Kuumbwa nokushanduka kwomutemo kunoumba chirongwa chemitemo yehurumende inotonga. Nepo mirau ichiberekwa kubva mumuitiro wemitemo, revo yayo, kushandiswa, uye kupukunyuka zvikuru kazhinji kazhinji kunotsamira padudziro dzebazu rinotonga, zvikurukuru Dare Gurusa reUnited States. Uku ukama hwezvemaoresa hunovimbisa kuti mutemo hausi mutemende wakarongwa asi kuti itsika inosimba, inochinjira kukuita kuti pave neenderero mberi yemitemo yemitemo, uye mipimo yetsika inochinjika. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inochinjwa sei zvikuru nemitemo yedare yetsika yemitemo inotonga iripo inoisa panzvimbo yesimba muAmerica.

Kuoma Kwokuita Mirayiro: Kubva Kuna Bill Kuenda Kutsika

Muitiro wakarongwa wokuita mutemo wehurumende unorongwa zvakanaka muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Mutemo unotanga upenyu hwawo apo unotangwa nenhengo yeDare. Inofanira kupfuura zvose zviri zviviri Imba yavamiririri neDare muchimiro chakafanana pamberi pokupiwa kuPurezidhendi. Rwendo urwu rwakazadzwa nemhingani dzinobatanidza mitemo yedare, kubatanidza kurukurirano dzapauriri, uye bviro dzinogara dziripo dzechichizvarwa chaNdo. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kusaina vimbiso mumutemo, anoubvumira kuva mutemo usina sigini, kana kuti kuudzosera kuDare uko voruzhinji vari mudzimba mbiri dzose dzinodikanwa kukunda Dare.

Uyu muitiro unoratidzika kuva wakajeka unopesvedzerwa zvikuru namasimba okunze. Masangano ezvokudzora chiremera, uye masangano ane simba anoisa mari yakawanda mukuumba mutauro wemabhiri. Murangariro wavose, zvikurukuru apo unonyandurwa panhau yakati, unogona kutanga simba rezvamatongerwe enyika riri madikanwa kumanikidzira mutemo kupfurikidza neguva ramazamu. Zvisinei, kunyange pashure pokunge mutemo wava mutemo, rwendo rwawo haruna kupfuudzwa mitemo yebumbiro remitemo. Chibvumirano hachigoni kupfuudza mabhii echikwereti kana kuti mitemo yokutumira. Uyezve, mutemo upi noupi unofanira kupinda mukati meKostora masimba akarongwa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji Hurumende yeClausce kana kuti masimba anopiwa pasi pechi 14 Resmendement, izvo zvazova mugwagwa mukuru wekodzero dzehurumende. Kuedza mutemo kwechokwadi apo unodenwa mudare redare gurusa redare, kuisa dare guru.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa: Mugadziri Wezvokuongorora Nezvokuronga

Basa guru reDare Gurusa nderokududzira mutemo, asi simba rawo rinotambanukira zvikuru kupfuura kujekeswa kwakapfava. Kupfurikidza nedzidziso yehwirudzuro yedare, yokutanga yakasimbisa mumhaka yechiratidzo chenhau Marbury v. Madison (1803) , Dare rine chiremera chokuzivisa mabasa eCongress muPurossion asingachinjiki. Iri simba rinoita Dare chigadziko chakashata, rinoparadza nenzira inobudirira mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Dare rinopindawo mududziro yomutemo, richitema revo nerevo chaiyo yemitemo yehurumende apo gakava pamusoro pokushanda kwayo.

Kududzira Mitemo.

Imwe yenharo dzinopfuurira zvikurusa dzakapoteredza basa reDare musiyano pakati pokududzira mutemo nokuisa pamutemo zvinobudirira kubva pabhenji. Vatsigiri vemagwaro vanotaura kuti vatongi vanofanira kuvimba bedzi nerevo yakajeka yorugwaro panguva yarwakanyorwa. Mukupesana, vatsigiri ve "Bumbiro reMitemo" vanopikisa kuti zvikamu zvakafara zveBumbiro remitemo, zvakadai se "tanho yokudzivirira rakaenzana," zvinofanira kuturikirwa muchiedza mipimo yapamutemo inowirirana. Uku kupesana kuri pamwoyo pezvisarudzo zvakawanda 5-4, apo muuyo wenhau inotsamira pauzivi hweruramisiro.

Nheyo Yestar’s Inonyengera

Chitsigiso cheDare chinotsamira zvikuru pa stasis, nheyo yapamutemo yokunamatira kumuenzaniso. Iyi dzidziso inovimbisa kusachinjana nokusafanoziva mumutemo. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakaziva kuti [[[FLT:]] stare decis[[FLT]]] pamutemo haisi murairo unosainwa basa, kana kuti kusawirirana zvikuru nemipimo yenyika, Dare richaitonga. Chisarudzo chokutonga mhaka yetsika pacharotorotorotoro chiito chikuru chechinjo, sechiratidzirwa nedare kubva ku [FT].[FFF].[5]

"Tinogumisa kuti, murutivi rwedzidzo yavose, dzidziso yo‘kuparadzana asi yakaenzana' haina nzvimbo. Zvivako zvokudzidzisa zvakaparadzana hazvifanani.) — Mutongi Mukuru Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education[

Zvidzidzo Mumhaka Dzapanyika: Kuparadza Kunoita Mitemo Namaruramiro

Zvidzidzo zvikuru zvikuru mumaitirwe emitemo nokuchinjwa zvinobva mukunzvera zvisarudzo zvenhau zveDare Gurusa. Idzi mhaka hadzisati dzichingova hadzo mirau yapamutemo; idzo inhau dzinochinja dzinoratidzira kurwisana kworudzi nemitemo yarwo.

Marbury v. Madison (103): The Foundation of Judicial Power

Pamberi pa Marbury, Dare Gurusa rakanga rarambwa basa rakaneta zvikuru. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akabata banza rakapiwa negakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pakati poudzori hwamaAdhama anobvapo uye kudzorwa kwaJefferson kuti vatange chishandiso chedare chine simba zvikurusa: dare redare. William Marbury, mutongi wousiku, akanga anyimwa basa rake. Nepo Marshall akawana kuti Marbury akapiwa kodzero yebasa, pakupedzisira akatonga kuti Dare harigoni kuraira kupiwa nemhaka yokuti mutemo waipa Dare simba iro (Kudzosa Kutonga 13 kwaJadiary kwa 1789) kwakanga kwazvidzwa kumene sedare gurusa rezvamatongerwe enyika rakasito yebumbiro remitemo, risina kupiwa simba guru.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Underruling Precedent to Reving Arective

Kwaanenge makore 60, chisarudzo cheDare mu [FLT: 0] Plessy v. Ferguson yakabvumira kusarurana kwedzinza pasi pe "kupesana asi kwakaenzana" dzidziso. NAACP, inotungamirirwa neMutongi wenguva yemberi Thur Good Marshall, yakadenha iyi nzira kupfurikidza nokunangidzira kwete panzvimbo dzokunyama asi patapuro yendangariro yavana veAfrica. Kushandisa ufakazi hwemagariro echigariro avanhu, Dare pasi poMutongi mukuru Warren rakabudisa murangariro unopesana wokuti "zvivako zvedzidzo hazviwiriraniswi. [[FLT:]] Brown haina kungochinja bedzi mutemo; haingochinjiwo maruramiro yevoruzhinji, inotungamirira kuRudziro rwechipo rwechipomubatanidzwa nomutemo weChibvumirano chavagari chemo chavagari vemo chapasi mu 1964. Chiito Chiito Chino chinoramba kuva chidzo chapamutemo chikuru chemitemo chetsika chinodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo inodzoresa chapamutemo.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Hapana Munhu Ari Kumusoro kwoMutemo

Mukati mechinonyadzisa cheWatergate, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akataura ropafadzo huru yokudzivisa zvireko zvetepi nezvinyorwa zvakaiswa neMupurisa mukuru Leon Jaworski. Dare rakatarisana nerwisano yakananga pakati pebazu guru negadziriro yokutonga. Muchisarudzo chakabatana 8-0, Dare rakati apo ropafadzo yevakuru vakuru iripo kudzivirira mauto, kukurukurirana, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvechengeteko zvenyika zvinotapurwa, hazvina kukwanisika. Kuraira kwaProfeta kwaProfenderwa kweropafadzo hakugoni kukunda zvinodikanwa zvakananga zvegadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi mukuchengeta ufakazi. Chisarumbidzo chakamanikidzirwa Nixon kubudisa matepi, icho chakazivisa kubatanidzwa kwake muchivarato, kuchitungamirira zvakananga kukuwa kwake. [FL:] United States.[F.FFFFF]

Roe (1903) naDobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi Utano (202): Kutenderera kwokuchinja mutemo

Chitendero chekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri muAmerica chinopa chidzidzo chakajeka pamusoro pokuti dzidziso yepamutemo inogona kuvambwa sei, kugadziriswa, uye pakupedzisira kuchinjwa. Roe v. Wade yakaziva kodzero yebumbiro remitemo yokubvisa pamuviri pasi peGumbidzo re14 Reformmendition, kutanga gadziriro inoyera muganhu wekodzero dzomukadzi mukudzora utano nokudzivirira upenyu hunobvira. [[FLT:] ROE] wakanga uri mutemo wenyika, kunyange zvazvo wakachinjwa na [FLD:] Platleased . [12] Casectivev] , uyo unotsiva upenyu. [FLT]

Zvisinei, chinjo mukuita dare kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadza dzakatungamirira kuchinjo huru. Mu Dobts v. Jackson Vakadzi Vane utano, Dare rakatonga R na [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] , rinobata kuti kubvisa mimba hakudzivirirwi nenzira yapamutemo. Chisarudzo chokubvisa mimba chakadzorera kumitemo kumitezo, kuchiguma nokuchinja kwapamhidza kwapamutemo. Dobs[FFF:] [FFFLT]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kuwedzera kodzero

Kurwira kuenzana kweroorano kunoratidzira kuti kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kunogona kukura sei kuziva maruramiro matsva. Kwamakumi amakore, varoorani voutere vakanyimwa maruramiro okuroora. Sangano repamutemo rakapfuudzirwa kupfurikidza namatare ehurumende uye matare okukwirira ehurumende, rinovaka parangariro ye Lawrence v. Texas [2003], iyo yakaputsa mitemo inodzorwa murusununguko rwomunhu, uye vakaroorana vamwe vane maruramiro ava pasi peichiichiidzoreso cheChiresodoma. Hodges, Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora murangariro mukuru unoita kuti maruramiro kuroora ndiko kururama, uye kunzwisiswa kwemitemo yeroorano kusingabvumirwi. Chibvumirano chikuru chinobvumiranwa mumiteko cheroorano chinovanwa zvikuru mumitengo yemitemo yeroorano. Chitendero chemitemo yeroorano chinotisimumuteveriso. Chiteshi chemitemo chinozivikanwa zvikuru chinoumbwa chemitemo chemitemo chemitemo yenzanga chinoti. Chishati chikuru chinoti

Kubva Pakutonga Kuenda Kuchokwadi: Kushandiswa Kwezvisarudzo Zvokutonga

Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa hachisi chamashiripiti; chinoda kuitwa. Dare rinotsamira pamamwe mapazu ehurumende namatare akaderera kupa upenyu hwaro. Apo Dare rinotonga mutemo, kuri kuDare kusarudza kana mutemo mutsva unowirirana nemurangariro weDare. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Dare raparadza mativi makuru ekodzero dzeVoting Rights Act mu Shelby County v. Raker [2013], Congress aisagona kupfuudza murangiro mutsva wedare, achichinja nenzira inobudirira kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzokuvhotera munyika yose.

Bazu guru rinoitawo basa rinodenha. Mapurezidhendi anotarisirwa kusimbisa zvirevo zveDare. Nhau inoratidza kuti ikoku hakusati kuri chisarudzo nguva dzose. Purezidhendi Andrew Jackson akakurumbira (kunyange sezvingabvira neapokirifa) anonokorwa mashoko seanotaura nezveMutongi Mukuru Marshall mu Warcster v. Georgia [1832]), "John Marshall akaita chisarudzo chake; zvino muregei achichisimbisa. Uku kusimbisa kuganhurirwa kwokupedzisira kwesimba redare: Dare harina utonge riri pamusoro pekodzero yaro uye kuda mamwe mapazu kuwirirana. Pakuputsika uku, mutemo umene unodenhwa.

Vatungamiriri Venguva Ino Nenguva Yemberi Yomutemo

Dare rapamusoro rinopfuurira kuva pakati penharo dzapamutemo dzenyika. Nhau dzazvino uno dzinonzvera ganhuriro dzekodzero dzepfuti pasi peChipiri Amendment (] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen]), kunyoresa kwemitemo yokubvuma muparamende ([[FLT:]]] miganhu yePurcessibles v.[[FLT]]]

Kusimbisa dare reDare Gurusa kwazova kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru, kuchiratidzira nzwisiso yokuti kunyora kweDare kunotapura zvakananga mutevedzeri womutemo weAmerica. Kuchinja kubva kuvoruzhinji 6-3 vanoramba kuva netsika dzakati kuti kupfuure voruzhinji vazvino 6-3 kwakatotungamirira kuchinjo huru mukubvisa pamuviri, maruramiro epfuti, uye rusununguko rworudzidziso. Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti "kugadzira nokuchinja" mutemo muitiro unopfuurira. Hachisi kuganhurirwa kuhoro dzeCongress; chinotamba muchisarudzo chiri chose, tendero iri yose yedare, uye nhau iri yose inopa writioritiri yedare.

Mugumo: Kukurukurwa Kunogara Kwoutongi Hwose

Muitiro wokuita nokuchinja mutemo ikurukurirano isingagumi pakati pavanhu, vamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa, uye dare renhau. Mhosva dzeNyika dzapaPamusorosoro hadzisi mashoko omuzasi chete mumabhuku enhau; idzo dzinotsoropodza mativi anorondedzera maruramiro, rusununguko, uye mitoro yevagari vose. Brown. , [[FLT]], [[FLT]], [[FLT]] United States] v. Nixon[FLT] [3], [[FLT:] OF]berge wate[FLD], uye [FLT] anovimbisa mutemo wakakwana. [FLT] . [FLT]