Zvinorehwa Nemasangano Okuwedzera Munyika Yose

Mitambo yokugadza inomirira zvinopfuura kupfuudzwa kurevererwa kwechiremera chapamusoro. Zvinoitwa semhiko dzevoruzhinji dzokupfuurira kwebumbiro remitemo renyika, kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, uye kuzivikanwa kweboka. Nepo magamuchidzanwa akananga achisiyana zvikuru (kubva pakukupika kwokukundwa kweSwiss Federal Council kusvikira kurumbiso rwemaoresa, kugadzwa kwezuva rakawanda kwamambo weJapan kunoramba kuri chibvumirano chenzvimbo. Ichi chipikirwa chakakomba, chinowanzova chakasimbiswa mumutemo mukuru wenyika, chinoshanda sechibvumirano chomuromo pakati pomutungamiriri wenyika nehurumende, chinovabatanidza kutsigira bumbiro remitemo nokubatira vanhu.

Mashoko akasarudzwa, vakuru vakuru vanoashandisa, uye zvinhu zvokufananidzira zvose zvinopa zvose zvinokurukura zvinonzi nzanga itsvene. Nyaya ino inoongorora mhiko youpurezidhendi weUnited States zvakadzama, ipapo inoienzanisa nemhiko dzokutanga uye mitambo yedzimwe hurumende huru dzakawanda dzinotonga uye madzimambo, zvichisimbisa kufanana uye kusiyana kukuru kwemagadzirirwo adzorwo ehurumende.

United States Purezidhendi Oath: Chiteshi cheBumbiro reMitemo

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi weUnited States ndechimwe chezvipikirwa zvechiremera chipfupi zvikurusa uye chapashure munyika. Ndiyo mhiko bedzi yebasa inogadzwa chose chose neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., inooneka iri shoko rinooneka mu Article II, Chikamu 1, Claus 8:

“ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichashandisa zvakanakisisa zvamano angu, kuchengetedza, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States.][[FLT]]]

Iyi nzira yemashoko 35 yakataurwa napurezidhendi ari wose chifo chaGeorge Washington, newedzero imwe inokosha: mashoko okuti “ndibetserei zvikuru Mwari.” Kunyange zvazvo kusati kuchidikanwa mubumbiro remitemo, Washington inotaurwa kuva yakakuwedzera pakutsaurirwa kwake kwokutanga, uye anodokuva purezidhendi ari wose chifo chenguva iyeyo akaidzokorora. Mhiko yacho inodzorwa neChirevo chikuru cheDare Rapamusorosoro −a gamuchidzanwa rakavamba naJohn Adams / Utestitus haisati anofanira kutungamirira.

Kukura Kwenhau Nenharo

Kupfupika kwemhiko yeUnited States kwakanga kuri kweune. Vagadziri vakaramba ndaza refu dzemabasa nokuda kwechibvumirano chimwe, chinonyanyowanda kuBumbiro remitemo rimene. Ikoku kwakaratidzira rutyo rwavo rwokuva vakuru vakuru vanonyengera: ruvimbiko rukuru rwapurezidhendi rwakanga rusiri kupati, pfungwa, kana kuti kunyange muvhoti, asi kurugwaro rwepamutemo rwenyika. Kubatanidzwa kwe “kana kuti itsigire” kwakanga kuri kubvumira vaQuaker navamwe vane zvirambidzo zvorudzidziso kupika, kusimbisa nheyo yehurumende yenyika.

Kwemazana emakore, mhiko yacho yaita kuti pave nenharo. Muna 2013, Purezidhendi Barack Obama akarega shoko (“Sezvo kutendeka”) parinenge riri rokupika riri roga uye aifanira kupikazve zuva raitevera kuti vazosimbisa kuti mhiko yakanyorwa zvisiri izvo inoshanda. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinokurukura kuti mhiko yacho ine zvayakakosha here, asi chiitiko chacho chakasimbisawo kuti zvinodiwa zvacho zvine musoro. Chipikiso chacho chinobatirawo sehwaro hwekupikiswa: kuputsa mhiko yacho kunorangarirwa soutsotsi hukuru kana kuti kusakodzera.

Nhengo Yechinemonial

Kutsaurirwa kweU.S. chiitiko chavose chikuru chinoitwa paWest Front yeU.S. Capitol makore mana ari ose pana January 20. Mutambo unobatanidza mhiko yesese-presidential (yapamberi pomutemo, kwete Bumbiro reMitemo), hurukuro yokutanga, minyengetero inobva kuvafundisi, uye nziyo dzenziyo. Mamiriyoni anotarira ari kurarama, uye chinoitika chacho chakura kubatanidza kufora, brade, uye kuchinjwa kune rugare kwesimba iro riri chiratidzo chaicho chehurumende yeAmerica. rugwaro chaidzoiwo rwemhiko runowanika kupfurikidza neNational Archiversives.

Minda Yokuenzanisa Inobva Munyika Yose

Nepo mhiko yeUnited States iri yokusanyanyotaura, marudzi akawanda anoshandisa miitiro yakarongwa zvikuru iyo inoronga zvakajeka mabasa, inokumbira rwisano youmwari, kana kuti yenongedzero dzenhau. Pasi apa pane udzame hwemienzaniso mishanu inokosha.

France: La République Avant Tout

Mhiko yapurezidhendi weFrance, yakasimbiswa muChikamu 5 cheBumbiro reMitemo reRepublic yeFinhla, inoitwa naPurezidhendi weDare reMitemo pamberi perusando rwakabatana rweParamende paElysée Palace. Rugwaro rwuri muchiNgezi runorava, kuti:

“ Ndinopika kuremekedza Bumbiro reMitemo, kuchengeta kuzvimirira kworudzi, perero yenharaunda, uye kuita nokutendeka mabasa aPurezidhendi weRepublic.

Nenzira inooneka, mhiko yechiFrench inobatanidza basa rakajeka roku “chengeta kuzvimirira kworudzi neperero yenyika” , kuratidzirwa kwenhau yeFrance yokuvhozhokera nerwisano dzinodzorwa nehurumende. Mutambo wacho unodzorwa zvikuru, purezidhendi achigamuchira musungo waMaster Mukuru weGungano reHonour, saruti yehondo, uye saruti yechi 21 yepfuti. Kusafanana neU.S., mhiko inoteverwa nokukurumidza nerondedzero yapurezidhendi anotora murayiro wemauto ane zvombo. Chinongedzero chose chinoiswa muchiratidzo cheRepubliccation, kudzivisa namaune nongedzero dzipi nedzipi dzerudzidziso dzokuchengeta laïcité (sese). [FG.FLD:] Dare reMiteogirati yemitemo remitemo [FF.1]

India: Vasiri Vechitendero uye Vasingabatanidzwi

India, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu hurusa yenyika, inonyora mhiko yapurezidhendi mu Shedynal yeBumbiro reMitemo. Purezidhendi weIndia anopikirwa neMutongi Mukuru weDare gurusa paRashtrappati Bhavanan. Mhiko ine zvisarudzo zviviri zvinokosha .Nyanga ine “muzita raMwari” uye imwe sechibvumikiso chakakomba.

]“ I, [I] [I], [I] pika zvikuru muzita raMwari / simbisa kuti ndichatakura kutenda kwechokwadi nokuzviisa kuBumbiro reMitemo reIndia serakatangwa nomutemo, uye kuti ndichaita mabasa ehofisi yaPrezidhendi kusvikira pandinogona napo.

Mutambo weIndia unobatanidza magamuchidzanwa akapfuma etsika: munyengetero (kazhinji kazhinji kubva muzvitendero zvakawanda), rwiyo rworudzi, murindi worukudzo, uye kero inosimbisa chinzwano mumhatsa. kushandiswa kwemitauro yakawanda (mhiko inotorwa muchiHindi kana kuti chiNgezi) kunoratidzira chimiro chemitauro yakawanda yenyika. Purezidhendi anobatira nhambo yamakore mashanu, uye mhiko yacho inosimbisa rudzi rwenyika, nzanga yeIndia.

Germany: Mhiko Yechitsotsi Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Chancellor() mukuru wehurumende yeGermany, kwete purezidhendi wetsika (*) anoita mhiko yakanyorwa neChikamu 56 choMutemo waSikisime. Inodzorwa naPurezidhendi weBundestag (displate). Mashoko acho anosiyana:

“ Ndinopika kuti ndichatsaurira nhamburiko dzangu kugarikano yavanhu veGermany, kuvandudza betsero dzavo, kudzivisa kuvadziko kwavari, kutsigira nokudzivirira Mutemo Nheyo nemitemo yeFederation, kuita mabasa angu nokungwarira, uye kuita ruramisiro kuna vose. Naizvozvo ndibetserei Mwari.

Kubatanidzwa kwe “ndibetserei Mwari” ndekwekuzvidira; Mupikidzani angakusiya pasina muuyo wapamutemo. Chinonyanya kushamisa imhiko yokusada kuitirwa zvakanaka kwavanhu veGermany” uye“ kutsiva kuvadziko” uye “kuratidzira zvakananga misengwa yegarikano yenzanga. Mhiko imhinduro kuhurumende inodzorwa yeGermany, kuzvidavirira kwoutongi hwavanhu nechiremera chomunhu muvimbiso yomutungamiriri weU.

South Africa: Kuzvipira Kurusununguko

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi weSouth Africa chinooneka muShedynal 2 yeBumbiro reMitemo. Mutungamiriri weHurumende anopikirwa muMutongi Mukuru paUnion Buildies muPretoria, pamberi peParamende uye pachena. Mhiko yacho inovamba:

]“ Pakuvapo kwomunhu ari wose anoungana pano, uye muuchokwadi hwakazara hwedanidzo yandinotora saPrezidenti weRepublic yeSouth Africa, I, [Name], ndinopika / ndinosimbisa zvakasimba kuti ndichava akatendeka kuRepublic yeSouth Africa, uye ndichateerera, chengeta, tsigira nokuchengeta Bumbiro remitemo nomumwe mutemo wose weRepublic.[1][FLT]

Kuisa miromo yemapras “pamberi pomunhu ari wose akaungana pano” kunosimbisa kuoneka nokuzvidavirira kwavose , inhaka yakananga yenhambo yorusaruraganda, apo udzori hwakavanzika hwakanga hwakapararira. Mhiko yacho inobatanidzawo chipikirwa choku“zivisa maruramiro makuru avanhu vose” uye “kunyora mabasa angu nesimba rangu rose namatarenda.” Mutambo iratidzirwo huru yemhatsa yeSouth Africa, inoratidzira mabasa, nziyo, uye kutora rutivi kwavatungamiriri vegamuchidzanwa. Peji yehurumende yeSouth Africa inogovera rugwaro rwakazara.

Japan: Kusimbiswa KwaMambo

Japan ihurumende inotongwa nebumbiro remitemo, uye mukuru wenyika ndiMambo. Nepo Mambo asinga “pikidzi mhiko” mupfungwa yokuMadokero, anoita chiziviso chetsika pamutambo wokupinda panozivikanwa se “ Saitoi Seiden no "G. Mutsika inobatanidza magamuchidzanwa eShinto negadziriro yebumbiro remitemo, Mambo anozivisa, kuti:

“ Ndinopika kuti ndichaita maererano neBumbiro remitemo reJapan uye kuti ndichaita mabasa aMambo sechiratidzo cheHurumende uye chokubatana kwevanhu.][[[FLT]]

Iyi mhiko inotorwa pamberi peImperial Regalia (bakatwa, chionioni, uye ibwe rinokosha) uye inobatanidza mutambo we “Daijosai” (Kuonga kukuru), uyo wakavakirwa mumuitiro wekare worudzidziso. Mutungamiriri wehurumende navamwe vakuru vakuru vanoshandisawo mhiko dzetsika kutsigira bumbiro remitemo. Mitambo yokupinda yeJapan inobatanidza ganhuriro yemitemo yapashure pehondo nemitemo yamadzimambo yakare, ichiita kuti ive yakasiana pakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzazvino uno.

Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinobatsira Pakuenzanisa

Nzvimbo Yakaumbwa uye Kureba

Mhiko yeUnited States ndiyo pfupi pane dzose dzinonyanya kushandiswa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.

  • chiGerman uye South Africa [ ine mhiko refu dzinoronga mabasa chaiwo (kuitira vanhu zvakanaka, kodzero dzinokosha).
  • France uye Indiya inowira pakati, ichinangidzira ngwariro paruvimbiko rwebumbiro remitemo nebasa.
  • yeJapan [ nenzira yechienzi inobatanidza nongedzero kubasa raMambo se “chiratidzo,” icho chinorondedzerwa nenzira yebumbiro remitemo.

Mhiko dzenguva refu dzinoratidzira kuvadziko yenhau kana kuti zvinhu zvokutanga zvesangano: misengwa yenzanga yeGermany, kuoneka kweSouth Africa kusingabvumirwi, perero yenharaunda yeFrance.

Mipimo Yorudzidziso Neyomunyika

Kukumbira kworudzidziso kunosiana zvikuru:

  • Mhiko dzechipameso: U.S. inopa “chisarudzo chenyika” uye haidi kuti“ ndibetserei kudaro Mwari.” France inorambidza zvakajeka nongedzero dzorudzidziso kuchengeta laïcité. India inogovera chisarudzo asi haichichirayiri.
  • Wedzero dzorudzidziso dzorudzidziso: dzeGermany “ndibetserei Mwari” nokuzvidira. South Africa inobvumira zvimwe“ nguo” kana kuti “kusimba. ”
  • Mutambo worudzidziso wemubatanidzwa: Japan inobatanidza miitiro yeShinto iyo isingaparadzaniswi pamutambo wenyika, pasinei zvapo nokuparadzaniswa kwebumbiro remitemo rorudzidziso nehurumende.

Chipikirwa cheUnited States ndechimwe chezvinhu zvisingadiwi nechitendero, kunyange zvazvo mutambo wacho unowanzosanganisira minyengetero uye Bhaibheri.

Vatori Mundima Nezviratidzo

  • [[FLT: 0] Mukuru mukuru anoshumira: MuU.S., iruramisiro huru; muFrance, Purezidhendi weBumbiro reMitemo; muIndia, Mutongi Mukuru; muGermany, Purezidhendi weBundestag; muSouth Africa, Chiratidzo Chamambo; muJapan, vaClains navaprista.
  • Nzvimbo: Capitol (U.S.), Élysée Palace (France), Rashtrapati Bhavan (India), Bundstag (Germany), Union Union Buildia), Imperial Palace (Japan).
  • Zvinhu zvechiOpera:[[FLT: 1] U.S. kazhinji kazhinji zvinoshandisa Bhaibheri; France inoshandisa Boka reHonour; Japan inoshandisa Imperial Regalia; South Africa ine mureza worudzi nejasi rezvombo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutora rutivi mumutauro wePublic: U.S. kune kufora kukuru kwavose; India inobatanidza kero dzavose; miitiro inokosha yeJapan yakavanzika kumhuri yamambo, kunyange zvazvo pane kufora kwavose gare gare.

Muchero Wemazambiringa

  • Constitution-centrime: U.S., India, South Africa, Japan (basa raMambo kuita mukuwirirana nebumbiro remitemo).
  • Yakakura: France inosimbisa kuzvimirira kwenyika uye kuvimbika munyika.
  • Vanhu vakasvika pakati: Germany neSouth Africa zvibvumirano zvakajeka kugarikano yavanhu namaruramiro.

Mitsetse Yakakurumbira uye Revo Inopfuurira

Pasinei nokusiyana - siyana kwadzo, mhiko dzose idzi dzinoshanda muzvinhu zvakawanda munyika yose:

  • Kuiswa kwechiremera: Mhiko inotamisa nenzira yakarongwa simba kubva kuutariri hwakatangira kana kuti dzinza remadzimambo kumutungamiriri mutsva.
  • Mutoo wemari: Mhiko inoparira chiratidzo chetsika nechapamutemo icho zviito zvomutungamiriri zvinogona kuyerwa. Kushatisa kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira kupiwa mhaka, kubviswa, kana kuti kubviswa.
  • Muitiro wechinzwano cherudzi: Mutambo unounganidza vagari vemo, vakuru vakuru, uye varwi munhambo imwe yokusimbisa kwebumbiro remitemo.
  • Kutsiga nokutsiga: Kuchinja kunoitwa kunovimbisa vacherekedzi vomumba uye vamarudzi ose kuti nyika inoramba ichishanda.

Kusarudzwa kwomutauro mumhiko hakutongovi netsaona. Nhevedzo pa “chengetedzo, dzivirira uye dzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo” inoratidzira gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri. Ku“ tsigira uye kuvimbika kwenharaunda” kunoratidzira kudzivirira miganhu yamazana amakore. Ku“ kuvapo kwomunhu ari wose akaungana” iregeredzwa kwakananga kwechivande nechiremera. Iyi misiano miduku inotaura mizhinji pamusoro penzira yenhau yenyika imwe neimwe nomweya webumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Mitambo yokuranga uye mhiko mumwoyo mavo mapepa mapenyu eDNA yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chipikiso chaUnited States chipfupikidziro, pamutemo muenzaniso wezvidzo nejekeso, asi haisati iri nzira bedzi inoshanda. Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakasarudza nzira dzine udzame zvikuru, dzakajeka zvikuru kana kuti dzenyika, kana kuti dzakasimbiswa zvikuru mutsika. Chinobatanidza ivimbiso chakakomba chokubatira shindaro, vanhu, kana kuti rudzi(a) runopikira kuti, apo runokudzwa, runoumba mavambo okudzora kwakatsigarira nokuchinja simba. Sezvinopupurira iyi mitambo, vanoyeuchidzwa kuti utungamiriri hwetsika hahusi pamusoro porudzi rwunochengeta.

Nokuda kwokuraviwazve pamusoro pomutemo webumbiro remitemo namagamuchidzanwa okutanga, ona Constitute Project kana kuti LIBRAry yenhungamiro yeCongress ku U.S. zvitsauriro.