Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus, chopezeka m'Chigawo 8, Chigawo 18 cha Malamulo a United States, ndi limodzi la malamulo otchuka kwambiri m'lamulo la America. Imapereka mphamvu ya Congress “kupanga Malamulo onse amene afunika ndi oyenera kuchititsa kuchotsa Maulamuliro otchulidwawo, ndi Maulamuliro ena onse oikidwa ndi Boma limeneli m'Boma la United States, kapena m'Dipatimenti iliyonse kapena m'bungwe lake lililonse. Kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, chiganizocho chakhala pa maziko a mkangano wa ulamuliro wa boma, malire a mphamvu zoŵerengedwa, ndi mbali yoyenera ya bungwe lomasulira mawu ovuta. Oyambirira amapereka mapulinsipulogalamu apadera kutanthauza ndi kumvetsetsa kwake koyambirira ndi tanthauzo la mbiri yakale.

Kumvetsa Malamulo Oyambirira a Zinthu

Chiphunzitso cha kuyambika kwa mawu ndi banja la maphunziro omasulira amene amachirikiza kuti malemba alamulo ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo lake panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'malingaliro oyambirira. Monga cholinga choyambirira, tanthauzo lake, ndi kuyambika kwa mawu ndi kuikidwiratu kwa pulogalamu ya democracy ndi lamulo.

Matanthauzo Oyambirira a Anthu

Oyambirira, monga Attorney General Edwin Meese mu 1980, kaŵirikaŵiri anasumika maganizo pa zolinga za Aframers. Lerolino, olemba ambiri amatsatira tanthauzo la anthu lachiyambi [[FLT: 0] loyambirira lochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi katswiri wa zamalamulo. Pansi pa lingaliro limeneli, kufunsa koyenera ndiko mmene munthu wololera pa nthaŵi ya kuvomerezedwa kuyenera kukana, osati zolinga zachinsinsi za okonza mafashoni. Kusinthaku kumapangitsa kuyambilira kwa kuyambiriro ndi kochepera pa mbiri yakale yosakwanira. Kwa Really Barnett ndi Justian, kuyang'ana kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, monganso kwa malamulo ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa ndale.

Ntchito ya Maziko a Mbiri

Olemba mbiri amadalira pa magwero osiyanasiyana kuti apeze tanthauzo loyambirira: madikishonale a nyengo yoyambirira, makambitsirano a boma, Federalist Papers, zolemba za Convention ya Malamulo, zolemba zoyambirira za zamalamulo, ndi mafotokozedwe oyambirira achiweruzo. Komabe, otsutsa apeza kuti magwero ameneŵa angakhale osadziŵika bwino ndi kuti mbiri yakale si yosakwanira. Olemba Baibulo amanena kuti cholingacho si chenicheni koma ndi lamulo la malamulo amene amamasulira. Kwa Oyenerera ndi Oyenerera Classiane, mbiri yake njambiri, imapereka ndemanga yaikulu kuchokera ku zithunzithunzi zakale monga James Mace, Alexander Hamilson, ndi Thomas Jefferson.

Zimene Claus Anachita: Malemba ndi Malemba Ake

Mawu olondola a M’malamulo anali ogwirizana ndi kulolera. Pa Convention ya Malamulo, nthumwi zinatsutsana kuti kaya zipereke mphamvu zazikulu za Congress kapena kuti zikhazikike kutchula mfundo. Mawuwo monga momwe anatengedwa anali ntchito ya Komiti ya Malamulo ndipo cholinga chake chinali kuletsa kufunika kwa kugawidwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu iliyonse ya boma. James Madison analongosola mu Federalist No. 44 kuti “mopanda mphamvu imeneyi, Malamulo onse akakhala kalata yopanda pake. Iye anatsutsa kuti mfundoyo inali “yofunika” kulola kuti bungwe la malamulolo liziwononge mphamvu zoŵerengedwa bwino, koma anachenjezanso kuti silinapereke mphamvu zatsopano za ufulu uliwonse.

Mkangano wa Federal Na. 44 ndi “Zaukulu za Malamulo”

.“ Palibe chilolezo chotsimikizirika bwino m'malamulo, kapena m’lingaliro, kuposa kuti kulikonse kumene mapeto afunikira, njirazo ziri zovomerezedwa; kulikonse kumene mphamvu yachisawawa yakuchita chinthu, mphamvu iriyonse yofunikira kaamba ka kuchichita ikuphatikizidwa. — James Madison, Federal List No. 44

Chinenero cha Madison chimapereka lingaliro la kulolera: njira iliyonse yogwirizana ndi mapeto oŵerengedwa njololedwa ndi lamulo. Komabe, iye anaumiriranso kuti chiganizocho sichinakulitse mphamvu zotchulidwazo zokha. Ana Anti-Federalist, posiyanitsa, anaopa kuti chinenero “chofunika ndi choyenera” chikadadulidwa kuti chikwaniritsidwe malire onse pa ulamuliro wa boma. M’kuyankha, ochirikiza malamulo anasonya ku mawuwo kuti“ moyenerera" monga malire owonjezereka . Malamulo sayenera kukhala ofunikira komanso ogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kalamulo ndi zoyenera zake.

Kumasulira Koyambirira kwa Claus

Okhulupirira chiphunzitso cha kumbuyo amagwiritsira ntchito njira zingapo zomasulira zosiyana pamene akupenda lingaliro la Mwini ndi Woyenerera. Choyamba, amatchula mawu "ofunika” ndi "kuyenera” [[[FLT:]]. Chilungamo chachikulu John Marshall ["] chotchuka mu [FLT:] [[FLT] [[FLT]] [4]] [matanthauzo] ndi [18] kukhazikitsa lamulo lofala:] sikutanthauza “yabwino kwapadera , koma“ koma kuwonjezera kapena “kugwiritsira ntchito. Marshall kumasulira kopanda malire kokondedwa ndi Thomas Jefferson, amene anatsutsa kuti“ ". Ofunikira. Oyambirirawo anatanthauza kuti ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo ndi kuwonjezera kuŵerengera kwachitsatakwa. [Frumoselson: "5] [1]

Tanthauzo la “Protesitanti”

Ophunzitsa za malamulo amagogomezeranso kuti “mwabwino” amakhazikitsa malamulo osiyana. Poyambitsa kugwiritsa ntchito, “mwabwino” anatanthauza“ kuyenerera, koyenera, koyenera” ndipo, m'nkhani yalamulo, “kugwirizana ndi mkhalidwe wa mphamvu ndi dongosolo. Chiyeneretso chakuti malamulo akhale “oyenera kuletsa [1] kukhazikitsa malamulo ena oletsa zinthu zina. Zonga ngati Bill of Rights, kapena imene imadodometsa ntchito za boma. Woweruza Scalia, m'chigwirizano chake ndi United States v. Comsstock[FL:] (20) , anafotokoza kuti “" moyenerera kuonetsa kuti lamulo ndi mphamvu zopereŵeruka za boma. [iku]

Kupenda Njira za Kuyambirira Kuchitidwa: “Mamphamvu a Kulingalira” Chiphunzitso

Chiphunzitso cha Claus choyenerera ndi Chamalamulo sichimapatsa Nyumba ya Ufumu mphamvu yodziimira payokha; chimapatsa mphamvu yotsogolera ku maulamuliro ena. Chotero ofufuza za m’chilengedwe amafuna kuti lamulo lililonse loikidwa pansi pa chiganizo chigwirizanizidwe ndi mphamvu yapadera. Izi zimadziŵika monga [[[FL:0]] mphamvu za maganizo . Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLT:] [FLD]]] [MCULC] [[[FLT]]] [[FLT]], Nyumba inakhazikitsa banki ya dziko monga njira yoperekera msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, ndi malonda. Banki linachita ntchito yolimba. Pansi pa malamulo ake oyenerera, kukwaniritsa “unansi wokwanira ndi kumapeto, osagwirizana ndi njira yakutali, kapena yongoyerekezera, yongoyerekezera ndi yongopeka, yongoyerekezera ndi Chilungamo. [Tsmagalamu:] [4] [2] Kaŵiri]

Kuvuta kwa Zosankha Zachiweruzo Zamakono

Malamulo a Chilamulo chachiyambi aumba zigamulo zapadera zingapo za Khoti Lalikulu pa Moniy ndi Sea Claus m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa. United States v. Comstock (2010), Khoti linachirikiza lamulo la boma lolola kugonjera kwa anthu andende owopsa mwa kugonana pambuyo pa kutha kwa malamulo awo a ndende. Ambiri, kugwiritsira ntchito kuyesa kolinganiza kwa njira yachikhalidwe, anapeza lamulo “loyenera ndi loyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya Congressbosborrence kuyang'anira ndende za boma. Jasiti Leact Kennedy ndi Jasity Alito aliyense woyesa kuima m'matanthauzo oyambirira. Zoweruza, zokana, zinatsutsa kuti lamulolo silinalonetsedwe bwino m'chigwirizano chachikulu, potsatira mphamvu yake yachikhalidwe lachikulu la kuŵerengera kwake.

NFIB v. Sebelius (202) ndi Mandate Imodzi payokha

Mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1], khoti linalingalira ngati lamulo la Affordhable Care Act lingakhale logwirizana ndi “zofunika ndi zoyenera” kuyang'anira malonda a inshuwalansi. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts anakana lingalirolo, polingalira kuti mphamvu yoyenerera ndi yoyenerera ya Claus sakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa mphamvu yatsopano, yodziimira payokha, monga ngati anthu okakamiza kugula chinthucho. Chilamulocho sichikulinganiza bwino chifukwa chakuti chikalamulira upanduko pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma. Kulingalira kumeneku: Kusintha kwa mphamvu zopereka chigamulo cha kuchititsa kuperekedwa kwa mphamvu zatsopanozo, sikunatheke.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi “Kulamulira”

Malo ena kumene womasulira mawu a mawuwo amaonekera kwambiri ndi m’nkhani zokhudza ulamuliro wa boma. New York v. United States [FLT [1] [1992] ndi Shicilelaz v. United States [1997], Khoti linaswa malamulo a boma amene “alamulira" boma kapena akuluakulu a boma kuti agwiritsitse maprogramu a boma. Ambiri mu [[FLT: 4.] Printz , , yotsogozedwa ndi Justice Scialia, inakhulupirira kuti lamulo loterolo linali“ chifukwa chakuti linalanda ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wodziŵika bwino. Khoti linayang'ana kukhazikitsa, kukonza mapulogalamu a mbiri yakale, ndi kugamula kopetetsa kuti aperekere kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kulongosola kwa kulongosola kwa lamulo lakale.

Kufunsira kwa Kuyambirira Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito pa Claus Woyenerera ndi Woyenerera

Mosasamala kanthu za kugwirizana kwake kwanzeru, woyambirira kumasulira kwa Ictive ndi Sea Claus amayang'anizana ndi kusuliza kochuluka. Chitsutso chofala nchakuti umboni wa m'mbiri ngwosagwirizana ndi wina ndipo ungalinganizidwe mosankhidwira kuchirikiza mphamvu ya boma yotakata kapena yochepa. Mwachitsanzo, James Madison [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa ndi akatswiri oyambirira monga ulamuliro . Mary . "Nthaŵi zambiri anasintha malingaliro ake kuchokera ku mafotokozedwe ofala a“ m'kachitidwe kofala kwa ulamuliro wamakono. Otsutsa kuti Madibodibose ayenera kulamulira? Ndiponso, ndi ziti zimene zinayambazo monga Mcloch. [FLT.]

Vuto la Kulamulira kwa “Dzanja Lapansi”

Chiphunzitso china cha kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kumasulira koyambirira kwa lamulo ku dziko la zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu limene silingayembekezere zinthu zamakono zachuma ndi zaluso. Ilifait ndi Seant Claus, yomwe poyamba inamvedwa, singalole maprogramu ambiri a boma amene tsopano a Aamereka atenga movomerezeka [1] monga Social Security, malamulo a chilengedwe, kapena malamulo a boma oletsa mfuti. Otembenuza akuvomereza kuti malamulo a malamulo a boma angathe ndipo ayenera kukonzedwa kuti atha kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano, ndi kuti lamulo la chiweruzo likhale lovomerezedwe ndi lamulo lachiweruzo. Iwo amawonanso kuti chinenero chosinthasinthasintha cha anthu tsopano ndi “chofunika [1] ndi“ choyenerera dala kulola kuti agwirizane ndi kuyenerera, kwanthaŵi yaitali pamene malamulo a maziko a nyumba a boma adakalipo.

Kunyada Monga Chovuta

Mosasamala kanthu za kusuliza kumeneku, kuyambika kwa zinthu kumakhala kokopa kwa oweruza ndi akatswiri ambiri kwenikweni chifukwa chakuti kumalonjeza kuumirizidwa kwalamulo pa chiweruzo. M'nkhani za mphamvu ya kuyenera ndi Yabwino, njira zoyambirira za kulengedwa kwa zinthu zimafunsa mabwalo a mafunso otsimikizirika a mbiri yakale: Kodi oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa motani unansi pakati pa mphamvu zamwambo ndi zoŵerengeka? Kodi iwo analinganiza “mwabwino” kukhazikitsa? Mwakupenda mwatsatanetsatane m'malemba ndi m'mbiri, cholinga cha kupeŵetsa ziyeso zotsekera zotsekezera zotsekezera zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku kusagwirizana ndi malamulo achinyengo. Ngakhale zitakwaniritsa lonjezolo, kodi ndilonjezo za nthaŵi zonse? Koma chiyambukiro chake pa nkhani zazikulu za malamulo nchosakakayikizidwa.

Kumaliza

Chiyeneretso ndi Chilungamo cha Claus ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo kumasulira kwake koyambirira kwa lamulo lachimereka kudakali mphamvu yofunika m'lamulo la America. Mwakusumika pa tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu la “mwambo” ndi“ inde, oweruza oyambirira amafuna kukhazikitsa masomphenya a boma lokhala ndi malire okhazikika m'nyengo yokha. Njira imeneyi yaumba yopanga malamulo a boma, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ndipo ikupitiriza kutsogolera pa matanthauzo a mphamvu za Congressbourration. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chilibe popanda chitsutso chake, kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kuyenerera kwa Claus kumapereka chiwonetso chokhwima, chogwirizana ndi kusungitsa kuŵerengedwa kwa boma ku maulamuliro a dziko. M'nyengo ya ndale zadziko yaikulu, kufunafuna tanthauzo la lamulo lalamulo lachikulu la ufulu wa dziko lapansi kudzera mwa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la pa progalamu.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi Chidziŵitso ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Chikalata cha kulowa kwa pepala la , Hamilton's kutetezera mu Federation No. 33, ndi malingaliro a Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] United States v.[FLT:][FLT:]