Kunzwisisa Basa Rebumbiro remitemo

Ukama pakati pechiremera chomutemo nesimba rapamusoro hunoumba musimboti wehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno. Uku kunokosha kunosarudza kuti nzanga dzinogadzira sei, kushandisa, uye kusimbisa mitemo iyo inoumba upenyu hwezuva riri rose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi vanonzvera vagari vomunyika, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hurumende, kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti muitiro wavose unobva sei mugadziriro yemitemo. Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba masimba haisi hayo nheyowo zvayo asi muitiro unoshanda unoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva pamuitiro woutano kusvikira kuzvisarudzo zvorudzi.

Pamavambo aro, iyi gadziriro inokurukura mubvunzo unokosha: ndiani anowana chisarudzo icho mutemo unoreva uye kuti unoshandisirwa sei? mhinduro inosiana mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, asi dzvinyiriro pakati pokuita mutemo nemitemo inoramba iri rutivi rwenguva dzose rwekudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Kunzwisisa uku kunobetsera vagari vemo kuyera kurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kuyera kuzvidavirira kwehurumende, uye kutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumiitiro yehurumende yehurumende.

Kurondedzera Chiremera Chomutemo

Chiremera chomutemo chinonongedzera kusimba rinoiswa muboka rinogadzira mutemo rokusika, kugadziridza, uye mirau. Iri chiremera chinoiswa mubumbiro remitemo renyika uye rinomirira mutoo wokutanga umo kuda kwavanhu kunoshandurwa kuva mitemo inowirirana. Masangano emitemo, angave anonzi maparamende, magungano, anoshandisa chiremera ichi kupfurikidza nemiitiro yetsika yakagadzirirwa kusimbisa kurangarira, kumirira, uye kujeka.

Mavambo Esimba Romutemo

Murangariro wechiremera chemitemo unobva kuvafungi vokuvhenekerwa vakadai saJohn Locke naMontesquieu, uyo akaomerera kuti simba rokuita mutemo rinofanira kugara mumitumbi inomirira kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Rondedzero yechiremera chemitemo yaidavira kuti chigaro chomutemo isimba gurusa mukati menyika imwe cheteyo, chinodzorwa bedzi nedzidziso yomutemo wechisiko nezvakanaka zvavose. Montesquieu yakasimbisa iyi pfungwa kupfurikidza nokuomerera kuti chibvumirano, mutungamiriri, uye mabasa okutonga zvinofanira kuchengetwa kuti zvichengetedze rusununguko.

Gadziriro dzazvino uno dzebumbiro remitemo dzinowanzoratidzira iyi midzi youzivi. Chikamu cheBumbiro reMitemo I reU.S. chinosimbisa masimba ose emitemo muCongress, nepo gadziriro dzeparamende dzakafanana nechiremera chenzvimbo cheUnited Kingdom muImba yakasarudzwa yeCommons, neImba yaMadzishe inoshanda senzvimbo inodzorwa. Mumiitiro yose iri miviri, musangano remitemo rinoshandisa simba rechikwama, zvichireva kuti rinodzora mutero nendyiko yehurumende, uye kutungamirira pabazu revakuru.

Mabasa Nemabasa

Mitumbi inoita mitemo inoita mabasa anokosha anoverengeka kupfuura kungopa mitemo:

  • Kupa: Mitemo inomirira fariro dzavamiriri vavo, ichiunza mifungo yakasiana-- siyana kumuitiro wokuita mutemo. Iyi mufananidzo inovimbisa kuti mutemo unoratidzira zvinodikanwa nezvinokosha zvechiverengero chavagari vemo.
  • . Gadziriro yemitemo inobatanidza kurukurirano huru, dare rinotonga, uye miitiro inobvumira kusanorangarirwa kwemitemo inokarakadzwa. Iri basa rokuzvidzora rinobetsera kuziva miuyo isingakanwi uye miuyo inovandudza.
  • [ Kupasa: Mitemo inonzvera kuitwa kwemitemo nezviito zvebazu guru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye hwirudzuro dzemari. Kuziva kunova nechokwadi chokuti masangano anoita donzo remitemo nenzira yokutendeka uye kuti mari yavose inoshandiswa nenzira yakafanira.
  • Chibvumikiso cheProfix: Kudzora pakushandiswa kwemari yehurumende isimba remitemo remitemo. Mitemo inobvumira bhajeti, kuronga zvokutanga, uye kuhwirudzura kushanda kwemari kwamasangano anotungamirira.

Ganhuriro Pachiremera Chomutemo

Chiremera chomutemo hachisi chakakwana. Mitemo yeBumbiro reMitemo, yakadai semapepa ekodzero nehurumende, inoganhurira izvo matare okugadza mitemo anogona kuita. MuUnited States, First Amendment inoganhurira Congress kuti isaite mitemo yokuti rusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti rworudzidziso. Nenzira yakafanana, Commerce Claus muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 chakadudzirwa kuganhurira hurumende nechiremera chehurumende pamusoro pemibato yemari.

Kuhwirudzura jaji kunopa imwe nzvero pasimba romutemo. Matare anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, sekwakatangwa munhau dzinoratidza zvinhu zvakadai se Marbury v. Madison (183). Simba iri rinovimbisa kuti matare emitemo ashande mukati memiganhu yebumbiro remitemo uye anodzivirira maruramiro maduku pamisungo. Nokuda kwemitengo yemitemo, ona Detemplete yokutanga paCongress.gov web pawebhwww.[FLT]

Basa Resimba Rine Simba Rine Simba

Simba ravakuru vakuru ichiremera kumanikidza mitemo, kutungamirira muitiro wavose, uye kudzora mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende. Nepo mitumbi yemitemo ichiita mutemo, bazu rinotonga rinouita chiito. Uyu musiyano pakati pokuita mutemo nokuita mutemo ndiwo musimboti wokuparadzana kwemasimba uye kutsanangura chikonzero nei simba ravakuru rinowanzorondedzerwa serinodzora kana kuti rinoshandisa muchisiko.

Chiremera Chine Simba uye Manyuko Echiremera Chinodzora

Simba rechiremera rinosanogara mumunhu mumwe, zvakadai sapurezidhendi kana kuti mutungamiriri wehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ringagoveranwawo nedare rehurumende kana kuti dare ravafundisi. Ukuru hwesimba iri hunosiyana zvikuru mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, purezidhendi anobatira mose muri muviri somutungamiriri wehurumende uye mukuru wehurumende, achishandisa chiremera chakazvimirira. Mumasangano eparamende akadai seGermany kana kuti India, mutungamiriri wehurumende anotungamirira hurumende asi anogona kuzvidavirira kudare remitemo uye anogona kubviswa kupfurikidza nevhoti yechivimbo.

Masimba chaiwo okutungamirira anowanzosanganisira aya:

  • Kudzorwa nomutemo: Mutungamiriri ane mutoro wokuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoitwa, kungava kupfurikidza namasimba amapurisa, masangano anotungamirira, kana kuti zviito zvokudzora. Ikoku kunobatanidza kuchengetwa kwomutemo woutsotsi, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye mutero.
  • Mirairo neMirayiro: Mumiitiro mizhinji, mutungamiriri anogona kupa mirau ine simba romutemo pasina tendero yemitemo. MuUnited States, mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira purezidhendi kutungamirira masangano ehurumende mukushandisa mirau kana kuti kuita mabasa ebumbiro remitemo. Kushandiswa kwemirairo yakadaro kwakakura zvikuru munguva, kunyandura kurukurirano pamusoro peganhuriro dzakafanira dzechiito chomukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende.
  • Murairo naNational Security: Zviremera zvinodzora zvikurukuru ukama hwamasangano, kutaurirana, uye kuraira mauto ane zvombo. Masimba aya anoita kuti zviitwe nokukurumidza kunjodzi dzenyika dzakawanda, asi anomutsawo mibvunzo pamusoro pedzikamo pakati pechisarudzo chehurumende nokutarisira kwomutemo.
  • Kuisa nokushanda: Mukuru mukuru anogadza vakuru vakuru kuti vatungamirire masangano ehurumende, kudzora basa rehurumende, uye kutarisira kuitwa kwemirairo yemitemo. Iri chiremera chokudzora chinoumba nzira iyo mitemo inoshandiswa nayo mushandisi uye chinogona kupesvedzera zvikuru miuyo.

Simba Revhato Sechishandiso Chakafanira

Simba reveto rinomirira mhesano yechiremera chemitemo nechavakuru vakuru. Apo mukuru mukuru anoramba mutongo unopfuudzirwa nedare remitemo, unotumira chiratidzo chakajeka chekusabvumirana uye mauto vagadziri vemitemo kuti varangarirezve. Mano okukurira gweta anowanzoda ushingi hukuru, kupa zviremera zvehurumende simba guru mukukurukurirana kwemitemo.

Vhito haisati iri simba rinofukidza rokuramba asi chishandiso chebumbiro remitemo chakagadzirirwa kudzivisa mutemo unodzorwa nechimbichimbi kana kuti usina kufungwa. Mapurezidhendi anogona kubudisa mabhiri enguva dzose, ayo anodzorera kuCongress nemhesvo, kana kuti mavhiti ehomwe, ayo anenge aitika apo mukuru mukuru mukuru asingaiti chiito pamutemo apo mutemo unorambidzwa. MuUnited States, simba raveto rakashandiswa napurezidhendi kuumba mutemo pamusoro penhau dzinovambira pamagadzirwe emari kukodzero dzavagari vemo. Congregational Res Research Service inogovera recustoid renhauro pa [FLT: 0]. [FVT:]

Kuongorora uye Dzikamo Zvinoshanda

Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora mamwe. Kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe pesvedzero isina kukwana pamabasa avamwe, tsika inovimbisa kuzvidavirira uye inodzivirira kuiswa kwesimba. Kubatanidzwa pakati pechiremera chomutemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru zvichida ndicho chinhu chine simba zvikurusa cheichi chirongwa.

Kunzvera Kwomutemo Pasimba Rine Simba

Mitemo ine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvokumanikidza chiito choutungamiriri, kubatanidza:

  • Kusimbisa naMasimba okuVenzesa: Mumiitiro mizhinji, mubatanidzwa wedare unofanira kubvumira kugadzwa kukuru, kubatanidza vanyori vedare, vatongi, uye nhume. Iyi nhevedzo inobvumira vaiti vemitemo kukumbira vapari vemitemo ndokuramba avo vanorangarira kuva vasina kukodzera kana kuti vasina kukodzera.
  • Control: Sezvo mukuru mukuru asingagoni kupedza mari pasina mvumo yemitemo, simba rechikwama ichekero ine simba. Masimba anogona kuganhurira mari yepurogiramu dzakati, anoda kushuma kwakakwana pandyiko, uye kuisa migariro pakushandiswa kwemari.
  • Matare eMitemo neManzwi:[[FLT: 1] Matare anogona kukumbira vakuru vakuru kupupurira, kukumbira magwaro, uye kunzvera mhosho dzokusazvibata kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka. Uku kunzvera kunogona kufumura chakaipa, kuumba murangariro wavanhu, uye kutungamirira kuchinjo dzemiitiro kana kuti miuyo yepamutemo.
  • Idzodzo dzinodzorwa: Apo mukuru mukuru anobvisa mutengi, mutemi wemitemo anogona kukurira izvozvo nevhoti hurusa. Nepo ichidenha kuwana, kudzora kunoratidzira chisarudzo chemitemo uye kunogona kuita mitemo pasinei zvapo nechishoro chomukuru.
  • Kurondwa nokuparadza: Mune dzimwe gadziriro, masangano okugadza chigaro ane simba rokupa ndokubvisa vakuru vakuru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakwirira, zvisakafanira, kana kuti dzimwe mhaka dzakakomba. Iri simba rinobatira secherekedzo yokupedzisira mukupesana nokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende uye rakagadzirirwa kuva rakaoma kushandisa zvisina kufanira.

Chiremera Chinoongorora Simba Romutemo

Vakuru vakuru vanewo nzira dzokupesvedzera kana kuti kuganhurira chiremera chemitemo:

  • Veto Power: Sezvakakurukurwa, mukuru mukuru anogona kuramba mutemo, achimanikidzira vaiti vemitemo kurangarira kana kuti kuvaka simba guru. Iri simba rinopa mukuru mukuru basa rakananga mumuitiro wemitemo.
  • Agenda Chirongwa: Kupfurikidza nokutaura kwavanhu vose, Hurumende yekero dzeUnion, uye zvikarakadzo zvemitemo, vakuru vakuru vanogona kuumba gadziriro nepesvedzero izvo nhau dzinogamuchira ngwariro yemitemo. Simba rakapfava rinogona kuva rinokosha samasimba ebumbiro remitemo.
  • Ropafadzo yoMuparidzi: Mumamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mukuru mukuru anogona kunyima mashoko kudare kuti adzivirire chengeteko yorudzi, kunzvera kunopfuurira, kana kuti kurangarira kwomukati. Iyi ropafadzo inokwikwidzwa uye inodzorwa nedudziro yedare, asi inogovera vakuru vakuru mutoo wokudzivisa zvinodikanwa zvomutemo.
  • Chibvumirano neChibvumirano Chinotungamirirwa: Zviremera zvinogona kupinda muzvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose izvo zvingava nemiuyo yapamutemo yomumba. Nepo zvibvumirano zvinoda kudzoserwa kwomutemo mugadziriro dzakawanda, zvibvumirano zvokutungamirira zvinogona kuitwa pasina tendero yakadaro, kuchibvumira vakuru vakuru kuumba muitiro wokumwe pasina nguva yemberi.

Nzvero Yenhau Nedzapashure

New Deal uye Chinjo yeBumbiro reMitemo ya 1937

New Deac Era inogovera muenzanisiro unogombedzera wenyasha pakati pechiremera chemitemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt purogiramu yezvirongwa zvemitemo zvevavariro, yapfuudzwa neCongress mumhinduro kuKuderera Kukuru Kwoupfumi, yakatarisana nedenho dzakadzokororwa kubva kuDare Gurusa, iro rakarovanya mapurogiramu makuru eNew Deal seastricial. Roosevelt akapindura nechikarakadzo chenharo ku "pack" Dare kupfurikidza nokuwedzera ruramisiro dzakawanda, chiito chakaparira kurukurirano yakapararira pamusoro pomutengi mukuru.

Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yokuranga dare pakupedzisira yakakundikana, chinoitika chacho chakasimbisa simba romukuru mukuru rokuumba mamiriro emitemo kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare Gurusa pakupedzisira rakachinja dudziro yaro yeChemmerce Claus negadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo, richibvumira mutemo weNew Deal kupfuurira. Nguva ino inoratidzira kuti chiito chavakuru vakuru chinogona sei kuwirirana nedudziro yedare kuti chipedze miganhuro yechiremera chemitemo.

Mirayiridzo Yavatungamiriri Pakutama

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, purezidhendi akashandisa zvirango zvevakuru vakuru kuti vataure nezvemitemo yokubuda kwevanhu munyika, kunyanya kana zvirongwa zvehurumende zvamira.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira hurumende kupindura nokuchinja migariro nokushandisa uchenjeri mukusimbisa mitemo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zviito zvakadaro zvinopfuura mutoo wemitemo ndokusekesa kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yedemocracy. Matare akatsigira zvishoma ndokuparadza zvishoma iyi mirairo, achienzanisira basa redare rinopfuurira mukurondedzera miganhu iri pakati pechiremera chemitemo nechavakuru vakuru. American Immigration Council inogovera kupfupikiswa kune udzame kwezviito zvehurumende pamusoro pokupinda munyika .

Masimba Ehondo

Kukamukana kwechiremera pamusoro pechiito chehondo ndirimwe ramativi anokakavadzana zvikurusa eukama hwemitemo neparamende. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa Congress simba rokuzivisa hondo, asi iro rinomirirawo purezidhendi somutungamiriri mukuru. Uku kunyanduka kwakatungamirira kurwisano pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwechiremera chavakuru vakuru muUnited States kukuita mudzimwe nyika pasina tendero yapamberi pomutemo.

War Powers Resolution ya 1973 yakaedza kupedza uku kunyanduka kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi kubvunza Dare asati apinza masimba mukurwisana uye kubvisa masimba mukati mamazuva 60 kutoti Congregai Congress achibvumira chiito chinopfuuridzirwa. Chaizvoizvo, chisarudzo chacho chave chichiitiranwa nharo uye chinobudirira. Mapurezidhendi akadudzira migove yacho zvishoma, nepo Congress haasati atongoshandisa chiremera chake muchisarudzo chokumanikidza kubvisa hondo. Iyi gakava rinopfuurira rinosimbisa denho dzokuchengeta dziviriro nedzikamo munzvimbo yechengeteko yorudzi.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa

Kunzwisisa chiremera chemitemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru kunoda kutarira zvinopfuura gadziriro imwe ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Mugadziriro dzeparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa mudare romutemo uye anoramba ane mutoro kwariri. Mutungamiriri wehurumende nedare inhengo chaidzo dzeparamende uye anogona kubviswa nevhoti yechivimbo. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunoparira ukama hwapedyo pakati pokuita mutemo namasangano anodzorwa nomutemo. Zvisinei, zvinorevawo kuti mukuru mukuru anogona kudzora purogiramu yemitemo, zvikurukuru apo vatongi vane chikamu chikuru chezvigaro.

Nyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye Japan dzinoshanda mugadziriro dzeparamende umo mukuru mukuru ane chiremera chinokosha nemhaka yokuti anorayira tsigiro yemitemo. Kushaikwa kwokuparadzana chaiko kunogona kutungamirira kukuitwa kwemiitiro inoshanda asi kunomutsawo itiro hanya pamusoro pokuiswa kwesimba mumaoko omukuru mukuru.

Gadziriro Dzapurezidhendi

Gadziriro dzaPurezidhendi, dzakadai seidzo dzeUnited States, dzinoratidzira paradzano yakajeka yamasimba navatungamiriri vakagadzwa vazvimiriri vakasarudzwa. Ichi chivako chakarongedzerwa kuparira nzvero nedzikamo asi chinogonawo kutungamirira kutsika apo mapazu maviri anodzorwa namapoka akasiana. Mapurezidhendi ari mumiitiro yakadaro angatsamira zvikuru pamirairo yavakuru vakuru nezviito zvokudzora apo batira pamwe yomutemo inenge ichishaiwa.

Nyika dzeLatin America dzinowanzobatanidza gadziriro dzapurezidhendi nedzimba dzakawanda dzomutemo, dzichitungamirira kumabasa akaoma umo vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuvaka mibatanidzwa kuti vape mutemo.

Zvirongwa zveSemi-Presentence

France neRussia zvinoshanda mugadziriro dzemisika isina kumira mberi, umo purezidhendi akasarudzwa zvakananga anogara pamwe napurezidhendi mukuru anozvidavirira kudare. Iyi gadziriro yakavhengana inogona kutungamirira kunhambo dze "kugarwa kwedare" apo purezidhendi napurezidhendi mukuru wehurumende vari vamativi akasiyana. Mukati menhambo idzi, ganhuriro pakati pechinjo dzemitemo nechiremera chavakuru vakuru, napurenda napaparamende vachitamba mabasa akatanhamara zvikuru apo pesvedzero yapurezidhendi inoderera.

Kunetsa Vadzidzi Nevadzidzisi

Kunzwisisa dzikamo iri pakati pechiremera chemitemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru kune revo dzinoshanda pakuvimbisana kwehurumende nedzidzo.Vadzidzi vanobetserwa nokudzidza kuti gadziriro dzehurumende dzinoumba sei muitiro uye kuti vagari vomunyika vanogona sei kuita kuti vamiriri vavo vazvidavirire.

Kudzidzisa Zvirongwa

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa fundo dzenhau, marusando ezvomutemo okunyepedzera, uye zvirovedzo zvokutamba mabasa kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa simba roukama hwemitemo inodzorwa. Kuzivisa kuvadziko, kubvumikiswa, kana kuti kunzvera kunobvumira vadzidzi kuwana dzvinyiriro nekurukurirano izvo zvinoratidzira udzori chaihwoihwo hwenyika.

Mashoko akadai semashoko akataurwa napurezidhendi, mashoko aitaurwa nedare, uye pfungwa dzeDare Repamusorosoro, zvinopa mashoko akawanda kuti zviongororwe.

Kubatanidzwa Nezvinoitika Zvazvino

Zvichitevera zviitiko zviripo zvinobatanidzwa nezvirevo zvevakuru vakuru, utungamiriri hwemitemo, uye zvinetso zvedare zvinobatsira vadzidzi kuti vaone kuti kudzidza mukirasi kunobva pakufambira mberi kwenyika.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kutungamirira vadzidzi kuyera kushanda kwechekero nedzikamo mukukurukura nhau dzazvino uno dzakadai semitemo yemhoteredzo, gadziriro yokutarisira utano, uye kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika.

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pechiremera chemitemo nesimba ravakuru vakuru hahuna kusimbwa asi hunoshanduka kupfurikidza nemuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kududzira kwekutonga, uye kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti nzanga inoshanda sei uye kuti mitemo inoumba sei.

Sezvo vadzidzi navadzidzisi vanobatana neiyi mifungo, vanobetsera kutsika hurusa iyo inokoshesa kurangarira, kuremekedza ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye kuraira kuzvidavirira kubva kuna avo vanoshandisa chiremera. Munhambo yokuwedzera kworuwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kutsunga kwoukuru, kunzwisisa hwaro hwesimba romutemo neroukuru kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Iyi zivo inopa simba vagari vemo kuyera vatungamiriri vavo, kutora rutivi mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye kutsigira rudzi rwehurumende runoshanda fariro yavose.