Mfundo zazikulu zimene timaphunzitsa ndi izi:

  • Kufunika kwa nkhani yonse popenda magwero alamulo: lamulo lochokera ku dziko la boma liyenera kuŵerengedwa ndi dongosolo lake la malamulo, pamene chosankha chalamulo chofala chimafunikira chisamaliro ku dongosolo lalamulo lotsatizana.
  • Ntchito ya oseŵera a zamalamulo: oweruza, opanga malamulo, akatswiri achipembedzo, ndi akulu a m’chitaganya aliyense amapanga malamulo mwa kusankha kwake kodziwikiratu.
  • Kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa kutsimikiza ndi kusintha: Madongosolo ogwirizana akupereka kudziŵiratu, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo wamba limalola kusintha; lamulo lachipembedzo limapereka chitsogozo cha makhalidwe abwino, pamene malamulo amwambo amasungitsa kugwirizana kwa kakhalidwe.

Kumaliza

Mmene malamulo amatanthauzidwira ndi kutsatiridwa m'malamulo osiyanasiyana ndi funso limene lili pa maziko a lamulo loyerekezera. Kufufuza kumeneku kwa malamulo a anthu wamba, malamulo a boma, lamulo lachipembedzo, ndi lamulo lamwambo kumavumbula kuti palibe “mwabwino” wa kumvetsetsa malamulo. Mmalomwake, dongosolo lililonse limasonyeza njira yapadera ya ulamuliro, kulingalira, ndi chitaganya. Pamene dziko likhala logwirizana kwambiri, akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi nzika mofananamo ayenera kukulitsa luso la kuwongolera kusiyana kumeneku, kulemekeza kuyenera kwawo, ndi kuphunzira kwa mphamvu zawo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, chidziŵitso chimenechi chimapereka chiyamikiro chachikulu cha mmene zikhalidwe zimadzilamulira iwo eni, ndi mmene chilungamo chimatsatirira ku malo osiyanasiyana alamulo.