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Basa Rinoumbwa Nebumbiro Romutemo Rinoumba Kutama

Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States ndiro gwaro rekaresa rakanyorwa renyika richiri kushanda. Gadziriro dzaro, kugadziridzwa, uye nheyo huru dzakaita kuumbwa kwemitemo kupfurikidza nayo inoitiranwa nharo, kugadzwa, uye kudenhwa. Kuvambira pamabasa okuberekwa kwokutanga zvikuru muma1790 kusvikira kumitemo yeDare Gurusa rechiremera chechiremera pamiganho yemiganho, Bumbiro remitemo rakatungamirira dzikamo pakati pouchangamire hwerudzi norusununguko rwomunhu. Kunzwisisa kuti mutemo wemitemo unoshanda pamwe chete nemitemo yokubuda munyika kunokosha kunokosha kunokosha kunzwisisa nei nhamburiko dzokuchinja zvinhu dzichibudirira apo dzimwe dare repamusoro penyika dzinobudirira kana kuti kudzorwa kwomutemo.

Gadziriro yokutora ine nzvimbo yechienzi mumutemo weAmerica. Bumbiro reMitemo harirondedzeri maruramiro okupinda kana kuti kurambira muUnited States nokuda kwavasingagari. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Bumbiro reMitemo rinotambanudzira dziviriro huru kuvanhu vose vari mundima yeU.S., kubatanidza avo vakapinda pasina mvumo. Kuoma ikoko kunopfuurira kuparira zvinetso zvedare, kuronga kutonga, uye kurukurirano yemibatanidzwa.

Mavambo Emagwaro Echiremera Chokubatanidza

Kunzi Claus uye Simba Romutemo Rapakuvamba

Chikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo chinopa simba rokugadza mutemo mumwe wokuita zvinhu. Chikamu ichi chaiva pakati pemasimba akaverengwa akasiyanisa hurumende itsva neMitemo yeConfederation. Mukati menhambo yokutangwa, Congress yakakurumidza kushandisa simba iri kupfuudza Chiratidzo chaMabasa muna 1790, icho chakabvumira munhu muchena upi noupi akasununguka ane tsika dzakanaka kuva mugari wemo pashure pamakore maviri okugara. Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidzawo kutumira kana kuti Kupinza Classiaste, uko kwakabvumira kuti Dare riganhurire kupinza varanda pashure po 1808, richiratidza kuti vadzori vaiziva kudikanwa kwokudzora kufamba kwavanhu mumiganhuro yekare yeRiphabliki.

Claus Wezvokutengeserana Nokukura Kwesimba Rehurumende

Commerce Claus yakadudzirwawo kutsigira chiremera chehurumende pakutama. Muzana ramakore rechi19, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakati murairo wokutama unowira muchiremera chakakwana chehurumende yehurumende yenyika yose pakutengeserana kwokumwe. Iyi nheyo yakatangwa kupfurikidza neMukwiri weCases uye gare gare yakanatswa mu Chinetso cheLeng v. Freeman, apo Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende yaiisa mitero yapamusoro pavatami vapamberi vapamberi vanosvika. Chisarudzo chakasimbiswa kuti hurumende dzisagona kumisa miganhuro yadzo yadzo yavo vamene yokupinda munyika, sezvo mabasa akadaro achidzorwa nesimba reDare rokudzora kutengeserana namarudzi okumwe.

Dzidziso Yesimba Rinoshamisa

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi namapfumbamwe napakuvamba, Dare Gurusa rakakudziridza dzidziso yesimba rimwe chetero rinodzora mutemo wemhuri, iyo inorangarira kuti Congress nebazu guru zvine chiremera chinenge chisina kuganhurirwa pakubvuma, kubvisa, uye kubviswa kwezvisingachinji. Dzidziso yacho yakavakirwa papfungwa yokuti kudzora kubuda munyika ndichinhu chikuru chouchangamire hwehurumende, kwete pasi peganhuriro imwe cheteyo yemitemo inodzora mutemo wemhuri. [FLT: 0] Cane Chan Ping v. United States, Exclusion Case, Dare rinotsigira chiremera chehurumende kubvisa vashandi vehurumende kunyange zvazvo Hurumende yakabvumira kare kupinda mauri acho. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anokwanisa kubvumiranwa uye kuchinja mitemo yavanhu pasina kuputsa maruramiro avanhu. United States States, kunyange zvazvo zvichingoitika kuti zvipfuure mamiriro ezvinhu apfuure.

Kuitwa Kwakafanira Nekodzero Dzevasina Kugara Mudzimba

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu Nedziviriro Dzomusikirwo

Gadziriro yeshanu inopa kuti hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti dziviriro iyi inotambanukira kuvanhu vose vari muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yavo yokutama. Mu Wang Wing v. United States, Dare rakati vanhu vasina kutarisana nechirango chetsotsiro nokuda kwokutemerwa kwehurumende, vanofanira kugamuchira dziviriro imwe cheteyo sevagari vemo, kubatanidza maruramiro edare redare redare rinotonga. Chisarudzo chacho chakabudisa mutsetse wakajeka pakati pokubviswa kwavagari vemo, apo hurumende ine dziviriro huru, uye kurovererwa kwemhosva, umo murairo usingagoni kuderedzwa nemhaka yokuti mukwiridhekisi wacho haanziri.

Muitiro wakafanira unoshandawo kuvagari vemo vechigarire vanoisa mungozi yokudzingwa. Mu INS ne[Cyr, Dare rakabvumira zvimwe zvigadziko kudenha kubviswa kwemirairo nemhaka yokuti kushandiswazve kwomutemo wokubuda munyika kwaizoputsa kariro dzakatangwa. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti kunyange apo Congress inoshanda mukati memasimba ayo okubuda munyika, haigoni kubvisa vimbiso huru dzemipimo pasina kuputsa mitemo yemitemo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Nokusazvidzora Kwamazaya

Kuiswa mujeri kunomutsa mimwe yemibvunzo yainyanyokwikwidzana nayo mumutemo wazvino uno. Mu Zadvydas v. Davis, Dare rakarangarira kana hurumende yaigona kuvhara nguva dzose asingamiriri asi akarairwa kuti nyika yakaramba kugamuchira. Dare rakaramba kuti mwedzi mitanhatu yokuvharirwa kwapashure pejeri yakanga ine mufungo, asi kuti kuchengetwa kusingachinjiki pasina kariro chaiyoiyo yokubvisa kwaizoputsa muitiro wakafanira. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinopfuurira kuisa miganhuro pasimba rezvokudzora kunyange mukudzosa. Zvisinei, matare akaderera akasvika mhedziso dzinopesana pamusoro pokuvanzwa kwokuchengetwa kwemhosva, kuchiita kusava nemitemo inopfuurira.

Penjero Yechitanhatu uye Kodzero Yokupa Zano Munyaya Dzakawirwa

Mukaha wakaoma wekudzivirira mutemo unovapo pakubviswa kwemitemo. Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kodzero yokumiririra mumatare mumhosva, asi Dare Gurusa harina kubvumira kuti nyaya dzokubuda munyika dzitorwe senyaya dzinotevedzerwa nehurumende. Vaya vari kunzi vaendeswa kunzvimbo iyi vanofanira kutora zano repamutemo pachishandiswa mari yavo. Musiyano uyu une migumisiro inokosha, sezvo vatami vakasungwa kazhinji kazhinji vasingagoni kubhadhara magweta uye vanofanira kufamba nemitemo yakaoma vari voga. Dare rakaedza kukurukura izvi nokusashandiswa kwemapurogiramu epamutemo, asi mubvunzo wemitemo wekuti nzira inoda kupiwa mamwe mapoka asina kudzivirirwa unoramba uchigadziriswa.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nenheyo Dzokurwisana

Kudzivirira Kwakaenzana naClaus uye Kuverengwa Kunoitwa Nyika

Fience Devicee ye 144th Amendment inorambidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende inosarura pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti mavambo enyika. Mumamiriro okutama, iyi nheyo inoshanda zvikurukuru pakuti hurumende dzinobata sei vanhu vasingapindi avo vatovapo muhurumende. Chirongwa chinokosha zvikurusa chakauya mu Plyler v. Doe[FLT] [[1], apo Dare repamusoro reTexas rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende wairamba kubhadhadharwa kwedzidzo yavana vakanga vasati vabvumirwa nomutemo. Dare rairamba kuti hurumende yakanga isina fariro yapamutemo mukuramba dzidzo yokutanga yakavakirwa pamugariro wokutama, uye kuti rusaruro rwakakuvadza upenyu hwevana vasina kudzora vabereki vavo.

Chisarudzo chinoramba chiri chinhu chikuru chekodzero dzevatami. Hachisi kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yekupinda munyika kana kuti kubatsira vanhu vose, asi chinosimbisa kuti hurumende hadzigoni kuisa vana vasina kunyorwa kuti vabatwe zvisina tsitsi pasina ruramisiro huru. Matare ekoro akadudzira izvi kuganhura mitemo yehurumende ingarambidza vadzidzi kunyorwa kubva kumakoreji avose kana kuti kuganhurirwa kusvika kumapurogiramu okutarisira utano.

Chikamu chenharaunda cheFolding Protection Claus yakakurukurwawo mumarita okubuda. Mu maMateu v. Diaz, Dare rakatsigira mutemo wakaramba Medicasi ibetsero kuvagari vemo vepamutemo avo vakanga vasati vagara muUnited States kwamakore mashanu. Chiratidzo chakaziva kuti Congress ine division yakafara zvikuru kutsaura yakavakirwa pamibatanidzwa yehurumende mupurogiramu dzinobetsera kupfuura zvaizova nehurumende. Iyi muganhu pakati pemibatanidzwa nehurumende unoramba uri nzvimbo inoshingaira yokuzvitutuma.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Negumi Negumi Nohuvanzi Hwakakwana

Mutongo wokutanga weKineth Amendment unogovera kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikirwa muUnited States uye vadzorwi vavagari vemo. ChiCitizenshi Claus yakaitwa zvikurukuru kuti iparadze Dred Scott v. Sandford uye kuvimbisa kuva mugari wemo nokuda kwavanhu vaichimbova varanda, asi mutauro wavo wakadudzirwa zvakafara kuti abatanidze anenge munhu ari wose akaberekerwa muU.S. Ivhu. United States v. Wong Kim Ark [[FLT:]], Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti mwana akaberekwa muUnited States kuvagari vemo vakaberekerwa muUnited States avo vaimbwa nomutemo pano kubereka. Mhaka yacho yakaramba kuti mubatanidzwa murudzi rwakati bedzi, kuumba unzi chinzi Claus, kuumba dzinza.

Gakava razvino uno pamusoro poudangwe rakatungamirira vamwe vaiti vemitemo kukarakadza mutemo kana kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inoganhurira kuva mugari wemo nokuda kwavana vavabereki vasina kunyorwa. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinobvuma kuti kutengesa unzi Claus kunoda gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo panzvimbo pomutemowo zvawo, zvichipiwa mutauro wakajeka we 144th Amendment uye muenzaniso weDare Gurusa renhau. Nhau yacho inoramba ichipomerwa mhosva mune zvematongerwe enyika asi haina kuparira denho yakananga yeDare Gurusare reSangano rakatangwa.

Kushanda Munzvimbo Yakaganhurirwa Nemiganhu Yemitemo Yehurumende

Kuzvinyengera uye Kuzvidzwa

Supremacy Claus anosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende unotanga kutungamirira pamutemo wehurumende unorwisana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu okubuda, iyi nheyo inodzivisa kuita gadziriro dzawo dzokuita kuti vanhu vatamire idzo dzingadzongonyedza murairo womubatanidzwa. Mhaka huru ndiArizora v. United States, iyo yakanzvera mutemo weArizona uyo wakatanga mhosva dzehurumende nokuda kwokuvapo munyika pasina mvumo uye kudikanwa kwevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vaongorore mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati memiganhuro. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarova pasi zhinjisa dzegadziriro asi rakasiiwa munzvimbo apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vanonzvera pamusoro pomugariro wokutama, vanozivikanwa sezvinondiratidza gadziriro yako. Mhaka yacho yakatanga gadziriro yokutsaura tsinhirano yehurumende yehurumende yokushanda kwehurumende inobvumirwa kubuda munyika.

Masimba Emapurisa eHurumende Neganhuriro Dzawo

Nyika dzine masimba emapurisa okudzivirira kuchengeteka kwavanhu, kudzora basa, uye kumanikidza mitemo youtsotsi. Masimba aya anogona kutapura vasingapindi nenzira isina kunanga, kunyange apo hurumende isingagoni kudzora zvakananga kubuda munyika. Mitemo yehurumende inoranga vashandirwi vanopinza vashandi vasina mvumo kana kuti inoda chibvumikiso chokuvapo kwapamutemo kwemarezeresi okutyaira kazhinji kazhinji kacho inopukunyuka denho kana asingarwisani nomutemo wehurumende. Zvisinei, nyika hadzigoni kuisa zvirango zvokuwedzera pakuvapo kusina mvumo kudarika izvo mutemo wehurumende unogovera, sezvo ikoko kungapindira pachiremera chapamutemo cheHurumende chaidzoidzo kubvumira migumisiro yokupunzirwa kwemaza.

Kushandira Pamwe Mukutama

Chifo cha 1990, hurumende yehurumende yakakudza mapurogiramu ayo akatumira mabasa akati okuita kuti vatevedzeri varori vatonge kumasangano emitemo omunzvimbomo. Chikamu 287 (g) cheImmignation and Nationality Act chinobvumira Munyori weHomeland Security kupinda mumbvumirano nehurumende uye masangano omunzvimbomo kuita mabasa okutama. Purogiramu yakaita kuti mabasa okudzokororwa adzokororwezve kana vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachipfuura mwero wenhume dzavo. Dare guru rakabatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nhungamiro dzepurogiramu asi rakada kurovedzwa nokutarisirwa kwakakwana kuti ridzivise muitiro wokuputswa kwegadziriro pamwero womunzvimbomo. Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurirwawo kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanogona sei kushandisa mashoko okutama anowanwa mukati mamiriro ezvinhu enguva dzose. Mune chokuita kudzorodzodzo kubuda kwedare rokupinda munyika inodzorwa. [FG.FLD.]

Chiremera Chine Simba Nemitemo yeBumbiro remitemo

Kufamba Kunorambidza Mhaka uye Kutangwa kwaClaus

Gadziriro dzomutemo dzezvokufamba dzinonanga ganhuriro dzamarudzi anobva kunyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim dzakaita ganhuriro huru yebumbiro remitemo mukati megore rokutanga redzongedzero yeTrump. Mu Trump v. Hawaii, Dare Guru rakatsigira shanduro yechitatu yechirango, richishandisa mupimo wakatetepa kutaura kuti murayiro wacho wakaputsa Chibvumirano chaClaus. Mutongi mukuru Roberts akanyora kuti matare anofanira kurangarira chengeteko yorudzi rwehurumende kuti ive mutevedzero yorudzi uye haagoni kutsamira pakutaura kwenhimberi kuti atsaure chiziviso chorudzidziso.

Chisarudzo chacho chakakamuranisa zvikuru Dare. Vatongi vakapesana vakataura kuti voruzhinji vakanga vagadza ganhuriro yakaderera zvikuru nokuda kwokuhwirudzura chiito chokutarisira icho chairatidzika kuva chinokanganisa boka rakati rorudzidziso. Mhaka yacho inoramba ine revo nemhaka yokuti inoratidzira kuti matare kazhinji kazhinji achafuratira kutaura kwechengeteko yapamusoro yorudzi munhau dzokupinda munyika, kunyange apo kutaura ikoko kunenge kuchiitiranwa nharo.

Zvirongwa Zvokuita Nezvokungwarira Claus

Chirongwa chinotsiva Kusvika kwaMamiriro Ezvinhu Kuchinjira Vana, chakagadzirwa nemutungamiriri wemamemorandum muna 2012, chinopa rusununguko rwechinguvana pakubviswa nokubvumirwa kwebasa kuvatami vasina kunyorwa avo vakasvika savana. Purogiramu yacho yave ichidzokororwa nedenho dzapamutemo dzinodzokororwa. Mu Kubviswa kweHomeland Security v. Regents dzeUniversity yeCalifornia[[FLM]], Dare Rapamusoro rairangarira kuti kuedza kwevatungamiriri kudzosa purogiramu kwakanga kwakanganisa, asi haina kutonga papurogiramu pasi pebumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kusagadzikana pakati pokutarisira nokukoshambadza kwomutemo uye zvinodiwa kuti purezidhendi atarisire mitemo itsangwe nokutendeka.

Defered Action for Parents of America, muitiro wakafanana nokuda kwavabereki vevana vomunyika, wakadziviswa nedare reruwa rehurumende pazvikonzero kuti raipfuura chiremera choukuru. Nhau yapamutemo inobatanidza kana bazu ravakuru ringazivisa mapoka okusabvumira kunopfuura kungwara kwegamuchidzanwa. Gadziriro mbiri dzinoratidzira ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rokupinda munyika kunyange apo Congress anokundikana kuparira chinjo huru.

Kuzivisa Kwapurezidhendi uye Kutama uye Kutsigira Rudzi

Mapurezidhendi ane chiremera chakafara pasi peImmignation and Nationality Act kumisa kupinda kwamakirasi ezvisingabviri zvavanorangarira kuva zvinokuvadza kufariro dzorudzi. Chikamu 212 (f) chakashandiswa nemirairo mizhinji kuisa ganhuriro dzakavakirwa panhau dzemiganhu yezvoutano hwavanhu, migariro yemhesano yavose, uye zvinangwa zvemiitiro yokunze. Dare Rapamusorosoro mu ] Trump v. Hawaii [[FLT: 1] yairangarira kuti chiremera ichi chomutemo chinodokuva chisingatongoondwi apo chinoshandiswa nedonzo rekotsekariro renyika yose renyika. Chirongwa chimwe chetecho chakashandiswa mukutungamirira kwapashure kuiswa ganhuriro mukati mamiriro ezvinhu outano uye miganhuro yakati. Bumbiro remitemo rinoisa kumira kutarisana nematare makuru, chifo chinodzokororeso chedare rinodzosera kumatare.

Zvinetso Zvinovapo Munguva Ino

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mukudzingwa

Miitiro yokubvisa yakarongwa inobvumira vakuru vakuru vokupinda munyika kubvisa vamwe vanosvika pachiteshi chezviteshi zvokupinda pasina kunzwiwa kwakazara pamberi pomutongi wokutamira. Muitiro wacho wakabvumirwa neCongress muna 1996 uye wakawedzerwa mukudzora mumakore akatevera. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti miitiro yokubvisa yakarongwa muchimiro chazvino uno inoramba muitiro wakafanira nemhaka yokuti kutsunga kwokutanga kunowanzovakirwa paufakazi hwakaganhurirwa uye hakusati kuri pasi pehwirudzuro yokuzvimirira.

Mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo unobatanidza kana hurumende ichigona kuitisa nhau dzokubvisa pasina teero yavanhu vanotya chitambudzo. Chibvumirano chokutama nokuzvidzora chinogovera kuti vanhu vanoratidzira rutyo rwakavimbika rwechitambudzo vanofanira kugamuchira tendero pamberi pomukuru mukuru wenzvimbo yehuwaniro. Zvisinei, kuitwa kwedziviriro iyoyo kwakasiyana zvikuru nezviteshi zvezviteshi zvokupinda nokuchengetedzwa. Hurumende inochengeta kuti iite kutaura kwose kwakadaro mukuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvemitemo, nepo mapoka ehurumende anopfuurira kunyora mhinganidzo dzokupinda vanhu vasina dziviriro.

Vana Vasina Kuperekedzwa Nemisengwa Yebumbiro remitemo

Zviuru zvavana vasina kufambidzana vanosvika pamuganhu wokumaodzanyemba gore rimwe nerimwe. Flores Settlement Agreement, chirevo chehurumende, inoda kuti vana vaitwe mugadziriro inoganhurira zvishoma zvikuru uye kuti zvisungo zvigoverwe nokuda kwavamwe vana vakasungwa. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, bazu guru rakaedza kugadziridza kugarwa kwacho kuti ribvumire nguva refu dzokusungwa. Dare reSakaro reChikaro reMitemo harina kutaura zvakananga kana Bumbiro remitemo pacharo richida kuwirirana kwavana muchengeteko yokupinda munyika, asi matare maduku anoshandisa gadziriro yakafanira yakafanira yakafanira kuda njodzi nengozi. Nhau yacho nedziviriro yeMitemo yeMitemo yemitemo yemitemo yenhau nokuda kwevaduku nefariro yehurumende mukuvimbisa kubviswa kwemirayiro.

Vatsvaki Veasylum Nekodzero Yokushandisa Kudzivirira

Congress yakatanga gadziriro yedare yehuvanze hwenzvimbo yokupotera inobatanidza dziviriro dzinobatanidza avo vanotiza chitambudzo nemhaka yedzinza, rudzidziso, nyika, murangariro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti mitezo muboka rakati renzanga. Bumbiro reMitemo haridi kuti United States ipedze kuva utiziro, asi kana Congress isati ichiita gadziriro, muitiro unoda kuti vakwiridzi vagamuchire mukana wakarurama wokupa tsinhiro dzavo. Vadzori venguva pfupi yapfuura vakaisa mitemo inoda vatsvaki venzvimbo yokuchengetera kuti vamirire muMexico apo zvikumbiro zvavo zvinogadzirirwa, kana kuti bhawa yazvo inoreva kuvanhu vanofamba munyika isiripi. Kuzviisa mumitemo kwapamutemo kwakarongwa zvikuru, nematare anosvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pokuti vawirirana kana vachiwirirana nemitemo yakarongwa kuti vashandurire.

Kuchinja Kunoitwa Mutemo uye Kuchinja Kunoitwa Mugadziriro

Dzikamo yeBumbiro reMitemo Pakati peCongress naPurezidhendi

Gakava remitemo yokubuda munyika dzakawanda pakupedzisira rinoderera kumibvunzo pamusoro pekugoverwa kwakafanira kwesimba pakati pebazu remitemo neravakuru vakuru.Dare rakaita mitemo yokupinda munyika yose, asi bazu guru rine chisarudzo chikuru pamusoro pokuchengetwa, kuchengetwa, uye zvisarudzo zvokusunungurwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa simba rokuita kuti pave neMubatanidzwa wechisiko kuDare, asi purezidhendi anoita ukama hwokumwe uye ane chiremera pamusoro pokuitwa kwemitemo. Uku kuoma kwemitemo kwakatungamirira kudzokorodzazve rwisano pakati pamapazu pamusoro pechiremera chechiremera chechiremera chavakuru vakuru kusunungura kubviswa.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakakarakadza chinjo dzebumbiro remitemo kujekesa dzikamo yesimba pamuitiro wokupinda munyika. Zvikarakadzo izvi zvinobatanidza kuonesa mipimo yokuitwa kwomuzvarirwo zvakananga muBumbiro remitemo, kugadza muganhu wakajeka pakuchengetwa kwezvisingachinji, kana kuti kutanga gadziriro yedare yakaparadzana yokupinda munyika nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakafanana nedziri mumatare III. Hapana cherekedzo dzeidzi dzakawana kurangarirwa kwakakomba muCongress, asi dzinoratidzira kuziva kuti dare remitemo razvino uno rinosiya nzvimbo inokosha nokuda kwerwisano.

Kuberekwa Nekodzero Yokuva Mugari Wemunyika uye Kuchinja Kwakaitika

Vatsigiri nokuda kwokuganhurira kuva mugari wemo vakakarakadza mutemo waizodudzirazve kuva Cinturity Claus kuti ubvise vana vavabereki vasina kunyorwa. Mutauro wemitemo ungarondedzera pasi poudzori hweUnited States kubvisa avo vane vabereki vasina pamutemo. Nyanzvi huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzakagumisa kuti mutemo wakadaro waizova usina kushanda pasi pe Kim Ark kutoti kana ukaperekedzwa nebumbiro remitemo. Raithream raizoda kutenderwa nedzimba mbiri dzine zvikamu zvitatu nezvitatu zvedzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress, chikumbaridzo chakakwirira icho chisina kusvikwa mukurukurirano dzazvino uno.

Kuchinja Kwekodzero Dzakaenzana Nokutama

Musi wa1971, Aumetic Rights Amendment Demeterment yakagamuchirwa neCongress asi haina kumbobvumirwa nenhamba inodiwa yenyika. Mumakore achangopfuura, kuedza kugadziridzazve kwakamutsa mubvunzo wokuti kugadziridza kwacho kungakanganisa magariro okutama kana kwashanda. ERA ingagona kutsanangurwa kurambidza kusarudzwa kwezvepabonde kwakavakirwa pakutama, vhiza, kana kuti kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha pakutanga. Sangano rokubuda munyika inosanganisira pfungwa dzechirume nedzechirume mumapoka akati evhiza, uye ERA ingada kuti Dare remitemo ritsigire rusaruro rup.

Kuenzanisa Kwamarudzi Ose Negadziriro Yebumbiro Remitemo

United States haisati iri yechienzi mukutarisana nedenho dzebumbiro remitemo pamhatsa yokudzora kubuda kwavanhu nekodzero dzavo. Mimwe mibatanidzwa yehurumende yakadai seCanada, Australia, uye European Union inoshandisa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinogovera zvidzidzo nokuda kwekurukurirano dzemitemo yeAmerica. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms inoshanda kuvanhu vari mundima uye inobatanidza maruramiro okufamba anoganhurira mano eruwa okuganhurira kutama kwomukati. Bumbiro reMitemo reAustralia haribatanidzi musero wakananga, kusiya vasati vari vakwani nedziviriro shomanene yemitemo yemitemo kupfuura muUnited States. Chibvumirano cheEuropean Union chinobatanidza kodzero dzekufamba norusununguko nokuda kwekodzero dzaro yeSabatano yeChirevo cheEuropean Union. Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti muganhu wemitemo yekudzivirira vanhu vasiri vezeni unodzoro, asi chinodzorwa zvakanaka zvikuru, asi chitsa miraudzodzodzodzo inodzodzodzodzo dzakajeka zvikuru.

Matare eAmerica panhambo nenhambo anonongedzera miitiro yebumbiro remitemo yokumwe mumhaka dzokutamira, kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakataura kuti zvisarudzo zvokumwe hazvisi muenzaniso unosarudzirwa nokuda kwokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. muitiro wokududza mutemo wokumwe munhau dzebumbiro remitemo unoramba uchiitiranwa nharo pakati pavatongi nenyanzvi avo vanodavira kuti kududzirwa kwemitemo yeAmerica kunofanira kuva kwakavakirwa zvikurukuru murugwaro uye munhau yeMitemo yeUnited States.

mhedziso

Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogovera gadziriro inogara asi inopikisana nokuda kwokugadzirisa mamiriro okutama. Nheyo dzakanyorwa dzakabvumira tsika dzemitemo kuti dzichinjire kumamiriro ezvinhu asingachinji, asi dzakaitawo kuti pave nokusava nechokwadi kusingaperi pamusoro pemiganhu yehurumende panzvimbo dzisiri dzenguva dzose. Dzidziso yesimba reProvices Congress inoziva kugadza mitemo yokupinda nokubvisa, nepo mutoo wakakodzera nedziviriro dzakafanana zvichigovera uriri hweruramisiro husingachinjiki. Kuoma kwemitemo iyi yemitemo ichapfuurira kurondedzera mutemo wokutama sesayenzi itsva, nhevedzano yezvokuchinja, uye dzvinyiriro yezve mamiriro enyika enyika kuti itange kufambidzano yavanhu kutenderera nyika kutsika kumativi ayo.

Bumbiro reMitemo harisi mutemo upi noupi wakati wokuenda kunzvimbo dzakati, asi rinosimbisa kugadzirwa kunofanira kururamiswa nechisarudzo chemiitiro.Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuramba vachiteerera zvinodiwa nebumbiro remitemo kunyange pavanenge vachironda matanho akakurumbira mune zvematongerwe enyika, uye vatsigiri vekodzero dzevatami vanofanira kuisa zvikumbiro zvavo mudziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda kuvanhu vose vari muUnited States. Nguva yemberi yemitemo yokubuda munyika yeAmerica ichatsamira pakuchengeta iri muganhu pakati pouchangamire hwerudzi norusununguko rwomunhu, basa rakagadzirirwa neBumbiro remitemo kuti ritsigire nokudzvinyirira.