Kurondedzera Chiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinomirira maruramiro apamutemo okushandisa simba mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuchisiyanisa nedzvinyirirowo zvayo kana kuti simba. Iko inheyo apo kutonga kunogara, kuchigonesa vatungamiriri kuita zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza nzanga. Chiremera hachisati chiri pamusoro pokungova bedzi nesimba rinozivikanwa rokushandisa. Uku kuva pamutemo ndiko kunoparadzanisa mutongi nomudzvinyiriri. Kunzwisisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kunoda kunzvera mwero wakwo mukuru: marudzi echiremera chinozivikanwa munzanga, manyuko ainochichichipa, uye mitoo inochipa pavanhu vamwe kana kuti masangano. Izvi zvinhu zvinosarudza pamwe chete kuti vanodzora sei uye kuti vanochengeta sei nzvimbo yavo.

Marudzi Echiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Max Weber akaronga chiremera mumarudzi matatu akachena, rimwe nerimwe richiva pahwaro hwakasiana hwokuva pamutemo. aya mapoka anoramba akakodzera zvikuru nokuda kwokunzvera gadziriro dzazvino uno dzezvamatongerwe enyika:

  • Chiremera cheRegational Authority: Ichi chimiro chinogara pachitendero mukuva pamutemo kwemitemo yakagadzwa uye maruramiro aavo vanokwidziridzwa kuchiremera mumitemo yakadaro kupa mirairo. Chimiro chikuru munyika dzazvino uno, mabhisai, uye masangano. Simba rinoiswa muhofisi, kwete munhu mumwe, uye rinoshandiswa mukati megadziriro yemitemo nemiitiro. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mapurezidhendi, vafundisi vakuru, uye vabatiri vehurumende vane chiremera chinorondedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo.
  • Chiremera chegamuchidzanwa: Rudzi urwu rwakavakirwa pachitendero chakasimbiswa muutsvene hwemagamuchidzanwa ekare uye kuva apamutemo kwenzvimbo yaavo vanoshandisa chiremera pasi pawo. Simba rinogarwa nhaka kana kuti rinopfuudzwa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yetsika. madzimambo namachinda edzinza mienzaniso yakatanhamara, umo chiremera chinoyerera kubva mudzinza nemusimbo wenhau. Teerero inosungirwa kumunhu anoita basa regamuchidzanwa.
  • Chiremera chamasekete: Ichi chimiro chinobva mukuzvipira kuutsvene hwechienzi, magamba, kana kuti muvara womuenzaniso womunhu mumwe nomumwe. Chakavakirwa pamavara anorangarirwa kuva echienzi omutungamiriri, anonyandura ruvimbiko neteerero kupfurikidza nechikwaniriso chomunhu oga. Vatungamiriri vemhindumupindu, vaporofita, uye vanhu vechipopulist vanowanzoshandisa chiremera chesimba rinokwezva. Rudzirwo runova rwakashata nemhaka yokuti runotsamira pamavara omutungamiriri uye runofanira kuiswa mumugariro usiri wogarongwena kuti vararame kupfuura upenyu hwavo.

Purezidhendi wazvino uno (anotora mativi akasiana - siana) angashandisawo chiremera chegamuchidzanwa kupfurikidza nokukumbira kunhaka yorudzi kana kuti chiremera chesimba rinokwezva kupfurikidza nenhau yomunhu oga inogombedzera.

Manyuko Echiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika hachibviri mumugariro wapamutemo, chinoitwa ndokutsigirwa kupfurikidza namanyuko makuru anoverengeka anochibvumira kuva chapamutemo mumeso avadzorwi.

Mitemo Yemitemo Nemichina Yepamutemo

Mumaganhu mazhinjisa azvino uno, bumbiro remitemo rinobatira samanyuko makuru echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Igwaro rakanyorwa iro rinosimbisa mitemo yemutambo wezvamatongerwe enyika, rinorondedzera zvakajeka masimba neganhuriro zvehurumende, uye rinoratidzira maruramiro avagari vemo. Chiremera chinotorwa mubumbiro remitemo chinoiswa mumutemo muchisiko, sezvo chakasimbiswa mutsika dzakabatanidzwa dzemitemo inogamuchirwa nenzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, U.S. chirevo chinopa masimba akati kuCongress, Purezidenti, uye judicary, kuumba gadziriro yokunzvera nechiyero. Nenzira yakafanana, mutemo mukuru werudzi wakafanana neGermany unoronga gadziriro yehurumende nemitoro yehurumende yadzokororo. Apo aya masangano emitemo ehurumende anorangarirwa kuva apamutemo.

Kusarudza uye Kuziva Zuva Rakakurumbira

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, sarudzo mutoo mukuru wokupa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Zvinoshandura kuda kupararira kwavanhu kuva chirevo chakananga chokutonga. Sarudzo dzakasununguka nedzakarurama dzinobvumira vagari vemo kusarudza vamiririri vavo, kuvapa chiremera chokuita zvisarudzo zvavo. Muuyo wesarudzo unogovera nheyo yapamutemo netsika nokuda kwomuwindi kana kuti mubato kushandisa simba. Muitiro unobatanidza nguva dzenguva dzose nokuda kwokuvandudza, kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira. Masangano makuru eSarudzo apamutemo anobatanidza kuvhotera kwavose, vasarudzori vepasi pevhuro, vasarudzori vakavanzika vakavanzika, makodzero azvigaro, uye gadziriro dzokupedza nharo. Chiremera chehurumende chakasarudzwa chinobatanidzwa zvakananga kurumbidzoidzo dzinooneka nerudzo.

Chiremera Chesangano Nechikuru Chehurumende

Kupfuura vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinosimbiswa mumasangano ehurumende. Chigaro chehurumende, mutungamiriri wehurumende, mutongi, uye hurumende mumwe nomumwe ane zvimiro zvakasiana zvechiremera zvinobva mumabasa avo ebumbiro remitemo. Mitezo yemitemo inowana chiremera mubasa ravo rokumirira namasimba okugadza mitemo. Bazu rehurumende rinoshandisa chiremera kupfurikidza nokushandisa mitemo nerokutungamirira nhau dzehurumende. Mutongi ane chiremera kupfurikidza nebasa rake mukududzira mitemo nokupedza magakava avanhu. MaBurearacracy, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoumbwa navashandi vebasa, vane chiremera chakavakirwa paunyanzvi, zivo yeprocedualcual, uye kupfuurira. Simba ravo rinoshandiswa kupfurikidza nemiraudzo yenhau yehurumende, miraudzo, uye zvisarudzo zvehurumende, kuumba basa razvokutonga kwazvinotonga kwazvinotonga zvazvinotonga zvazvino uno.

Kubvumira Uchangamire Hunotongwa uye Hwakakurumbira

Pamwero mukuru wouzivi, chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu pakupedzisira chinotsamira pabvumiro yavadzorwi. Iyi nheyo, inoratidzirwa navafungi saJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau, inosimbisa kuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mubvumirano yavanhu kuti vatongwe. Chibvumirano chakakurumbira chinoreva kuti vanhu ndivo manyuko makurusa esimba rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye hurumende inoshandisa chiremera bedzi somutendi akavimbika kana kuti mumiriri wavanhu. Uyu murangariro ndewehwakavakirwa kurondedzero yedemo yedemocyicicideration uye unoratidzirwa muzvinyorwa zvakafanana neU.S. Chibvumirano cheRendecio. Apo chinobviswa kupfurikidza namasarudzo, kana kuti kusateerera hurumende, chiremera chehurumende inogona kubvisa.

Kusarudzwa Kunoitwa Vatungamiriri: Kusarudza Michina Yakasiyana - siyana

Nzira iyo vatungamiriri vanowana nayo nzvimbo yavo chinhu chinoumba gadziriro ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika. iyi miitiro inosarudza kwete bedzi kuti ndiani ane simba asiwo rudzi rwokuzvidavirira noukama pakati pavatongi navanotongwa. Magirazi anovambira pakusarudza kwakakurumbira kusvikira kukutora nhaka uye kutora simba pamwe chete.

Kusarudzwa Kwehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende

Sarudzo yedemocratic ndiyo nzira inozivikanwa zvikurusa yokusarudza utungamiriri munyika dzazvino. Inogona kuva yakananga kana kuti isina kunanga. Muvhota zvakananga, vagari vemo vanovhotera zvakananga nokuda kwomudaviriri wavanoda kuva nebasa rakati, zvakadai sapurezidhendi kana kuti gavhura. Mukusarudzo kwakananga, vamiririri vakasarudzwa panguva ino vanosarudza mutungamiriri. Somuenzaniso, mugadziriro dzakawanda dzeparamende, vagari vemo vanovhota mitezo yeparamende, nhengo dzemitezo yeparamende, avo vanozosarudza mutungamiriri wehurumende. Kuvhota vanogona kuva vakuru kana kuti kuisa mwero, vachipesvedzera kuti vhoti idzo muzvigaro nesimba. Kuwedzera, kururama, uye kukwikwikwidzana kwezvisarudzo kunoratidza utano hwedemo rehurumende. Independent, makwikwikwi ebato zvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, masangano ehurumende kuti vasarudzore chiremera chapachokwadi.

Kugadzwa uye Kusarudzwa Nemitumbi yaErite

Nzvimbo huru dzakawanda dzinozadzwa kupfurikidza nokugadzwa panzvimbo pekugadzwa kwakananga. Vatongi, vamiririri vedare, vamiririri, uye vatungamiriri vamasangano akazvimirira vanowanzogadzwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa kana kuti namatare chaiwo. Iyi nzira inorongedzerwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanhu vane zvikwaniriso chaizvo, unyanzvi, kana kuti nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Somuenzaniso, vatongi vakuru vedare munyika dzakawanda vanogadzwa napurezidhendi uye vanosimbiswa nedare rehurumende. Mudzimwe mitoo, musoro wetsika wehurumende (se mambo webumbiro remitemo kana kuti purezidhendi) anogadza musoro wehurumende wakavakirwa pamuuyo weparamendetation. Miitiro yeSangano inowanzobatanidza kudzorwa, kunzwa, uye kutenderwa kuvimbisa kuzvidavirira.

Kubudirira Kwacho

Mumamirire emadzimambo, chiremera choutungamiriri chinopfuudzwa nenzira inozivikanwa navose kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhaka, kutevera mitemo yakagadzwa yedzinza neprimogeneure. Korona inopfuudzira kuchizvarwa chimwe kuinotevera, kazhinji kazhinji kumwana mukuru kana kuti mugari wenhaka akasarudzwa. Iyi tsika inodzikwa muchiremera chegamuchidzanwa uye inopa dzikamo kupfurikidza nokutevedzana kwaichinodeya kutevedzerwa. Mamitevedzero emitemo azvino uno, akadai seUnited Kingdom, Japan, neSweden, anoganhurira masimba ezvematongerwe enyika amambo, anoaita misoro yokufananidzira apo akasarudzwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanotonga. Mirodziro yehurumende inova isingawaniki zvikuru asi ichiripo munyika shoma. Chiremera chenhaka chenhaka chinotsamira patsika refu, kupfuurira kuva nomugariro wenhau, uye kazhinji pfungwa yezivikanwa yenyika.

Kupindira Muhondo Nekofi

Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinobatwa nesimba, zvikurukuru namapoka ehondo kana kuti ane zvombo. Kubvuta kworupanduko kunobatanidza kuparadzwa kwehurumende kwakamwe kamwe, kusiri kwapamutemo, kazhinji kazhinji neboka ramauto kana kuti chengeteko. Tsoka dzakadaro dzesimba dzinotsamira pasimba risina pamutemo uye kazhinji kazhinji dzinotarisana nokushurikidzwa kwamarudzi ose nokudzivisa kwemhuri. Zvisinei, vatungamiriri vanobvuta hurumende vangaedza kutanga chimiro chitsva chechiremera kupfurikidza nezvipikirwa zvetsigano, nhimbe dzekupesana neoregi, kana kuti miitiro yokuchinja inotungamirira kurusarudzo. Rubudiriro rwenhamburiko dzakadaro runotsamira pakukwanisa kwavo kuwana mwero wakati wokugamuchirwa kwapamutemo netsigiro yehurumende. Zvinyorwa zvenhau zvinobatanidza hondo zvinobatanidza kuva juas muLatin America neAfrica.

Basa Remasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Mukushatisa Chiremera

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ndiwo zvivako namasangano izvo chiremera chinoshandiswa, chinopokanidzwa, uye chinochengetwa. zvinogovera gadziriro umo vatungamiriri vanoita uye vagari vemo vanopinda. masangano makuru anobatanidza masangano omutemo omutemo, matare anobetsera, uye masangano anobetsera anobetsera, rimwe nerimwe rine mabasa akasiyana.

Mitemo: Chiremera Chokupa Mutemo

Mitemo, inozivikanwawo separamende kana kuti masangano, masangano makuru okuita mitemo nokumirira fariro dzakasiyana- siyana. Ane simba rokukurukura, kunyora, uye kugadza mutemo, pamwe chete nokubvumira bhajeti nokutarisira dare. Magastislatures anowana chiremera kubva kubasa rawo rokumiririra, sezvo mitezo inosanosarudzwa. Masangano eBidameral, ane makamuri maviri, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anopa nzvero dzakawedzerwa. Somuenzaniso, Dare rinoumbwa neImba yavamiriri neDare, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiana namasimba akasiana. Chiremera chedare chinotsamira pakuzvimirira kwaro, mano aro okunzvera mutungamiriri, uye kudavira kwaro.

Mapazi Ane Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Chiremera

Bazu guru rine mutoro wokushandisa nokuisa mitemo, kutungamirira muitiro wokumwe, uye kutungamirira mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende. Richitungamirirwa napurezidhendi, mutungamiriri wehurumende, kana kuti mambo, mutungamiriri ane chiremera chinokosha pakudzorwa kwegadziriro nemitemo. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi, mukuru mukuru akaparadzana nedare uye kazhinji kazhinji ane masimba. Mumasangano eparamende, mukuru mukuru anotorwa uye anozvidavirira kudare. Chiremera chomukuru wacho chinodzorwa neganhuriro dzemitemo, zvirongwa zvemitemo, uye kutarisira mamwe mapazu.

Vafundisi: Kududzira Vane Simba

Vatongi vanodudzira mitemo, vanopedza gakava, uye vanovimbisa kuti zviito zvehurumende zvinowirirana nebumbiro remitemo nemitemo. Chiremera chokutonga chakavakirwa pakusasarura, unyanzvi hwemitemo, uye simba rokuongorora mugadziriro dzakawanda. matare eependero anobatira senzvero pasimba rehurumende nerehurumende, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu uye kuchengeta mutemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare repamusorosoro reIndia rine simba rokuongorora kuputsa mitemo inoputsa mutemo. Kukosha kwechiremera chokutonga kunotsamira pakuzvimirira kunooneka, kujeka, uye kunaka kwokurangarira kwepamutemo.

Masangano Anoona Nezvehurumende: Vane Simba Routongi

MaBureaucracracy isangano rokutonga rehurumende, rakaumbwa navashandi vebasa vanoshanda vanoshandisa mitemo, vanotarisira mabasa avose, uye mirau inomanikidzirwa. Chiremera chavo chinobva muunyanzvi, zivo yetsika, uye kupfuurira. MaBurearat anoshandisa kungwarira mukushandisa mirau uye kuita zvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwavagari vemo. Chiremera chezvirongwa zvehurumende chinokosha nokuda kwokudzora kunobudirira, bva chinogonawo kuva manyuko enyasha apo vakuru vakuru vasina kugadzwa vanoshandisa simba rinokosha. Nheyo dzakafanana nokukudzwa nokuiswa pasi pechiremera, kujeka, uye kuzvidavirira kunokosha mukuchengeta maruramiro echiremera chechiremera chebureault.

Zvinetso Kuchiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunokosha pakuongorora kutsiga uye kuva pamutemo kwegadziriro ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuramba Kwapachena Nokushora

Vagari vangaratidzira kusabvumirana nemitemo, vatungamiriri, kana kuti masangano kupfurikidza nokuramba, kusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvechiito chakabatana. Kuramba kworugare kuratidzirwa kwapamutemo kwokutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi vanogonawo kudenha chiremera kupfurikidza nokurega. Masangano makuru echikwikwi, akadai setsutsumo yeArab Spring kana kuti kutsutsutsumwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeHong Kong, akapanikira zvakananga chiremera chiripo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kupindura kwezviremera kupesana nomutemo wavo: Kudzvinyirira kunogona kusekesa chiremera chavo, nepo kugona kuisimbisa kurukurirano nenjo inogona kuisimbisa.

Uori Hwezvematongerwe Enyika Nokushandisa Simba Zvisina Kufanira

Uori hunoparadza kuvimba nechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti vatungamiriri vanoisa purofiti yomunhu oga panzvimbo yebasa ravose. Chiokomuhomwe, kubhadharwa kwezvipo, uye kutsigirwa zvinosekesa utongi hwomutemo uye ruramisiro yemasangano. Apo vagari vemo vanonzwisisa kuti chiremera chinoshandiswa nenzira yamaune kana kuti nokuda kwebetsero yomunhu oga, pamutemo kwetsika yose inogona kupokanwa. Nhamburiko dzechiokomupidhi, zviremera zvazvimiririri, uye utongi hunooneka zviri pachena zvinokosha kuti zvichengete chiremera. Uori hukuru, hwakaita sauhwo hunobatanidza vatungamiriri veBrazil kana kuti South Korea, hwakatungamirira kukuramba kukuru nokurasikirwa nechivimbo.

Makambani Nemidzi Inoronga

Masangano enzanga, kubvira pakutsigira mhoteredzo kusvika kunhimbe dzekodzero dzevashandi, anogona kudenha chiremera kupfurikidza nokusimudzira pfungwa dzavose nokuchinja. Anowanzomuka apo masangano aripo anokundikana kugadzirisa zvigumbu kana kuti apo mapoka anozviisa pasi anotsvaka kumiririrwa. Misangano nokuda kweruramisiro yedzinza, kuenzana kwevarume, uye kodzero dzemo dzakachinjazve magariro ezvamatongerwe enyika uye vatungamiriri vanomanikidzwa kupindura. Chiremera chemasangano egamuchidzanwa chinoedzwa apo masangano anowana simba uye anoda zvimiro zvitsva zvokubatanidza uye kuzvidavirira.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kwamarudzi Ose Nevaiti Vakasiyana Nevamwe

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika hachisati chichingokwikwidzwa bedzi mudzimba asiwo chakaumbwa namasimba enyika. Hurumende dzedzimwe nyika, masangano amarudzi ose, uye masangano amarudzi akawanda zvinogona kupesvedzera chiremera chehurumende kupfurikidza nezvirango, dzvinyiriro yemibatanidzwa yehurumende, kupindira kwezvemari, kana kuti mauto. Somuenzaniso, International Monetary Fund ingaisa migariro pamitongo inotapura mutemo wehurumende. Mitemo yavanhu yepasi rose inogona kudenha miitiro yemhuri. Chiremera cheEurope Union pamitezo yemitezo yemitezo, kunyange munharaunda dzakafanana nemari nemitemo, zvinoenzanisira kuti chiremera chamarudzi ose chinogona sei kubatana neuchangamire hwenyika hwehurumende.

Kuchinja Nokudzorerwa Kwechiremera Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoshanda; chinogona kushatisa nokufamba kwenguva uye kuvandudzwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja nzanga nokuvimbwa navanhu vose. Apo chiremera chinoderera, hurumende dzingatarisana nenjodzi dzoururami, kusagadzikana, kana kuti kunyange kuputsika. Kudzokororwa kunowanzobatanidza chinjo dzakadai sokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo, chinjo dzinosarudzwa, matanho okudzivisa uori, kana kuti kurukurirano inopesana nenzanga yevagari vemo. Kubudirira kunoda kuvakwa kwechivimbo nokujeka, kuzvidavirira, uye kudavira kudivirira kuzvinodikanwa. Kugadziridzwa kwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika kunotsamira pamano akwo kugadziridza zvinetso zvitsva asi zvichienderana nenheyo huru dzetsika.

mhedziso

Chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika ipfungwa yakaoma uye inokosha inotema kuti ndiani anodzora uye kuti vanowana sei maruramiro okuita kudaro. Yakavakirwa munheyo dzapamutemo, dzegamuchidzanwa, uye dzesimba, inotorwa kubva kumabumbiro emitemo, sarudzo, masangano, uye kubvumira kwedzosero. Mitemo yokusarudza vatungamiriri kubva pasarudzo yedemokratiki kusvikira kurusarudzo uye, mune dzimwe nguva, simba rehondo. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anogadzira zvivako mukati mesimba rinoshandiswa napamberinotsinhanhanhano. Kunyange zvakadaro chiremera nguva dzose chinotarisana nedenho dzinobva kukusawirirana, uori, masangano enzanga, uye dzvinyiriro dzamarudzi ose. Kunzwisisa izvozvi zvinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navagari vemo vemo vanotonga, simba, simba, uye mamiriro enyika enyika inopa mamiriro ezvinhu akakwirira.