Kutanga: Hwaro Hwokururamisira

Gadziriro yedare inomira serimwe ramapazu matatu ehurumende akaenzana munzanga dzakawanda dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, yakapiwa basa rakakomba rokududzira mitemo, kupedza gakava, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Madare inzvimbo dzinoshandiswa nedzinoitwa basa iri. Kunzwisisa kuti matare anoshanda sei uye zvikamu zvedare zvinokosha sei kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoedza kunzwisisa kuti ruramisiro inoshandiswa sei. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kukuru kwematare, marudzi awo akasiyana - siyana, mabasa awo makuru, zvirongwa zvedare, uye maitiro edare anoramba kuteverwa, uye mafambiro edare anosimbisa mitemo anovimbisa kuti ishande zvakanaka uye nguva dzose.

Zvikamu zveMatare Nemhosva Dzazvo

Kunyange zvazvo mazita nemiitiro yakasiyana zvichienderana nemitemo yematare pasi pose, zvinotevera ndizvo zviri kutongwa nematare munyika yose.

Matare Eutsotsi

Dare rinobata mhaka umo munhu kana kuti sangano rinopomerwa mhaka yokuputsa mutemo unorambidza mufambiro wakati uye rinoraira chirango. matare aya anosarudza mhaka kana kuti kusava nemhaka uye, kana mhaka ikaitika, anoisa mitongo yakabva pafaindi nokusungwa. Kutonga kweutsotsi kunokamuraniswa kuva zvisakafanira kuva zviito zvisina kururama uye zvisakafanira, nemhosva dzakakomba zvikuru dzinonzwiwa mumatare epamusoro. Mutoro weufakazi unotsamira pakukwidziridza mhaka, uko kunofanira kusimbisa kuva nemhaka pasina panikiro ine mufungo.

Matare Avagari Vemo

Matare ehurumende anopedza gakava pakati pemasangano ehurumende avanhu vamwe navamwe(indivitations), mabhizimisi, kana kuti masangano (asingabatanidzi mhosva dzoutsotsi). Nhau dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza nharo dzebvumirano, kutaura kuti munhu akuvara, kukakavadzana kwezvinhu, uye nhau dzemhuri. Munhau dzehurumende, mupurisa anotsvaka mushonga wakadai serasikidzo yemari kana kuti basa chairo. Mupimo weufakazi icherekedzo youfakazi, kureva kuti mupanzi anofanira kuratidza kuti kungangova kusingataputsirwi.

Matare Emhuri

Dare remhuri rinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumhaka dzinobatanidza vatano dzomumba, kubatanidza chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, kutsigirwa kwavana, kurerwa, uye kudzivirirwa kwamasimba masimba mudzimba. Aya matare kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda nemutoo wamasanga nechinetso zvikuru kana achienzaniswa nematare ehurumende kana kuti eutsotsi, achivavarira kusvika miuyo inobatira fariro dzakanakisisa dzavana nemhuri. Masangano mazhinji emhuri akatsaurira dare redare kana kuti mapoka.

Matare Anotarisira

Dare rinodzora rinonzwa nharo dzine chokuita nezvisarudzo zvesangano rehurumende. Kana munhu kana kuti bhizimisi rikadenha chiito chokuramba kubvumirwa kwemvumo, kuongorora mutero, kana kuti kuchengeteka kwenzanga kunobetsera kutsunga (8) nhau yacho ingatanga kutongwa mudare rehurumende. matare aya ane unyanzvi chaihwo uye ane mitemo nemasangano. Zvisarudzo zvinobva kumatare ehurumende zvinogona kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende.

Matare Anoda Kutongwa

Dare rinoongorora zvisarudzo zvematare evaduku kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo wakashandiswa zvakarurama uye kuti kururama kwetsika kwakachengetwa. Kusafanana nematare edare, matare anotonga haanzwi ufakazi hutsva kana kuti uchapupu. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanohwirudzura chinyorwa chinobva kudare rinotonga, vanorava mipfupi yakanyorwa kumativi ose ari maviri, uye vanonzwa nharo dzinotaurwa. Zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kusimbisa, kuchinja, kana kuti kudzorera mhaka nokuda kwedzimwe matare. dare rapamusorosoro redare muhuruwaro rinowanzonzi dare gurusa.

Mabasa eDare

Matare anoita mabasa anokosha anobatsira kuti mutemo utevedzere uye kuti vanhu vachengetedzeka.

Chisarudzo Chegakava

Panzvimbo hurusa, matare anogovera nzvimbo yokusatora rutivi mukupedza rwisano. Pasina matare, masangano aisazova negadziriro ine rugare yokupedza kusawirirana, kuchitungamirira kukudzokororwa kwematsive kwapachivande namasimba masimba. Matare anopa muitiro wakarongeka umo mativi ose ari maviri anogona kupa ufakazi nenharo pamberi pomutongi asina chizivano kana kuti dare rinobetsera. Iri basa rinodenha nokuda kwomubato wezvemari, sezvo mabhizimisi anotsamira pamatare kuti apedze zvibvumirano nokupedza rwisano dzebhizimisi nomutoo une budiriro.

Kududzira Zvapamutemo Nezvisarudzo

Matare anodudzira mirau, mirau, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, achipa revo chaiyo kumitemo isinganzwisisiki. Apo dare rinosarudza mubvunzo mutsva womutemo, kurangarira kwaro kunova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi mukati moudzori hwaro. Iyi dzidziso ye status decis[ (kurega chisarudzo chichimira) ichivimbisa kuchinjika, kufanodeya kutaurwa, uye kutsiga mumutemo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kurangarira kwedare kunoumba mhindumupinduko yedzidziso yapamutemo uye kunogona kupesvedzera chiito chemitemo.

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Mugadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo, matare ane simba rokunzvera dare,() chiremera chokunzvera mitemo nezviito zvokutungamirira ndokusarudza kana vachiwirirana nebumbiro remitemo. Apo dare rinowana mutemo usingatsivi mutemo, unogona kuuparadza, uchikupedza zvinobudirira. Iri simba rinobatira senzvero pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru, kudzivirira maruramiro makuru uye kudzivisa utsotsi hwehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakadai se Marbury v. Madison[[FL:1] (1873] muUnited States rakatanga iyi dzidziso, uye mamwe marudzi akawanda akagamuchira nheyo dzakafanana.

Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Matare ndiwo machengetero makuru ekodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. Apo mugari wemo anodavira kuti chiito chehurumende chakaputsa kodzero dzavo . zvakadai sorusununguko rwokutaura, muitiro wakafanira, kana kuti dziviriro yakaenzana, zvinogona kuunza mhaka pamberi pedare. Dare rinonzwa zvikumbiro nokuda kwekodzero dzehabeas corpus, zvinodenha kusungwa kusiri kwapamutemo, uye zvinogona kupa mirairo dzokumisa mufambiro unoparadzanisa kodzero. Basa iri rinokosha muhurumende umo kodzero dzinoiswa mugweta mugweta wekodzero kana kuti chibvumirano chemitemo.

Dare Nevatungamiriri Vacho

Masangano mazhinjisa edare akarongwa seboka ravafundisi, achibvumira kusvika kwakarongwa kururamisiro nokuita zvikumbiro. Gadziriro chaiyoiyo inobatanidza mwero mitatu: matare okutonga, matare apakati, uye dare rapamusoro.

Matare Okutonga

Dare rokutonga inhau dzakawanda. Ndimo umo ufakazi hunotanga kupiwa, zvapupu, uye madare (kana zvichibvira) anopa rutongeso. Aya matare imatare ehurumende apakuvamba, kureva kuti ane chiremera chokunzwa mhaka kwenguva yokutanga. Vatongi vedare rokutonga vane mutoro wokutarisira nhau, kutonga pazvirambidzo zvinooneka, uye kuvimbisa kuti kutonga kwacho kwakarurama. Kutsamira pachiremera, matare okutonga angakamuraniswa kuva mapoka chaiwo akadai sevagari vemo, utsotsi, kana kuti mhuri.

Dare Rokubvunzurudza

Hadzisati dziri mativi ose ane matare apakati, asi mumiitiro yapamutemo mikuru kana kuti yakakurumbira zvikuru idzo dzinobatira basa rinokosha. Idzi matare anosunungura dare rapamusoro zvikurusa romutoro wokuhwirudzura iri yose. Dzinonzwa chaizvoizvo zvikumbiro kubva kumatare anotonga senhau yekodzero, kureva kuti vapendi vane kodzero yokukwirira kunenge chinhu chimwe. dare rapakati rinohwirudzura chinyorwa chokutonga nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvapamutemo uye angabudisa mirangariro yakanyorwa iyo inogovera nhungamiro kumatare akaderera. Zvisarudzo zvaro zvinosungirwa pamatare anotongwa mukati menyika yavo kana kuti nzvimbo yapamutemo.

Matare Makurusa

Dare gurusa (kana kuti dare rapamusoro, dare rechisarudzo chokupedzisira) ichiremera chokupedzisira panhau dzomutemo. Iro rinowanzova nechiremera chechisarudzo, kureva kuti imhakai dzinosarudzwa kuti dzinzwe. dare rinosarudza nhau idzo dzinobatanidza nheyo dzapamutemo dzinokosha, zvisarudzo zvakaderera zvinorwisana, kana kuti mibvunzo inokosha yebumbiro remitemo. Kutonga kwaro kwakagadza muenzaniso unosunga matare ose akaderera muhurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakabva kudare rapamusoro ndezvokupedzisira uye hazvigoni kukwidziridzwazve (kumwe mugadziriro dzomubatanidzwa kungava norutivi rwuviri rwemitemo (g., matare makurusai uye Dare repamusorosoro). Kuumbwa nokusarudzwa kwematare makurusarusarusa kunosiyana zvikuru, navamwe vakagadzwa uye vamwe.

Muitiro Wokutonga: Nhungamiro Nenzira

Kunzwisisa matanho aya kunobatsira varavi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo kuti vafambe zvakanaka.

Kuzivikanwa Kwemhosva

Dare rinovamba apo mutongi anoisa dare nyunyuto yapamutemo yakanyorwa mudare rakafanira. Chinyunyuto chinoonesa maidi, hwaro hwapamutemo hwekutaura kwacho, uye rusununguko rutsvakwa. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, kutanga kunobva kuhurumende, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza namashoko okupa mhaka kana kuti matsotsi. dare rinopa mvumo, uye mukwirirwi anobatira pamutemo nokunyunyuta uye kuraira, kuchinyandura musengwa wokupindura. Iyi nhano inonzi basa rokuita uye inotsoropodza kuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwirwi ane ziviso uye banza rokunzwika.

Zvinoitwa Pamberi Pezvikuru

Vasati vatongwa, vamiririri vacho vanopinda mukuwana zvinhu zvinoda kuonekwa((kuchinja mashoko akakodzera, magwaro, uye ufakazi. Maturusi okuwana anobatanidza maspective (mutongo unobuda mudare), kubvunzurudza (mibvunzo yakanyorwa), zvikumbiro zvokubudisa magwaro, uye zvikumbiro zvokuda kunyoresa. Chinangwa ndechokubvisa kushamisa nokubvumira rutivi rumwe norumwe kuongorora simba noutera hwenhau yarwo. Kufamba kwePrectal kungagadzirisawo nhau pasina kutongwa kwakakwana. Somuenzaniso, chiito chokudzingashora kugutsikana kwenhau, nepo chiito chokupfupikisa kutongwa kwedare kukumbira kutonga mudariro mudare pamusoro pemaidi asingapokanidzwi. Zvizhinji zvinoitika mukati mechikamu chapamberi kana kuti dare ripiwe mumitevedzero muzvinoitika zvoutsotsi.

Kutongwa

If the case proceeds to trial, the parties present their evidence and arguments before a judge (bench trial) or a judge and jury (jury trial). In a criminal trial, the jury determines guilt or innocence; the judge decides the sentence. In a civil trial, the jury may determine liability and sometimes damages, though in some jurisdictions the judge decides all issues. The trial follows a standard order: opening statements, presentation of evidence by the plaintiff, cross-examination by the defendant, presentation of evidence by the defendant, closing arguments, jury instructions (if applicable), and deliberation. The standard of proof varies: beyond a reasonable doubt for criminal convictions, and preponderance of the evidence for most civil claims.

Kufamba Nokufamba Nepashure Pejeti

Pashure porutongeso kana kuti rutongeso, mubato unorasikirwa ungaronga miitiro yapashure pomutongo. Kufamba kunowanzobatanidza chiito nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva (kwakavakirwa pazvikanganiso mukati mokutonga kana kuti ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa) kana kuti chiito cherutongeso pasinei zvapo nechisarudzo (kuzivisa kuti chisarudzo chiri mukurwisana nouremu hweufakazi). Uku kudzokororwa kunonangidzirwa kumutongi uye kunofanira kuchengetwa munguva pfupi pashure porutongeso. Kana kukarambwa, boka rinorasikirwa rinogona kufadza.

Kufadza Kunoita

Chikumbiro hachisi kudzokororwazve; imhaka yezvikanganiso zvepamutemo. dare redare rinofanira kuratidza kuti dare redare ratonga rakaita chikanganiso chisingachinji. Dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chokutonga cha(jeri), marekodhi, zviratidziro, uye zvirevo) uye kunyora mipfupi kubva kumativi ose. Mumatare akawanda, nharo dzinotaurwa dzakarongwa. dare ipapo rinopa pfungwa dzakanyorwa. Zvirongwa zvinosanganisira kusimbisa chisarudzo chedare repasi, kuridzorera, kana kuti kudzoserazve nhau yacho nokuda kwezvimwe zvibvumirano zvinowirirana nemurangariro. Mune dzimwe nzira, kukwirira kudare rakakwirira zvikurusa kunobvira bedzi nemvumo yemvumo yetendero. Kukumbira kuvimbisa mutevero musero mumutemo uye kururamisa kusarurama.

Kukosha Kwematare Munzanga

Matare anoita zvinopfuura kupedza kakavadzano dzomunhu oga; anoita mabasa anotsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, rusununguko, uye chivimbo chavose muhurumende.

Kugovera Ruramisiro Norunako

Matare anogovera nzvimbo isina rusaruro umo makakatanwa anopikirwa pahwaro hwakavakirwa pamutemo noufakazi, kwete pasimba kana kuti pesvedzero. aya mabasa akaenzana anokosha munzanga umo vanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka vane zvinhu zvakasiana zvikuru. Kupfurikidza nokunamatira kumitemo yetsika nemipimo yetsika, matare anovaka chivimbo chavanhu chokuti ruramisiro ichapiwa nenzira isina rumano.

Kutsigira Kutonga kwoMutemo

Dare rinoita kuti vakuru vakuru vehurumende vazvidavirire nemhaka yemufambiro usiri wepamutemo uye nokuparadza zviito zvinopfuura mitemo.

Kubvuma Kuchinja Kwenzanga

Matare ave ari zvinhu zvinoparira fambiro mberi yenzanga munhau. Zvisarudzo zvemapepa pakodzero dzevagari vemo, kusarurana, kuenzana kweroorano, uye dziviriro yemhoteredzo zvakachinjazve nzanga. Kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwezvibvumikiso zvebumbiro remitemo nemirau, matare anogona kutambanudzira dziviriro kumapoka anopesana uye kumira magariro. Nepo matare asati ari injini huru yechinjo yechaunga chaidzoro.

Kudzivirira Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu

Mugadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, matare anodzivirira perero yesarudzo, anomanikidzira maruramiro okuvhota, uye anopedza gakava pamusoro pokuparadzana kwamasimba. Anohwirudzura kumira kwebumbiro remitemo rinoganhurira kutaura kwezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti gungano. Kuzvimirira mukutonga kunokosha nokuda kweiyi dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika; pasina iko, matare anova zvishandiso zvebato rinotonga. An judicary haisi chinhu choumbozha asi kudikanwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti irarame.[

mhedziso

Dare inhau dzinoda kururamisira, ruramisiro, uye mutemo. Kumatare anotonga anonzwa ufakazi ndokusarudza maidi, kumatare anoruramisa zvikanganiso ndokugadza muenzaniso, michina inotonga inoita misiyano inokatyamadza yemabasa akakomba. Kunzwisisa marudzi ematare, mabasa awo, marusando edare, maruva, uye zvikamu zvedare zvinoshongedzera vagari vemo kuti vapinde mutsika dzine revo, kana kuti vacherechedzi vapangwa. Sezvo nzanga dzinowedzera kuva dzinova dzinooma zvikuru, nzvimbo yematare dzichava dzinova dzinokosha. Nokuda kwokuravazve pamasangano edare, kubvunza zvinhu zvinobvumwaro. JFO: 0]. Dare redare, kana kuti , rinotonga [FKK]