Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pasimba rinomira sechimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvinotyisa zvikuru kuita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire mudare rehurumende. Yakavakirwa muDemendi rePremendence ye115, dzidziso iyi inodzivirira nguva dzose kuti irege kutongwa pasina kubvumira. Asi apo kuputswa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunoitika pamwero wetsika dzetsika nemitemo, kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzorwa, mabasa avanhu asina kukwana, kana kuti migariro inopesana yavanhu inova migariro yemhindumupindu, kudarika kwemiitiro yechechi. Nyaya iyi inonzvera dzidziso yacho, kudarika zvayo, uye matare anoshandisa sei kudzivirira apo ruzhinji anotsvakwa muboka ravanhu kana kuti kukuvadzwa nokuda kweboka rinosunungurwa.

Mavambo Enhau aChangamire weHurumende

Pamberi peAmerican Revolution, mutemo wechiNgezi wavose wairangarira kuti Korona haingagoni kutongwa pasina kutendera kwayo. Nyika dzichangobva kuumbwa dzeAmerica dzakagara nhaka iyi nheyo, asi kushandiswa kwayo mugadziriro yehurumende kwakaedzwa nokukurumidza. Muna 1793, Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza Shisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793), ichibvumira mugari wemo asingazivikanwi kubva South Carolina kushee Georgia nokuda kwechikwereti. Chisarudzo chainyandura shungu pakati penyika, idzo dzaitya batira Hurumende yenyika pamusoro pezvitoro zvehurumende.

Mumhinduro, Congress yakapasa Andeminth Amendment muna 1795, yakatendera muna 1798, iyo inoti: “Simba roRudzi reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kusuturo ipi neipi mumutemo kana kuti kupfuurira, rakatanga kana kuti rakatongwa nomumwe weUnited States naVanizeri veimwe Nyika, kana kuti naVagari vomunyika kana kuti Zvigaro zveNyika dzeMamwe Nyika.” Kunyange zvazvo Dare renyika yacho richirambidza bedzi kutevera vagari vemo vemo, Dare Rapamusoro rakakurumidza kukudza muganhu wehurumende. Hans. , , 1348] U.S.

Key inoenda: Changamire anoparadza zvirwere haisi jirawo zvayo younyanzvi (inoratidzira dzikamo yebumbiro remitemo pakati pechiremera chehurumende nechiremera chehurumende, iyo matare akasimbisa nguva dzose anopfuura mazana maviri amakore.

Basa Razvino Uno: Shanduro Yegumi Negumi Nemwe uye Kupfuura

Dare rinodzivirira jastical razvino uno rinoziva ganhuriro mbiri dzinokosha pamatare avanhu panze panhau. Chokutanga, hurumende inga ingadzivisa kudzivirira kwayo kupfurikidza nokubvuma kuwirirana. Chechipiri, ] Chikamu che [[FLT]] ] chaita kuti pakanganwe dziviriro panenge pachiita pasi pemasimba akati emitemo emitemo paimoridhi, iyo inobvumira mutemo kumanikidza kodzero dzevanhu. Kuwedzera, [[FLT:]] rutivi rwaMajaya [[FLT]] dzidziso inobvumira zvipfeko nokuda kwokutsiva mamiriro ezvinhu anokarirwa mumugariro unorwisana navakuru vakuru, kubvisa mugariro umene somumiriri.

Dare Gurusa rakareruka nokungwarira apo Congress ingava nengozi. Mu FATRINGck v. BITY, 445 U.S.66, Dare rakaramba kuti Chikamu 5 cheMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo inobvumira Chibvumirano kudzora hurumende. Asi zviitiko zvapashure zvakaganhurira simba iri: mu SSELE Trikiti reFlorida v. [FFLT:3], 517 U.S.1966), Dare rakatonga kuti Kostamende haigoni kudzivirira hurumende pasi peChikamu charomende I (g.g., Claus) kunze kwokunge kwadzoromese zviri pasi pechikamu 5.[FUFUFUPUPUS]

Nokuda kwezviito zveboka ramaruramiro avagari vemo, ikoku kunoreva kuti mirau yakadai seTitle VI yeChibvumirano chaMaruramiro evoruzhinji, musoro weIX, kana kuti Chikamu 1983 inofanira kusanonzverwa kusarudza kana Congress ichikwanisa kudzivirira hurumende. Kazhinji kazhinji, nzira bedzi inoshanda iri kukwirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwenyaradzo ye Ex parate Young, panzvimbo pokutsvaka mari kuvadziko inobva kuhurumende imene.

Kusiyaniswa Kuna Changamire Mumashoko Omutemo

Waiver Yakaitwa Nehurumende

Hurumende ingabvumirana zvakajeka kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi nokuzvidira mupurogiramu yehurumende iyo migariro inotora rutivi parapitir. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakati vaparadzirwi vanofanira kuva “vasingaratidzirwi nenzira yetsika” uye havasati vachizorehwa. College] College Savits Bank v. Florida Predificary Freary Education Board [[FLLT: 1], 5277 U.S. 666 (1999) yakaramba pfungwa yokuti mibato yehurumende mumisi yokutengesa zvinhu nenzira inozvidzora. Nokuda kwezviito zvekirasi, kazhinji kazhinji kavanotaridzika kutaura kana kuti mimwe mitemo inopa chibvumirano chibvumidzo chavanhu.

Kukwidziridzwa Kwedare Pasi Pechikamu 5

Congress ingadzivisa kurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende kana (1) ichitaura zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokuita kudaro mumutemo, uye (2) inoita pasi pechipo chebumbiro remitemo. Manyuko akavimbika zvikurusa Chikamu 5 che 144th Amendment. MuNevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibts[FL:1], 538 U.S. 721 (2003), Dare rakatsigira mhuri neChiteshiviso chemaris Crects yebut yemagement nemhaka yokuzvidzora nemhaka yokusarura vatano nevatano. Muitiro womutemo womufambiro wakaipa. Nemhaka inopesana., [FOct:1] , mu[FOLT] . Dare raMakurukota eMarime.[FFFFF]

Muchiito cheboka rekodzero dzavagari vemo, vanorevedza rusaruro rwedzinza pasi peTitle VI kana kuti Thit IX kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nehondo yokukwidza nemhaka yokuti mitemo iyoyo yakaitwa muPella Claus, kwete Chikamu 5. Nepo ichitaura kuti kugamuchira mari yehurumende inokarakadzwa kuwirirana nokuputswa kwemiganhu yebvumirano, mushonga unoganhurirwa kukusunungura kana kuti kubviswa kwemari murutivi rwenzvimbo. Chisakiso chikuru Pennhurst State School ne Hospital v. Halderman, 465.UNIK.URUSAURUSAURU RWER. (19984) rwainorangarira kuti mutemo wokutenga usati unoita kuva muteshivi wesimba.

Kuparadzana Vaduku Nenyaradzo Yekariro

Chishandiso chine simba zvikurusa nokuda kwezviito zveboka rekodzero dzavagari vemo mukurwisana nenyika ndi Ex ex Young dzidziso. Mu [FLT:] Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (108), Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anomanikidzira mutemo usina kurongwa anobviswa dziviriro yehurumende uye angasundwa nokuda kwokukarirwa muyamurano inopfuudzwa. Iyi ngano inobata mufambiro wedare semiteve inopfuudzira. Dzidziso inobvumira zviito zveboka kuti zvipfuurire mukurwisana nehurumende (g., mutungamiriri wetokisi wetokisi, dzidzo, muteshina bhinaridheri wezvoutano) arege kudzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa kwehurumende.

Ukuru hwe Ex [FLT Young yakafara asi haina kuganhurirwa. Inobvumira bedzi mberi kutarira nyaradzo(maorder) kugumisa miitiro yakati kana kuti kuita nhano dzokurega (hakuna nyaradzo yemari inopfuudza. [[FLT: 2]] Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651104) yakajekesa kuti kuvadziko dzechipfupiso dzinodzikwa kunyange kana mukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru akanzi ari mukwidzi. Naizvozvo, zviito zvekirasi zvinotsvaka chinjo dzegadziriro (g., , gadziridza migariro yetorongo, kugadziridza mashandiro ebasa rokuremavhara) zvakanakira iyi, apo zvichidzorwa nokuda kwokudzorwa kweridzwa kana kuti kudzosera kutsa.

Kubatana kwaChangamire Mukodzero Dzevagari Vemo Kunoita Zviito: Zvinetso Zvikuru

Zviito zvekirasi zvinokudza zvose zviri zviviri simba nemhinganidzo dzekuzvidzora. Kana kirasi ichipupurirwa mukurwisana nesangano rehurumende kana kuti dare, matare anofanira kutanga kutema kana hurumende iri mubato chaiwoiwo mufariro. Kana nyaradzo yatsvakwa yaizopedza mari yehurumende, sezvingabvira inoshanda. Ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira kupfumbadzwa kwesimba rokuzvidzivirira. Kirasi inofanira kutanga kupukunyuka chiito chokudzinga panzvimbo dzinodzivisa utachiona isati yawana purofiti.

Imwe nhau inodzokororwa i mari ye . Kunyange kana kirasi ikakunda zororo rekusunungurwa, ko dare ringabhadhara mari inodzorwa nehurumende here? Pasi pechipo chekodzero dzechivonito. Dare Repamusoro mu [Foct:2] [42].[FFLT] 1988, mari ingabhadharwa kurwisana nehurumende bedzi kana hurumende ine dziviriro inodzorwa kana kuti kana kuti kana Congresswo yakabvumira nenzira yapamutemo nokuda kwemibairo. Dare Rapamusoro mu . FTY [FFFVTY:3] [3], U.67]

Rimwe denho ndiro dhigirii rokuisa mashoko papepa pacharo. Kudzivisa Changamire kudzivirira hosha kunogona kutapura kuva kwazvino uno nokusazivikanwa kana vapurisa vakapiwa zita vachikumbira kuvadziko yemari nepo kirasi ichitsvaka kuyamura kwoga. Matare angada rondedzero yeboka yakaparadzana kana kuti angaganhurira rondedzero kuvanhu vanotsvaka nyaradzo inokarirwa bedzi. Mukuwedzera, apo nyika yacho inenge isiri boka rakapiwa zita, inozivisa mukwirirwi akakodzera, (8) mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ane chiremera kuti ashandise chinjo yakakumbirwa (] inova inova inotsoropodza.

Kutapura Mishonga Inowanika

Changamire anodzivisa kubatwa nehosha anoganhurira zvikuru mishonga iyo boka ramaruramiro avagari vemo rinogona kuwana. Pasi apa pane kupfupikiswa kwamarudzi anozivikanwa navose okuyamura nokukwanisa kwawo kudzivirirwa mudzidziso:

  • Rusununguko rwekuongorora (kuongorora): runotenderwa kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza [ Chikamu Chiduku [ mukurwisana navakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mienzaniso: rongedzero yokuchinja miitiro yemiitiro, kuraira pokugara nokuda kwevasungwa vakaremara, kana kuti kuraira mabasa okushandura mumasangano avose.
  • Kusunungurwa kwokuratidzira: kunobvumirwa chaizvoizvo kana kuchibatira donzo rinotarisisa mberi, asi matare anosianisa pakati peziviso dzemutoro wakapfuura (wakabvumirwa) nemisengwa yomunguva yemberi.
  • Kukuvadza kwemaronda (kurangarirazve): kwakadzimwa zvakasimba kutoti hurumende yaparadza dziviriro (rare) kana kuti Congress yakadzorwa nenzira yapamutemo neChikamu 5 (zvinozviisa pasi pehwirudzuro yemajererwo).
  • Mibhadharo yeAttorney: haikodzeri kana yakabatanidzwa neyamuro inoiswa mumaoko uye ichibatwa sechinoderedza, asi ine ngozi kudenha kana muripo wacho uchirangarirwa somubhadharo unodzokororwa kubva muchivigiro chemari.

Zano rekirasi naizvozvo rinofanira kuisa pakutanga nyaradzo inodzorwa neinobvisa apo vanopomerwa mhaka. Nokuda kwekuvadziko, vangada kududza masangano ehurumende yomunzvimbomo (nyika, manisiparati) ayo asingadzivirirwi nedziviriro yapamutemo yesimba rokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha(kana kuti kutsvaka sutu dzechigadziko chimwe nechimwe mukurwisana navakuru vakuru venyika nokuda kwezviito zvebumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo kudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa kuchigovera rumwe rutivi rwedziviriro.

Kutarisirwa Kwakanaka KwevaAikwezva Vapoteri

Kuedza nenzira inobudirira chiito cheboka ramaruramiro avagari vemo mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende kunoda kunzvera kwapakuvamba kwapamutemo kwokuzvitonga. Chokutanga, ona kana mukwirirwi ari sangano renyika zvirokwazvo kana kuti ruoko rwehurumende. Zvisakiso zvinobatanidza nzira iyo sangano racho rinobhadharwa nayo, kana richigona kukwidzwa kana kuti kukwidzwa, uye kana zvikwereti zvaro zviri ganhuriro dzehurumende. Regets dzeUniversity of California. Doe, 519 U.S. 425.1997)

Chechipiri, sarudza rudzi rweyamuro yatsvakwa. Kana kuvadziko yemari iri madikanwa, rangarira kana Congress ine simba rapamutemo rokudzivisa dziviriro mumutemo unosangana ne Doro reBoerne v. Flores congre-propability reconvre-progatence. Kana zvisina kudaro, kukwidza vakuru vakuru vakuru musimba ravo reyamuro inokarirwa bedzi, uye kurangarira kuwedzera kukumbira kubetsera kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kurwisana navakuru vakuru vakuru veburukidzo chaidzo nokuda kwechirango (kureva kwakadaro hakusungi hurumende).

Chechitatu, yera kurambwa kwehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo yokubvuma kubvumira zviito zvakati zvekodzero dzevagari vemo (apo izvi zvinowanzoisa zvinodikanwa kana kuti kepisi pakukuvadza. Miganhu yeboka uye mirau yezviito zvingapesana nemiitiro yehurumende, naizvozvo kubatana kwokungwarira kunodikanwa.

Chechina, shandisa dzidziso Ex Young [[FLT: 1] kunyange apo nyika inenge iri chipfuro chaichoicho.fairai faira kunyunyuta kududza munyori wapamutemo, mumiriri, kana kuti mutungamiriri muukuru hwavo hwehurumende, uye jekesa kuti rusununguko rwakakumbirwa runodeirirwa kudzorwa(kudzosa) kumira kuputsa mutemo wehurumende. Dzivisa mutauro upi noupi unokarakadza rutongeso nokuda kwezvirango zvomunguva yakapfuura.

Pakupedzisira, rangarira kuwirirana mudare rehurumende. Nepo kudzivirirwa kwesimba muhurumende kuchishandawo mudare rehurumende, nyika dzakawanda dzine dziviriro yadzinotapurwa kusvikira kutambanuko huru mubumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene kana kuti mirau.

Zviitiko Zvenguva Ino Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Dare rapamusoro rinopfuurira kunatsa dzidziso yokusatapurwa kwekodzero dzavanhu, nerevo nokuda kwezviito zveboka ravanhu. Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety, 597 U.S._2022), Dare rakaramba kuti Texas yakabvisa dziviriro yayo kupfurikidza nokugamuchira mari yehurumende pasi peUnifected Services and Rescrectment Rights Act (USSRA). Kurangarira kuti kutora rutivi mupurogiramu dzehurumende kunoumba bvumirano yemitezo mitsva yekirasi mumutemo unodzo inodzorwa, kugovera zvakajeka mugariro unobvumira mamiriro ezvinhu okusakafanira.

Mu Allen v. Cooper, 589 U.S._(20), Dare rakarova Remedia Conficiation Act yeRemedication Act yehurumende, ichisimbisazve danda rakakwirira reChikamu 5 chemitemo. Nokuda kwemitemo yavagari vemo yakafanana neAmerica ine Mitemo yeUnioncale Act (ADA), Dare mu [[FLT:]] Garrett[ (2001]) (2001) rakachengeta kuti Zita I (mabasa) harisati risingabvumiri nenzira ipamutemo kudzivirirwa kwemitemo, nepotiti II (mabasa avose) inoramba yakakwana. [[FLD] United States] United States [5], UFFF.5]

Vachitarira mberi, varapi vekirasi vanofanira kutarira mutemo mutsva kana kuti kugadziridzwa kwemirau yavagari vemo iripo iyo inonangidzira pachena kudzivirira Hurumende. Chikarakadzo chinokarakadzwa “Nokuda kweInters Act” uye dzimwe chinjo dzamaruramiro okuvhota, kana zvikaitwa, zvingabatanidza gadziriro dzokuzvidzwa. Mukuwedzera, kuzivikanwa kuri kuwedzera kwerusarurano rwezvivako (mhino., muchirongwa chezvokushanda kwehurumende, dzidzo yavose, uye zvoutano) zvingasunda matare kudzoserazve mwero we Ex chikamu cheYoung nokuda kwemishonga yakaoma kunzwisisa inoda tarisiro inopfuurira.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pahurumende inoramba iri mhinganidzo inotyisa, asi kwete isingakundiki, mubato weboka rekodzero dzevanhu. Kudzivirira kweAleminth Amendment kunoratidza mipimo yakadzika yebumbiro remitemo yehurumende, bva inofanira kubvumira apo hurumende dzinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Nokushandisa kwokungwarira dzidziso yeYoung, kuronga kwevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye kuongororwa kwemitengo yesangano, uye kudzorwa kwemitengo yehurumende, zvisaririra, zvisaririra zvinogona kushandura muyamuro yeyamuro yakatapurwa. Zvisinei, nzira yokukuvadza inoparira kuva miteverwa kana kuti dare. Sezvicho Dare gurusa rinopfuurira kuumba miganhuro yehurumende, magwevero echiwiro, magwegwegwegwetete, uye kudzo dzinodzo dzinodzorwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute kupeta-pfuurwa kwedzidziso yechidzitiro chapazati , rugwaro rwakazara rwe [ [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[0] [19]] . Nokuda kwechimiro chazvino chekuronga pasi pechidhinainji, ona chisarudzo chedare raSupt :[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT:[12]][12][FLT:][12][FLT:][5]][10]