Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire Wehurumende Munhema Dzehurumende

Kudzivirirwa pamutemo kwehurumende idzidziso yapamutemo iyo inodzivirira hurumende kuti dzisakwidzwa mudare rehurumende kana kuti rehurumende pasina kubvumira. Yakavakirwa munheyo yekare yokuti “mambo anogona kusaita chakaipa,” iyi dzidziso yakashanduka kuva ganhuriro yakaoma pasimba revagari vomunyika voga rokutsvaka betsero mukurwisana nehurumende. Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukuva nomutongo wehurumende. "* Kunova anobatanidzwa mukuva murwi, mukwiridziridzi, kana kuti munyori jeri() kurangarira mawirirano edziviriro youtongi ari madikanwa. Inoita kuti mhaka igove bedzi kana dare richigona kupfuurira asi kuti dare rine maruramiro okutonga uye mishonga inowanika.

Nyaya ino inopa kunzverwa kukuru kwedziviriro yokuzvitonga kwehurumende, kutsigira kwayo nhau, kushanda kwayo kwazvino uno kupfurikidza neElemily Amendment, kusiyana, uye simba rayo guru panhau dzekodzero dzavanhu, kutaura kwechiito, uye muitiro wavose. Pamugumo, varavi vachanzwisisa kurangarira kunokosha uko vose vari vaviri vatsoropodzi nehurumende vanofanira kufamba apo dziviriro youchangamire inenge iripo.

Mavambo Enhau Okusabatana kwaChangamire

Pfungwa yokuzvitonga kwesimba rokurwisa zvirwere yakadzokera kumutemo wechiNgezi, uko Korona yairangarirwa kuva inodzivirira pasuo mumatare ayo. Iyi pfungwa yakaendeswa kunyika dzeAmerica uye gare gare yakasimbiswa muhutongi hwapakuvamba hweUnited States. Vanasichi, zvisinei, vaitya simba rehurumende risingadzorwi, izvo zvakatungamirira kukusawirirana pakati pokudikanwa kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende nechishuvo chokudzivirira pfuma yehurumende nemabasa pakudzongonyedza.

Mu Chashilm v. Georgia [1793], Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakabvumira vagari vemo voga kukwidza mhaka mudare rehurumende, kumutsa njodzi yapakarepo. Manyika akatya kuti izvi zvaizovaratidzira kusutu dzisingaperi nokuparadzwa kwemari. Mhinduro yacho yakakurumidza: Demendement yeDemonth yakatenderwa muna 1795, inoganhurira zvakajeka simba rehurumende pamusoro pemasuturo anorwisana nemimwe miganhu yavagari venyika kana kuti marudzi. Nokufamba kwenguva, kududzira kwokutonga kwakawedzera dziviriro yebayiro kuti igodhorwe navagari vehurumende vamene.

Mhedziso Yechigumi Nechisere: Chitendero cheBumbiro reMitemo

The Expendith Amendment inoti: “Simba Rokutonga reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kuva rinotambanudzira kusuwo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kusaruramisira, rakatanga kana kuti rakatongwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari vapamberi veimwe Hurumende, kana kuti naVagari vomunyika kana kuti Zvigaro zveNyika Yemamwe Marudzi.” Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwaro ruchiita serwakatetepa, Dare Rapamusoro - soro rakarirava nguva dzose nheyo hurusarudzi youtongi iyo inoisa zvipfeko zvose zvapagaro zvomunhu oga mudare rehurumende, kutoti kutoti kushandisirwa.

Iyi dziviriro haisati iri yakakwana. Dare rakaziva kuti hurumende dzingabvuma kuwirirana, Congress ingabatanidza kudzivirirwa mumasimba akati ebumbiro remitemo, uye sutu mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwenyaradzo inopfuudzwa ingapfuurira mudzidziso Expace Young[[FLT: 1]. Kunzwisisa izvi kusingawirirani kunonetsekera nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anonzvera kusakwanisa kwekupesana nehurumende.

Nhevedzo Dzakanyanya Dzakaitwa neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvechiratidzo zvakaumba dzidziso. Mu Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Dare rakaramba kuti mabhawa ePremendement yechi11t Amendment anowirirana nehurumende nevagari vayo. Semunole Tribe of Florida. [[FLT][FLT]] [1966] [1966]) yakasimbisa kuti Koromendi yehurumende haigoni kudzivirira hurumende kupfurikidza neChikamu I bedzi cheMitemo, yakadai seChomarks Clausleas. nguva pfupi yapfuura, [[FLT] V [FLT] yose].[FLT] [FLD:] 2020]

Kutapura Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende Kunoita Kuzvidzwa Kwehurumende

Kana paine chikwata chakabatana nehurumende kana chikakwidza hurumende kana kuti rimwe sangano racho, hurumende inogona kukurumidza kubvisa zvakavakirwa pakudzivirira zvirwere. Kana dziviriro ichishanda, dare harina simba rokudzora vanhu, uye nyaya yacho inofanira kurambwa pasinei zvapo nezvakanaka zvarinoita.

Iyi nheyo inoshanda kwete bedzi kukuvadziko yemari asiwo kunyaradzo inoenzana muzvinoitika zvakawanda. Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa hakusviki kuvakuru vakuru vehurumende mumifungo yavo yomunhu oga nokuda kwokuputswa kwebumbiro remitemo, uyewo hakudzivisi zvikodzeri mukurwisana nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo (zviito) kana kuti mikaha yezvamatongerwe enyika, iyo inobatwa nenzira yakasiana pasi pa ll v. New York City Dept. Services[.

Kutapura Kutaura Kusina Kufanira

Kuzvinyima kwavagari vemo kunowanzoparirwa nokukuvara kwomunhu oga kunoparirwa navashandi vehurumende kana kuti migariro isina kukotsekana pazvinhu zvehurumende. Changamire anokwanisa kudzivisa izvi kunze kwokunge hurumende yaita chiito chezvibvumirano. Nyika zhinji dzakaita kudaro, kudzivirira zvirwere nokuda kwemarudzi akati eregeredzo, asi kazhinji kazhinji nezvirango zvipfupiso, uye kunze kwezviito zvechisarudzo. Somuenzaniso, California Tort Inteers Act inoda kutaura kuti inopiwa kuhurumende mukati memwedzi mitanhatu yekuvadziko, uye Federal Tort Acts Act inogovera zvakaenzana ne $5, uye kazhinji kazhinji kacho nzira yeziviso dzinodavirira muUnited States, asi kwete nyika dzinorwisana.

Vapoteri vanofanira kusanonzvera chirango chomutemo chehurumende imwe neimwe kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanowirirana nemigariro yose. Kukundikana kuita saizvozvo kunoguma nomugove wakakwana wokunaya.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzinosimbiswa Muchikamu cha 1983

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1871, chakabatanidzwa sa42 U.S.C. 1983, chinobvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kukwirira hurumende nevakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo nokuda kwokuputswa kwekodzero dzehurumende kana kuti dzemitemo. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakajekesa kuti Dare rinozvidudza kuti havasati vari “vanhu” vanozviisa pasi peChikamu 1983. All v. Michigan Depart of State Police [1999] (1999) rakadavira kuti hurumende, masangano ayo, uye vakuru vakuru vanoshanda mumabasa avo ehurumende havasati vari vanyajambwa vetapukudzivirirwa muChikamu cha 1983.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti munhau dzekodzero dzavagari vemo, vapariri havagoni kukwidza zvakananga hurumende nokuda kweyamuro yemari. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanofanira kukwidza mhaka vakuru vakuru vehurumende mumitoro yavo, vachitsvaka kuvadziko muhomwe yavakuru vakuru vamene (kwete mupiro wehurumende), kana kuti kutsvaka betsero inokarirwa mukurwisana nehurumende Ex parate Young . Musiyano unooma: sutu dzehurumende dzinotapu dzechikwaro dzinokwanidzirwa nenzira inobudirira mukurwisana nehurumende uye dzinodziviswa, nepo sututi dzechipato imwe neimwe dzinobvumirwa asi dzinoda kuti zvikudziridzirirwe zvinodzivirira zvakakwa.

Kuparadzana Kunoitwa naChangamire weHurumende

Kunyange zvazvo kuzvidzivirira pazvirwere kuchityisa, kudzora hurumende hakusi mhinganidzo chaiyo.

Kubvuma Kana Kuti Kutendera Nehurumende

Hurumende inogona kubvisa zvakananga dziviriro yayo yokuzvidzivirira pasimba kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuoneka nokuzvidira mudare.

Waiver inogonawo kurehwa apo nyika inopinda mubvumirano inobatanidza chitsama chemashoko akasarudzwa omutemo kana kuti chibvumirano chokubvisa, kunyange zvazvo matare achizengurira kuwana muparadziri kunze kwokunge chakajeka uye chisina kujeka.

Kubvisa Zvinetso Muungano

Congress ingakurira jambwa rehurumende kana ichiita chiito chokusatapurwa nechiremera chehurumende chinobvumira zvakajeka simba rinobvumira kurovererwa nokuratidzira donzo rakajeka kuita kudaro. SAMINONE REFT chisarudzo chehurumende, zvisinei, chiganhurirwa mano eCongress kukuva neBrombugatetete neChikamu I. Kubvisa kunoshanda kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji pasi pegadziriro dzemitemo ye 145 , (kudzorwa 5). Somuenzaniso, mhuri neChiteko-regi youdzo yemari zvakabatwa kuva gadziriro inorevesa ikosha mu [FLT:]][FLD2]][5]] .VFLT][FF]

Ikoku kunoparira mugariro usingadeyi kuziviswa nokuda kwokusarura mabasa kumatare ebasa kuvashandirwi vehurumende: Mutemo VII neAmerican ane Hurema Act zvinotsamirawo pakuchengetwa kweGaramisiti kwe14, uye kuderedzwa kwavo kwedziviriro yakatsigirwa mumatunhu akawanda. Vapokani vanofanira kunzvera mutemo wazvino nemhaka yokuti Dare rinopfuurira kuchenesa ganhuriro dzesimba redare.

3. [[CRT:0] Ex Parate Young Dzidziso: Asches Adrost mukurwisana navakuru veHurumende

Rimwe rebasa rinokosha zvikurusa idzidziso yakatangwa mu Ex e Young (08). Kunobvumira masangano avanhu kukwidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende musimba ravo rapamutemo nokuda kwokuda kusunungurwa kwechinokarirwa kumisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Nhema ndeyokuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita nenzira isina kuvimbika anobviswa mutezo woga wehurumende uye angakwidzwa mudare rehurumende. Iyi dzidziso inokosha muzvinoitika zvekodzero dzavagari vemo kutsvaka kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inopfuurira, yakadai segerryderman, migariro yetorongo, kana kuti kubvisa mari.

Nenzira inokosha, [[FT:0] Ex Young haabvumiri sututi nokuda kweyamuro yemari inodzorwa shure, yakadai sekuvadziko nokuda kwekuvadziko yomunguva yakapfuura. Ikoko kungarambidzwa sechinhu chisingakodzeri mutero wemari yehurumende.

4. Spidhi Dzakaitwa neUnited States Kana Kuti Dzimwe Nyika

Changamire anoramba kudzivirirwa hakudziviriri nyika pakupomerwa mhaka nehurumende yehurumende kana kuti neimwe nyika.United States inogona kumanikidza mutemo womubatanidzwa mukurwisana nehurumende, uye hurumende dzinogona kupedza gakava remuganhu kana kuti dzimwe gakava kupfurikidza nechiremera chapakuvamba muDare Rapamusoro.

5. Kupinzwa Mungozi Kwemari

Bhankrupec Claus yeBumbiro Romutemo rinopa simba reCongress rokubhuroka, uye Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti kudzivirirwa kwavanhu vanozvitonga hakudzivisi kubudiswa kwezvikwereti kana kuti kuchengetwa kwemirau yokubhuroka mukurwisana nehurumende.

Kubetsera Kunoshanda Kwavamiririri Nevatengi

Nokuda kwavatsvaki kutsvaka kukwirira hurumende yehurumende, nhano yokutanga ndeyokusarudza kana kusiiwa kuchishanda. Ko kutaura kwehurumende kunoita chisakiso chokudzivisa kukuvadzwa nokuda kworudzi rwakati rwekutaura here? Kune mutemo wehurumende uyo unoshanda seabroffes? Kutaura kunogona kuiswa sesutu mukurwisana nomupurisa wehurumende pasi pa Exte Young ?

Vatengi vanofanirawo kurangarira matare ehurumende kuva navadzivisi vedziviriro vane rupo zvikuru kupfuura matare ehurumende. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika dzinobvumira sutu mumatare adzo dzimene nokuda kwezvirevo izvo zvingarambidzwa mudare rehurumende muMutezo wePremistry. Zvisinei, kunyange ikoko, hurumende ingasimbisa dziviriro yomutemo wavose uyo matare ehurumende anofanira kuremekedza.

Dare Rapamusoro Rakafunga Kuti Gass Action Fairness Act harisati richidzivisa kuzvidzivirira pamutemo kwehurumende, naizvozvo hurumende hadzigoni kumanikidzwa kupinda mudare rehurumende sevapomerwi veboka.

Changamire Masangano uye Muitiro Wavose: Kudzikamisa Kuzvidavirira Nokugutsikana

Dzidziso yacho inoparira dzikamo yakakomba. Kune rumwe rutivi, dziviriro yehurumende inodzivirira kukuvara kwehurumende dzinobva mumatare anonetesa uye dzinovimbisa kuti pfuma yavose yakaganhurirwa haitsauswi kukwidziridzo. Inopawo chiremera mukati megadziriro yehurumende. Kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kusiya vanhu vasina mushonga wekuvadziko yakakomba inoparirwa nechakaipa chehurumende. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti dzidziso yacho ndeyekusazvikwanisira uye inotapura nomutoo usingaenzaniswi vanhu vanotsamira pamabasa ehurumende.

Nhamburiko dzechinjo pamwero wenyika dzakatungamirira kukupaza kwakafara mumativi akawanda. Dzimwe nyika zvino hadzina makepisi okukuvadza mukutaura kwezvirango, nepo dzimwe dzakabvisa chose chose dziviriro yamarudzi akati ezvikarakadzo, zvakadai setsaona dzemotokari dzinobatanidza vashandi vehurumende.

Kusvika pamwero wehurumende, Dare Rapamusoro rinopfuurira kusimbisa dziviriro yapamutemo yokuzvidzivirira. kombamiro, zvikurukuru pasi peDare raRoberts, yave iri kuganhurira simba reCongress kukudzivisa kurwisa zvirwere uye kukudza ukuru hwedzidziso yacho imene.Ikoku kukuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nenzira inowedzera kuti vapurisa vachengete hurumende vachizvidavirira mudare rehurumende.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende inoramba iri imwe yemhinganidzo hurusa kupesana nehurumende dzenyika. Kuvambira pamavambo ayo mumutemo wavose weEngland kusvikira kuchimiro chayo chazvino uno kupfurikidza neAleminth Amendment neSupreme Court, dzidziso inodzivirira magariro okusakwidzwa pasina mvumo yavo. Kunyange zvakadaro haisati iri yakakwana.

Kunzwisisa iyi mitemo hakusi kungodzidza chete; chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anorangarira chiito chapamutemo mukurwisana nesangano rehurumende.Kunyange zvichizivisa kutaura kwechiito, kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, kana kuti gakava rebasa, kuvapo kana kuti kusavapo kwesimba rokudzivisa kurwisana nehurumende kunogona kusarudza nzira yose yenhau yacho. Nokuziva dzidziso yacho nemhesano dzayo, vagadziri vanogona kubatira zviri nani vatengi vavo uye kusimudzira ruramisiro kunyange muchiso chedziviriro hurusa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera Cornell Information Institute yeshoographic Institute yechipo chehurumende , [[FLT:] Conforialialial Service yeDemendment yeMillennear [, uye peji ye [[FLT]]OYEZ ye chikamu che [[FT] Young:6][FLT]]