Kutanga: Chimiro Chikuru Chesimba

Simba risinganzvengeki munzanga dzevanhu. Kubva mukirasi kusvika mukamuri rezvirongwa, kubva kumhuri kusvika kuukama hwenyika yose, mubvunzo wokuti nei vamwe vanhu kana kuti mapoka vaine simba pane vamwe unoshanda nguva dzose uye kukurumidzira. Kunzwisisa simba hakusi kungori chinhu chinongodiwawo zvacho kuti tigadzirise zvinhu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvoupenyu hwemazuva ano, tichitsigira ruramisiro, uye tichivaka nzanga dzinoda kuenzana.

Pamavambo paro, simba isimba mano okupesvedzera kana kuti kudzora mufambiro wavanhu nemiuyo. Asi iyi tsananguro yakapfava inovhara zvimiro zvakawanda, manyuko, uye miuyo. Simba rinogona kuoneka, somuchiremera chomutongi, kana kuti chisingaoneki, somumiitiro yamanomano inodzora mufambiro wenzanga. Inogona kushandiswa pamwe chete kana kuti kubatira pamwe, kwakasanorongwa kana kuti kuparadzirwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera chimiro chakafanana chesimba, kukwevera patsika dzenhau, dzenzanga, uye mirangariro yendangariro kutsanangura chikonzero nei simba richipfuurira uye kuti ringanzwisiswa sei.

Mavambo Esimba: Kudzokorora Kunonakidza

Masayendisiti enzanga ave achiitisana nharo kwenguva refu nezvemavambo aro nemashandiro aro. Imwe nyanzvi inopesvedzera yezvemagariro evanhu John Franch naBertram Raven, yakatangwa nenyanzvi dzendangariro dzenzanga muna 1959, inozivisa mavambo mashanu esimba, rimwe nerimwe rine mavara nezvinorehwa.

Simba Rokudhonza

Simba retsinga rinotsamira pamano okuisa chirango kana kuti kutyisidzira miuyo yakaipa. Chimiro chinodzora chinopfuura mwero, chinowanzoonekwa muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira, mapurisa, kana kuti ukama hwomubereki nemwana. Nepo richishanda munguva pfupi, simba rokubatana rinova rinoparira pfundepfunde nokudzivisa nokufamba kwenguva. Kuvimba kwaro norutyo kunoiita kuti ive isina kusimba uye inodhura kuchengeta.

Simba Rokutusa

Simba rinopa mubayiro kuderera kwokumanikidzwa: rinobatanidza kupa zvishuvo zvakadai semari, rumbidzo, kusimudzirwa, kana kuti ropafadzo dzokuita kuti kutevedzerwe. Mumabasa nomugadziriro dzedzidzo, simba rinogona kusunda kuita chiito, asi ringatungamirirawo kuukama hwokutengeserana uye kunangidzira ngwariro pasundo yekuvadziko panzvimbo pesundo huru.

Simba Rakarurama

Simba rapamutemo rinobva panzvimbo inozivikanwa kana kuti basa mukati medare.

Simba Renyanzvi

Simba resimba rinobva muzivo, unyanzvi, kana kuti ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Unyanzvi hwachiremba, unyanzvi hweinjiniya hunoziva kuti sei, kana kuti nzwisiso yegweta yomutemo inovapa simba pavamwe vasina zivo iyoyo. Munyika inowedzera kuoma, simba rinokosheswa zvikuru, asi rinogonawo kuparira kutsamira nokuziva semazai.

Simba Rinopa Mutezo

Simba rinotangira pamavara omunhu oga akadai seyesimba, kuvimbika, kana kuti kudzoreka. Vanhu vanotevera mumwe munhu ane simba nemhaka yokuti vanoyemura kana kuti vanozivikanwa navo.

Kunzwisisa kusarura uku kunobatsira kuongorora kuti nei vamwe vanhu vachiunganidza simba asi vamwe vachiramba vakaderedzwa.

Nhoroondo Dzakapoteredza: Simba Mumakore Akawanda

Kuongorora mashoko aya anoratidza kuti zvinhu zvine simba hazvichinji sei asi kuti zvinochinja sei kana zvinhu zvoupfumi, zvokugadzira zvinhu, uye pfungwa zvichichinja.

Masangano Anodzora

MuEurope yeMiddle Ages, simba raiiswa mutsika yakaoma. Madzimambo akapa nzvimbo kumachinda mukutsinhana nokuda kwebasa rehondo, apo varimi vaisungwa kunyika uye vaizviisa pasi pechiremera chashe. Iyi tsika yakatsigirwa nedzidziso yekodzero youmwari yekodzero yamadzimambo. Simba raigarwa nhaka uye harina kupanikirwa. Chechi yaishandisawo simba guru, inodzora dzidzo, tsika, uye kunyange kuva pamutemo kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

“ Gadziriro yemasangano evarwi yakanga isiri gadziriro yezvemari chete; yakanga iri nhevedzano yose yenzanga umo simba, zvinhu, uye kuzivikanwa zvakabatanidzwa.” — Susan Reynolds, wezvenhau

Kutongwa Kwenyika Nehurumende Yamambo

Kubvira muzana ramakore rechi15 kusvikira kune rechi20, masimba eEurope , `Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, uye mamwe(*) akagadzwa nyika muAfrica, Asia, uye America. Kudzorwa kweRoma kwakanga kuri basa guru mukubatana uye kudzora kwapamutemo, achitsigirwa nemauto uye pfungwa dzedzinza izvo zvairuramisa kutongwa. Macolonide akawana pfuma, anoshandisa zvisakafanira, uye akaisa gadziriro dzawo dzetsika nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Migumisiro yacho inopfuurira nhasi mukusawirirana kwemari, mamiriro ezvinhu etsika, uye kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chinjo Yenzvimbo Dzamabasa Okugadzirwa Kwezvinhu

Chinjo yeIndustrial (zana ramakore 18th-19) yakachinjazve simba mukati menzanga. Kumuka kwamafekitari neceral kwakaparira boka idzva ravapfumi vemaindasitiri .(w) uyo akaunganidza simba rezvemari rakakwikwidzana navemagamuchidzanwa vakakwirira. Panguva imwe cheteyo, boka rinoshanda (protariat) rakakura muukuru nesangano, kuchitungamirira kumasangano anoshanda aida mibairo iri nani, migariro inoshanda, uye kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi nhambo yakaona kuberekwa kwerwisano yeboka razvino uno, sezvinorangarirwa naKar Marx, uyo akarangarira kuti simba pakupedzisira rinowana mukudzora nzira yokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.

Masangano Enzanga Nokutsigira Simba Kusina Kunaka

Mazana amakore 20 ne21 akaratidzirwa namasangano ane simba enzanga ayo akadenha zvivako zvesimba ravagari vemo zvakadzika midzi. Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States rakarwisana nokuparadzaniswa kwedzinza nokuparadzaniswa. Masangano echikadzi akadenha chiremera chamadzitateguru uye akaraira kuva akaenzana kwechirume nevarume. Masangano anorwisana nehurumende yeRoma muAsia neAfrica anogona kubudirira kukurira nokutonga kwehurumende. Aya masangano aiwanzobatanidza kurwisa kwebatira pamwe (kurwisa, kurova, kurova, kupfuradza) nokukwirira kusimba retsika nerevose (kodzero dzohunhu, maruramiro outongi hwechisati). Anoratidzira kuti simba rinogona kukwikwidzwa ndokuparadzirwa nechiito chavose.

Magariro Nesimba Remashandiro Enyika

Kupfuura zviitiko zvenhau, simba rezuva nezuva rinovakwa munzanga — masangano anogadzikana uye masangano anoronga nzanga.

Boka Nesimba Remari

Boka rezvemari rinoramba riri rimwe ramadzorere ane simba zvikurusa epesvedzero. Huru hunogovera kusvika kudzidzo, tarisiro youtano, kumirira kwapamutemo, mipiro yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuva wezvinobudisa nhau. Munyika zhinji, 1% yavagari vemo inodzora mugove wezviwanikwa wakawanda, kuchivagonesa kuumba muitiro nemurangariro wavose. DATA kubva kuWorld Jugatority database[ inoratidzira kuti mari yenyika yose nepfuma zvakakura zvikuru chifo chama 1980, zvichisimbisa simba renyika yenyuko.

Rusaruraganda, Rudzi, uye Rusaruraganda

Kuparadzana kwesimba redzinza neredzinza kwakavakirwa munhau dzouranda, kurongeka, uye kurongeka. Munyika dzakadai seUnited States, South Africa, uye Brazil, urudzi hwegadziriro inopfuurira kutapura kuwanika kwedzimba, basa, ruramisiro youtsotsi, uye kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunyange pashure pechinjo dzapamutemo, zvirongwa zvesimba zvinowanzopfuurira kupfuurira kupfurikidza nemiitiro yamanomano okupinza vanhu, dzidzo, muganhu, uye kuiswa muboka. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinoda kunzvera nzira yakasiana- siyana yedzvinyiriro (masangano, dzinza, vatano yavakadzi) uye nzanga imwe neimwe.

Mufundisi Uye Mufundisi Mukuru

Hurumende igadziriro yenzanga umo varume vanoramba vane simba nechiremera zvikuru kupfuura vakadzi. Inooneka mumubhadharo usina kuenzana, kuiswa pasi muutungamiriri, masimba masimba echikadzi, uye tsika izvo zvinoderedza mutengo wemipiro yavakadzi. Nepo fambiro mberi yakaitwa (vakadzi vakawanda vari muhofisi yezvamatongerwe enyika, somuenzaniso) mikaha yesimba inoramba iri inokosha. Mukuwirirana ne World Economic Forum's Globalmpio Report 2024, pamwero wazvino, kuchatora makore 134 kuvhara mukaha wevatano yenyika yose. Simba rinoonekwawo muLGBQ, umo muganhu wamasimba masimba namasimba masimba okuwana kumitezogamuchirwa.

Zera Nesimba Rechizvarwa

Marudzi ezera mumitoo yemhesano. Munzanga dzakawanda dzegamuchidzanwa, vakuru vane chiremera nemhaka yoruzivo rwavo uye zivo yakaunganidzwa. Mutsika dzazvino uno, pwere dzinowanzorangarirwa sedzinochinjika zvikuru netsva, bva dzingashaiwa simba rokuronga. Rwisano dzechizvarwa pamusoro pezvipo (sezviro, mari inoshandiswa paruzhinji pamadhinandindi. dzidzo) inoratidzira rwisano huru. Kukura kwepasi rose kwavatsigiri vemigariro yemhoteredzo yapasi, zvakadai seGrenta Thaunberg, dzinoenzanisira kuti simba rinoisa denho sei gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushanda Kwesimba Mupfungwa

Kutsvakurudza kwepfungwa kunoratidza kuti munhu anonzwa sei kana achipiwa simba, kuti unhu hunochinja sei, uye kuti vanhu vanoita sei kuti simba rivepo mukati.

Chiremera Nokuteerera: Kuedza Kwemichina

Kuedza kwakakurumbira kwaStanley Milgram muma 1960 kwakaratidzira kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanodisa zvikuru kuteerera zviverengero zvechiremera, kunyange apo vakaraidzwa kukuvadza vamwe. Vatori vemo vakaudzwa kupa simba remagetsi kumudzidzi (mutambi) nokuda kwemhinduro dzisina kururama. Pasinei zvapo nokuchema kwokurwadziwa, vazhinji vakapfuurira kuvhundutsa kusvikira pamwero une ngozi nemhaka yokuti muendi webumbiro revhu akavaudza. Kunzvera uku kwakasimbisa simba rechiremera chapamutemo nedzvinyiriro yemamiriro ezvinhu, kumutsa mibvunzo inokatyamadza pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende dzakafanana neNazi kana kuti shatiropi yeSouth Africa ingagona kushanda nayo.

Kuedza Kwetorongo reStanford Nesimba Rokushanda

Philip Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment (19971) yakaratidza kuti mabasa akagoverwa anogona kuchinja nokukurumidza sei mufambiro. Vadzidzi vekoleji vakagoverwa nenzira yokungova "varindi" vakava vanobata zvisina kufanira uye vane chiremera, nepo "vasungwa" vakava vasingashandi uye vakaora mwoyo. Kuedza kwacho kwakapedzwa pakuvamba nemhaka yeitiro retsika, asi zvakawanikwa zvakasimbisa kuti simba rinogona sei kushatisa kunyange vanhuwo zvavo kana rikaiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu anokurudzira kudzora. Kunyange zvazvo fundo yacho yakatarisana nounyanzvi hwemiitiro yetsika, inoramba iri mufananidzo une simba zvikuru wemamiriro ezvinhu etsika.

Dzidziso Yokuzivikanwa Nenzanga Neboka

Maererano nerondedzero yenzanga, vanhu vanowana rutivi rwokuzvibatanidza kwavo vamene mumitezo yeboka (muremo, dzinza, nyika, basa). Ikoku kunotungamirira kurusarura ganda namapoka. Mapoka ane simba kazhinji kazhinji anova nemirangariro inoruramisa ubati ushe hwavo (zvikuru, "vapfumi vanofanirwa nepfuma yavo nemhaka yokuti vanoshanda zvakaoma zvikuru). Nenzira inopesana, mapoka akaganhurirwa angaderedza kana kuti kusimudzira kuva anodzivisa. Kunzwisisa iyi miitiro yendangariro kunokosha kukudenha furira mano akaipa nechinzwano.

Simba Nechirango

Nzvero inoratidzawo kuti simba rinochinja mafungire avanhu. Vanhu vane simba vanowanzova vane chivimbo zvikuru, vanotora ngozi huru, uye vanonangidzira ngwariro pamibayiro panzvimbo petyisidziro. Vane bviro huru yokurangarira vamwe uye sezvingabvira zvishomanene kuti vave nemirangariro yavamwe. Uku "simba" kunoreva kuti sezvo vanhu vanowana simba, kazhinji kazhinji vanova vane tsitsi shoma zvikuru uye vanozvinzwira urombo zvikuru, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuva pamutemo kwavo munguva inopfuura nguva. A fundo ya20 yakaitwa naAdam Galinsky uye shamwari yakawana kuti simba rinowedzera chimiro chokuita pazvishuvo zvomunhu amene, pane dzimwe nguva pandyiko dzendangariro dzetsika.

Kuratidzirwa Kwazvino Uno Kwekusakoshesa Simba

Muzana remakore rechi21, simba resimba rakachinja nenzira dzakaoma kunzwisisa, rakaumbwa nokudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, uye marudzi matsva enzanga.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika Nemari Mumatongerwe Enyika

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, mufungo ndowokuti mugari mumwe nomumwe ane simba rakaenzana rezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuvhota nokutora rutivi. Zvomenemene, pfuma inoshandisa pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi kupfurikidza nemipiro yenhimbe, kukurudzira, uye kuva nezvinobudisa nhau. MuUnited States, Chigariti cheDare Gurusa reUnited States (2010) chakabvumira kupambadza kusina muganhu pamasangano panhimberi dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchikudziridza nenzira inobudirira simba revatungamiriri vezvemari. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kutsika umo vezvamatongerwe enyika vangava vanodavirira zvikuru kuva vanopa kupfuura varwi, kuchideredza kuzvidavirira kwamadiro.

Dzidzo Somuchenesi Wesimba

Kuwana dzidzo yakanaka itsika inodzorwa zvikuru inodzorwa netsika. Zvikoro zvine mukurumbira, mayunivhesiti ane mukurumbira, uye mibatanidzwa yemaalmani zvinogadzira nzira dzinoenda kumabasa akakwirira nenzvimbo dzoutungamiriri. Ukuwo, zvikoro zvisina kutsarukana munzanga dzinowana mari shoma zvinowedzera kuva nengozi. Mukaha wedzidzo yenyika yose unoratidza kusaenzana kwezvemari, uye vana vari munyika dzakapfuma vanogona kupedza dzidzo yesekondari neyomumabhazi. Sezvino ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu neunyanzvi hwokudzidza zvinova zvitsva zvesimba renyanzvi, zvingawedzera mukahasha pakati pevaya vanogona kurovedza uye vasingazvikwanisi.

Zvinobudisa Mashoko, Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, uye Simba Remashoko

Masangano ezvinobudisa nhau nenzvimbo dzemasangano enzanga anoshandisa simba guru kuumba murangariro wavanhu, kuronga, uye mufambiro. MaSaremori anotanga zviri mukati zvinonyandura anogona kukudza mashoko asina kururama uye kuparadza nzanga. Sangano rakadai saGoogle, Facebook, uye Amazon ane zvitsama zvikuru zvemikurumbira yomunhu oga, achiapa simba rezvemari nerezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba rokudzora mashoko anofambiswa ichimiro chazvino uno chesimba rapamutemo nerounyanzvi, asi harina kudzorwa. Munguva ino, masangano akafanana ne # Metoo anoratidzira kuti manyuko anokwanisa sei kuisa simba renzanga kudenha manyuko akagadzwa.

Kusaenzana Kwenyika Yose Nesimba Rinoitika Kuchamhembe - Kumaodzanyemba

Nyika dzine upfumi dziri kuMadokero aManyika akawanda, nyika dzine simba rakasiyana - siyana. Dzinowanzorayira kuti pave nemabasa okutengesa munyika yose, mari, uye magariro enzvimbo, nyika dzine urombo muhondo yeNyika yose yokumaodzanyemba kweSouth nemhindu, uye kudzikamiswa kwematongerwe enyika. Masangano enyika ose akaita seWorld Bank neInternational Monetary Fund anodzorwa nenyika dzakapfuma, dzichisimudzira kusadzikama kwesimba. Zvisinei, mari iri kumuka seChina, India, neBrazil iri kuchinja nyika, ichiumba nzvimbo itsva dzesimba repfuma nerezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kudzivisa Namasimba: Zvirongwa Zvinodenha Simba

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei vamwe vanhu vane simba pamusoro pavamwe inongova hafu yenhau. Imwe hafu inonzwisisa kuti simba rinogona sei kudziviswa nokuparadzirwa. Chiremera (jekiseni) mutoo wokuwana udzore upenyu hwomunhu nemhoteredzo(ichi mushonga wesimba rinodzvinyirira). Nhau inopa mienzaniso yakawanda yokudzivisa kweboka: mibatanidzwa yavashandi inokwidziridza mibhadharo inoitirwa ruramisiro, vanorwira kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoda kubatwa zvakaenzana, nzanga dzinorwira kodzero dzenyika, uye vagari vemowowo zvavo vanoronga chiito chemamiriro okunze enzvimbo.

Kudzivisa kunobudirira kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza zvimiro zvakawanda zvesimba: kunyunyuta kukuru (dzvinyiriro yesimba remitemo), denho dzemitemo (simba rinoumbwa), chipupuriro chounyanzvi (simba renyanzvi), uye utungamiriri hwesimba resimba resimba resimba. Kunodawo kuti kuve nokuziva kusingabvumiki (8) mano okuziva nokunzvera zvimiro zvesimba zvinoumba upenyu hwomunhu, sezvinoratidzirwa namudzidzisi weBrazil Paulo Frere. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa midzi yesimba rinobvisa simba, vanhu vamwe nenzanga vanogona kuita gadziriro dzokuchinja, kubva pakuvhota uye kurudza nzanga kuti vagadzirise uye chiito chakananga.

Vadzidzi vanogona kudzidza kuziva zvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zvesimba, kuongorora mienzaniso yenhau, uye kuongorora nhau dzepanguva ino. Vanogona kushandisa simba ravo ravo rinozvimiririra uye nyanzvi kuti vatsigire zvavanoda. Pakupedzisira, nzanga inoparadzira simba rakawanda nenzira yakarurama zvikuru haisati ichingova bedzi inongova inoshivirira zvikuru, inochinjika, uye inosimba.

Mugumisiro: Simba semutoro

Zvikonzero nei vamwe vanhu vaine simba pamusoro pevamwe zvakadzika midzi zvikuru munhau, munzanga, uye mundangariro yevanhu. Asi izvi zvikonzero hazvisi mugumo. Kupfurikidza nokufunda simba(manyuko), manyuko aro, uye miuyo yaro, zvinogona kushanda kunyika umo simba rinogoverana zvakaenzana zvikuru uye rinoshandiswa nokuchenjera zvikuru.

Vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vanoona kuti kuongorora uku inzvimbo yokutanga. Nhanho inotevera ndeyokushandisa nzwisiso idzi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva: kusava nechokwadi nechiremera kana zvisina kururama, kuumba mibatanidzwa panzvimbo dzakasiyana, kushandisa simba romunhu kuti apedzise manzwi ake, uye kusakanganwa kuti ane simba anotanga nokunzwisisa, asi kunopedzwa nezviito.