Chitanga: Kudzikama Kusina Kunyanyisa, Kutyisidzira Kukuru

Kugadzirwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno hakushandi asi kudzorwa: kuparadzana kwamasimba. Iyi dzidziso, yakakurumbira zvikurusa yakataurwa neMufungi weNyereso Montesquieu, inokamura chiremera chehurumende pakati pamapazu akasiana-njikanwa(akakashana, anotonga. Chinangwa hachisi chokubudirira asi chidzore: kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza simba risingadzorwi rinotungamirira kumasimba makuru. Asi, ichi chirongwa hachisi chokuzvidzora. Chinotsamira patsika yechigarire, kazhinji kazhinji kacho, muitiro wokutarisirana. Kana bazu richitambuka miganhuro yacho yemitemo, chinoita zvinopfuura kungokanganisa mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika wetsika. Kudzodzo dzakadaro haisi mumigumisiro yemitengo yomutemo, kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuderera kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kushati kwekudzora mano anoitwa nokunzwisisa kwapachena pachena. Kana davi rwaro yezivo yavose ichiri kudzo inotoko;

Mashoko okuti “simba rinowanzoshatisa,” anonzi naLord Acton, rinotora ngozi isingaperi. Bazu rinoita zvinopfuura murayiro waro haringomiriri kudzokera shure pakarepo kubva kune vamwe vakaenzana asi rinogadzawo mienzaniso ine ngozi inogona kudzorerazve chiyero chesimba nokuda kwezvizvarwa. Kukwikwidzana kunovapo (panoitika) mumatare, kutsiva kwemitemo, kana kuti kurangana kunoitwa sechinoedzwa uye chakanatswa. Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti itsika dzinodzorwa, mitoo yenhau yakagadziridzwa kudzorera kudzora, uye migumisiro mikuru inotevera apo muganhu wapamutemo unotevera.

Nhoroondo Yacho: Pakapwanywa Matombo

Chikwenzi Chapamvura: Chinodzora Hubris Nokuwa Kwacho

Zviitiko zvishomanene zvinoratidzira ngozi dzokunyengera kwokutungamirira sezvinooneka sechinonyadzisa cheWatergate. Muna 1972, kushanda kwakabatana naPurezidhendi Richard Nixon nedare rokusarudza kwakaputirwa mudzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee. Chifukidzo chapashure chakabatanidza kuedza kushandisa masangano ezvokuchenjera ehurumende kumisa kunzvera. Kukura kune ngwavaira kwesimba rehurumende uye kusaremekedza kwake komubatanidzwa wedare rehurumende kwakaparira njodzi yemitemo. House Judiary Committee inotenderwa nokuda kwokudzorwa kweruramisiro yesimba, uye kuzvidza dare rehurumende. [F]

Marbury Madison: Chitendero cheSangano reVafundisi

Chirango chinowanzova chakanyengedzwa zvikuru kupfuura kukunda vakuru vakuru kana kuti hurumende, asi nhambo dzacho refu dzakafanana. Mhaka yeDare Gurusa Marbury v. Madison inomira semuenzaniso wenheyo. Mumaawa okupedzisira aJohn Adams pautungamiriri, kurongedzerwa kwokutonga kwakaitwa; kudzorwa kwaMary Jerson kwakaitwa; kudzorwa kwaMath Jerson kungaratidzika kuva kubvumira kutera. Panzvimbo pezvo, murangariro wakaziviswa necherekedzo yeidzo yemabasa. William Marrium, anotsvaka win of mandamus muDare Gurusalver. Chirestifice yakananga kuchinetso: kuranga kuita chiito, nepo kudzokororwa kwechipomeso. [mushonga yakakwirira Dare redare rinotonga.]

Kubvuma kwaAndrew Johnson: Kutendeutswa Kwomutemo

Gakava pakati paMutungamiriri weNyika Andrew Johnson neRepublican Respondement Act pashure peHondo yeChivilgal rinogovera muenzaniso wakajeka wekukunda mitemo (kana kuti, zvichitsamira pamurangariro womunhu, chekero iri madikanwa. Johnson, Murwi weSouthern Democrat, akashora kugadziriswa kwemiganhu yemitemo. Dare rakapindura nokupfuudza Tenure yeOffice Act, iyo yakaganhurira mano aJohnson okubvisa vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Apo Johnson akazvidza mutemo kupfurikidza nokupfura Munyomba weWarlien Stanton, Imba yakamudzosa mu 1868. Kutonga kweDare reSangano rakaguma nokuregwa nechivhoti. Vezvenhau vakawanda vanotaura kuti kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuedza kudzora mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Chibvumirano chakasimbisa ngozi yokushandisa kupfumba kwechisa, chitopeto chaidzodzodzodzodzodzo inopfuudzorwa.

Zvimwe Zviratidzo Zvokukunda

Zvimwe zvinoitika zvenhau zvakajekeserazve mitoo yemitemo yokutsvaka simba. Franklin D. Roosevelt yedare-ringangi romu 1937 akaona purezidhendi achiedza kuwedzera nhamba yematare eDare Gurusa reDare kuchengetera mitemo yake. Chikarakadzo chacho chakashurikidzwa zvikuru sedenho yokuzvitonga kwedare uye chakakundikana muCongress. Dectutive Order 9066, yakabudiswa naPrezidhesi reFrance D. Rovelt muna 1942, inobvumirwa nokubatana kwechinyakaresa. Dare guru rinosimudzira nhevedzano nhevedzano yemitemo yemitemo mu [FLT].[FT]

Michina Yecheki Nedzikamo: Kudzivirira Kwesangano

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. havana kufungidzira kuti masimba akaparadzana aizongozvishandisa amene. Vaibatanidza nhevedzano yezviremera zvinopfuudzwa nezvinoiswa pamwe chete nejekiseni nejekiseni (jecha) izvo zvinogonesa bazu rimwe nerimwe kudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe. Apo kunyengera kunoitika, aya mabasa ndiwo mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro.

Utariri Hwomutemo Nesimba Rechitengo

Congress ine zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvikuru. Simba rokuita nzvero nokuchengeta zvisarudzo rinobvumira vaiti vemitemo kufumura ndokumanikidza chipupuriro. Congregational Bal neImpoundment Control Act ye 1974, somuenzaniso, rakasimbisa mano eCongress okutarisira mari yesangano. Gadziriro dzinopa Congress simba gurusa: rinogona kubvisa masangano kana kuti mapurogiramu anodarika murairo wavo. Apo Purezidhendi Nixon anoisa mari yepurogiramu aishora, Congress Act yeBaccorate Control kuti atendese simba rayo pamusoro pechikwama.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga Nebasa Rematare

Nzvero huru yejaji idzokororo yedare: simba rokuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisingatsiviwi. Nepo Marbury v. Madison akasimbisa chiremera ichi, kunzvera kwacho kunoramba kuripo. Matare angapomerwa kuti azvinyengera paanozvipinza mumitemo yakakurumbira kana kuti mumibvunzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Dzidziso ye “Phondo" ne(*] kukundikana kutonga panhau dzakasiyiwa kusarudzwa namapazu. [5], Dare Gurusa rePuerrence rinogona kuita chiito chakasimba. Bva apo bazu rinenge richinyatsopfuura, somuna 1952 nhau yokuzvidzora yedare [FLG2:] kana kuti isati iri dare risingabvumirwi. [V.[FT] [Foctl], Supreme Dare rePromendi yehondo] rinoita chibvumirano mukati dare rehondo mukati pamutemo.

Kutsvaka Nokubvisa Zvenyukireya: Chisarudzo Chenyukireya

Kuongorora ndiko kusimba zvikurusa kweCongress inobatira padare guru napadare. Imba inovhota pamusoro penhau dzekusainwa kwapamutemo, uye Dare rinotonga nokuvhota mukubvisa. Mapurezidhendi maviri bedzi. Iri bar rakakwirira rinoreva kusatenderwa nokuda kwokusawirirana kwakapfava; rakachengeterwa nokuda kwe “mhosva huru uye kushatiswa." Ngozi ndeyokuti mutengi unova muganhu unova mutevedzeri, unoda kuti voruzhinji vaviri muDare vabvume. [Foctive]

Veto uye Kushata: Kuparadza Kwomutemo Kwehondo

Chirevo chapurezidhendi icherekedzo yakananga pamiitiro yemitemo inonyengera. Apo Congress inopfuudza mutevedzeri anofungidzira kuti kutaura kusina kururama kana kuti kusatsarukana, purezidhendi anogona kukuramba. Congress, inogonawo kukurira nechiverengero chezvitatu zviviri zvevoruzhinji vari mudzimba dzose. Aya masimba ane simba anotaurisa nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwokusaina mashoko kunonzi kutsanangura kana kuti kunyange kudenha mativi epepa (jeri) kwakashatisa muganhu pakati pokuita mitemo nokuiparadza. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti kutaura kwokusaina kunomirira chimiro chevakuru vakuru vakuru apo dzinozivisa kuti purezidhendi haasati achizoshandisa gadziriro dzakati.

Migumisiro Yesimba Rinopfuura Rose: Migumisiro Yacho Yakaora

Kusagadzikana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika uye Kukurumidza Kupera

Apo rimwe bazu rinonyengera, kuvimba pakati pamapazu kunoparadzwa. Bazu remitemo ringatsiva kupfurikidza nokuramba kusimbisa vatongi kana kuti vakuru vakuru, kumutsa kunzvera, kana kuti kutanga nzvero dzinopedza simba rehurumende. Muuyo wacho unowanzova kusashanda kwemitemo: nhau dzinotambudza kuvambira pakuronga kuchengeteka kwenyika. Hurumende refusa muU.S. nhau ya208-2019 yakadzikwa mugakava pamusoro pechiremera chomukuru kuti itsigire rusvingo rwomuganhu urwo Congress yakanga isina kubvumira zvizere.

Kutanga Kwepamutemo uye Kutanga

Kunyanyisa kwaiita kuti pave nokusazvidzora. Kukwirira mumatare kwaipesana nezvirango zvevakuru vakuru pakupinda munyika, mirau yemhoteredzo, uye zvirambidzo zvokufamba pasi pevatarisiri veTrump neBiden, kuchiita mitemo inorwisana mumatare enyasi ayo aifanira kupedzwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Kusava nechokwadi kwepamutemo kunotapura mabhizimisi, vanhu, uye hurumende zvinofanira kushandisa mitemo inochinja. Uyezve, chisarudzo chimwe nechimwe chedare chinotsigira kana kuti chinobvisa chiito chakaoma, chingava muenzaniso kana kuti zvimwe kuderedza miganhuro yechiremera chemitemo.

Kuodzwa Mwoyo Kwavose uye Kuderera Kwokuvimbana

Zvichida muuyo unonyengera zvikurusa kuderera kwechivimbo chavanhu mumasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Apo vagari vanoona purezidhendi achifuratira utarisiri hwehurumende, dare rinoisa mutemo, kana kuti Congress inopinda murwisano dzesimba renyika dzakashata. Chivimbo muhurumende chave chiri mukuderera kwenguva refu; mukuwirirana ne [[FLT: 0] Pew Research Center [[FLT: 1]], inenge 16% yeAmerica inotaura kuti vanovimba nehurumende yehurumende kuita zvakarurama zvikurusa munguva ino. Kudzokororwazve kwaita kuti itiro yavakuru vakuru itsigire tsigiro yavose nokuda kwemiteo yapamutemo.

Mienzaniso Yazvino Uno Nenharo Dzinotanga

Kukura Kwemirayiridzo Yakatungamirira

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi wamativi ose ari maviri akatendeukira nenzira inowedzera kumirairo yavakuru vakuru yokurega Dare rakavharwa. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo rinopa purezidhendi masimba akati avhozhokerwa anenge asina kutenderwa, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mirairo yavakuru vakuru pakuchinja kukuru kwemitemo yakadai seDefered Action for Childing Applys (DACA) kana kuti chirongwa chezviito cheMuslim chinodzivisa basa rokuvhota pasina vhoti. matare pane dzimwe nguva akapindira, achideredza kana kuti kuderedza mirayiro inorangarirwa kuva yakakwirira. Kukurukurirana kwacho kunosimbisa kuoma kwechiito chakasimba chokudzora chinobudirira, kana kuti kuvimba nechiito chinoitwa neapo chinonetemesa simba pamutemo chinoitwa nebazi rehurumende?

Kutonga Kunopesana.

Basa rejajidhia rekubvisa mimba rakamutsawo pomero dzemagariro avanhu. Zvisarudzo izvo zvinonyoresa roorano yohuhuhutu (... Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015) kana kuti zvinozivikanwa kuti maruramiro okubvisa mimba ([Roe v. Wade [[[FLT]]], 1973]; gare gare gare) yakarumbidzwa sorukundo rwetsananguro yemato yemitemo uye inoshurikidzwa sechitongerwa kuputsa mutemo. Simba reDare rokubvisa zviremera zvinosarudzwa kuti zviwirirane nemitemo, izvo vatsoropotezo vanoti zvinofanira kuchengeterwa nokuda kweDare remitemo nehurumende. Vatsigiriki vanoti Dare rinofanira kudzivirira kodzero dzinokosha, zvikurukuru apo njodzi dzinongoitika.

Nyika Nesimba Rinotonga: Makakatanwa Azvino Uno

Gadziriro yehurumende imene inzvimbo inorwisana nokunyengera. Apo hurumende inoraira miitiro munharaunda dzinodzorwa namaruwa pakuvamba nemitemo . yakadai sedzidzo, utano hwavanhu, kana kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo (8states) inowanzodzorera. Dare guru rinodzosa kuraira kwechinzvimbo, somuenzaniso, rakadenhwa sechitsoropodzo cheChamberyment Claus. Nharome. Nharo dzazvino uno pamusoro pekuvamba kwesimba rehurumende.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mukuchengeta Dzikamo

Kungwarira uye kungwarira kudzivirira vanhu kuti vasatsoropodzwa.

Kushevedzera uye Kuzvidavirira

Kusarudza muitiro wakananga zvikurusa wokuranga vatendi. Vavhota vanogona kutsiva purezidhendi uyo adarika chiremera chake, kana kuti udzori hwechimbichimbi hweCongress kudzorera utariri hwewirirano. Sarudzo dzeMidter dzinowanzobatira semhesvuro pavakuru vakuru kana kuti vatengi. Muvhoti mukuru avhotera nokusarudza kwokuziva kunenge kwakakomba. Zvisinei, kuvhota, mitemo inoganhurira, uye mari yenhimbe inogona kuderedza tapuro yevhoti, kuita kuti chinjo ive iri madikanwa kuchengeta gadziriro ichiita kuti irambe ichiita kuti indunduko.

Kutendeseka uye Kubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano

Vagari vanogona kukumbanira mapoka ezvigaro zvinotarisira zviito zvehurumende nemhesano dzapamutemo. Masangano akafanana neAmerican Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) neBrennan Center for Justice nyanzvi mukudzivirira miganhu yebumbiro remitemo. Kuramba kwapachena, tsamba kuvakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kuvimbisana pahoro dzemataundi izvo vagari vemo vari kutarira. Nhevedzano dzenzanga dzakawedzera mashoko aya, asi dzinoparadzirawo mashoko asina kururama anogona kukanganisa kunzwisisa kwezvinoita zvokutsororoodza.

Kuverenga Nekunyora uye Dzidzo

Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei mutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro. (--*) Zvidzidzo zvinoregeredzwa muzvikoro(zvinowanzoregeredzwa) zvinofanira kufukidza kuparadzana kwemasimba, nhau yokunyengera, uye zvishandiso zvavagari vemo zvinofanira kudzosa. Kurava nokunyora mimhanzi kunobetsera vanhu kusiyanisa pakati pekusawirirana kwemitemo kwepamutemo nokuputsa mutemo kwechokwadi. Pasina zivo yakavakirwa, vagari vemo havagoni kunzwisisa nenzira inobudirira apo bazu radarika. Kupindwa mudzidzo yehurumende igadziriro yenguva refu yokuchengetedza mitemo yedemocracy.

Mugumisiro: Kungwarira Kusingaperi

Mubvunzo wechinoitika apo rimwe bazu rinopfuura simba raro harina mhinduro imwe. Nhau inoratidza kuti miuyo inovambira panjodzi yezvamatongerwe enyika inovambira pakuderera kwechivimbo chapakarepo, uye mhinduro dzinovambira pakumanikidzira kukuru kwesangano kukatyamadza kupopota. Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri mubatanidzwa unozviita umene; mubatanidzwa wemipimo wakasimba unofanira kuchengetwa nokushingaira. Varongi vanonzwisisa kuti shungu dzinofanira kuitwa kuti dzikurire gwinyiro, asi vaizivawo kuti vanhu vamene ndivo vanozvinzvera pakupedzisira pakudzvinyirira. Hakuna gadziriro yehurumende inodzivisa kudzorwa. Kuzvidzivirira bedzi iwirirano yemipimo yakasimba, murwi wejekiseni unodisa kuchengetwa, mutengi unochengeta maruramiro wayo, uye mugari wemo wemo wehurumende uyo unova anotonga mabazu ose. Mune simba zvikuru hamutevedzero webasa rebazu rinotenderwa nokuda kwegadziriro yaavo vanogarira kugarwa.