Pfungwa yekodzero dzevanhu inokosha pakushanda kwesangano rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Inovimbisa kuti vanhu vose vane dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo, pasinei zvapo nedzinza, varume, rudzidziso, urema, kana kuti mamwe mavara. MuUnited States, idzi kodzero hadzisi zvinangwa chete; dzinoumbwa, dzinotsanangurwa nesimba, uye dzinotsanangurwa nemapazu matatu ehurumende: mukuru mukuru mukuru, mutungamiriri wehurumende, uye mutongi. Kunzwisisa kuti bazi rimwe nerimwe rinobatsira sei kukodzero dzevanhu ($(*) uye kuti rinowirirana sei nokuda kwevadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye mugari wemo ari wose. Nyaya inoongorora mabasa akasiyana - siyana ebazi rimwe nerimwe, mabasa akatanhamara uye zvinoitika, uye zviitiko zvinokurukura zvinetso zvinoramba zvichimuka uye basa rokudzidzisa vanhu kuti vachengete kodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kupfuudzira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kodzero dzavagari vemo ikodzero dzevanhu kugamuchira kubatwa kwakaenzana uye kusununguka parusaruro rwakavakirwa pamavara akadzivirirwa akadai sedzinza, ruvara, mavambo orudzi, vatano, urema, uye rudzidziso. Idzi maruramiro anopinzwa muU.S. Constitution (zvikurukurukuru muBumbiro remitemo yavagari vemo) maruramiro avanhu , remagumi namano gumi namashanu, uye gumi namapfumbamwe echigumi namaviri eMitemo yakasiana-pasi [[[FLT]] sapanyurowo] samumitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yazvino uno uno uno uno uno unovakirwa panheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kubata vagari vose zvakaenzana uye kuvadzivirira pakusarurwa vose vose vapamberi voruzhinji. Mapazuro matatu ehurumende ane mitoro yemitemo yehurumende inotapura kodzero dzavagari vemo, uye kupfupikisa kwekubatana kwetsika.

Bazi Rine Simba Namaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro zvikurukuru wokusimbisa mitemo inopfuudzwa neCongress uye yokushandisa mitemo inodzivirira kodzero dzavagari vemo. Bazu iri rinobatanidza masangano ehurumende akawanda anoitwa basa nokufeyafeya, kuisa mirau, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nemirau yekodzero dzevagari vemo. Mabasa makuru ebazi guru anobatanidza:

  • Chisiko nokushanda kwamasangano anotarisira kodzero dzavagari vemo , zvakadai se [[[FT:2]] Actal Opportution Commission (EOC), Department of Civil Rights Division, uye Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights.
  • Kubudisa miraidzo yavakuru vakuru inorambidza rusaruro mubasa rehurumende, jam, uye mapurogiramu. Somuenzaniso, Executive Order 11246 (1965]) yakada chiito chinobvuma nevoruzhinji, uye gare gare mirairo yakakudziridza dziviriro nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe.
  • Kugadza vatongi vehurumende navakuru vakuru vesangano avo vanodudzira nokumanikidzira mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo. Kugadzwa kwaPrezidhendi kunogona kuumba nhungamiro yekodzero dzevagari vemo kwamakumi amakore.
  • Kuisa nzvimbo yokutanga yenyika nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kupfurikidza nezvikarakadzo zvebhajeti, nhungamiro yemiitiro, uye kutaura kwavose.

Zviito Zvikuru Zvechiremera Munhau

Mapurezidhendi anoverengeka akashandisa simba ravakuru vakuru kufambisira mberi kodzero dzavagari vemo nenzira inoshamisa:

  • Mutungamiriri Harry S.Truman akabudisa Urairo Hunodzora 9981 muna 1948, achibvisa mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo.
  • President Dwight D. Eisenhower akashandisa mauto ehurumende kumanikidzira chikoro kubvisa chinzwano pashure pe Brown v. Dare reDzidzo chisarudzo, zvikurukuru muLittle Rock, Arkansas.
  • Mutungamiriri Lyndon B. Johnson akasaina Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha1942 uye Voting Rights Act ya1965 mumutemo, uye akasundira mutemo kuti vachengetedze nesimba kupfurikidza neBato reRuramisiro.
  • Mutungamiriri weBarack Obama dziviriro dzakawedzerwa nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vari mumabasa nedzimba zvomubatanidzwa, vakatsigira nhevedzano ye “Musabvunza, Don’t Tell,” uye vakabudisa mirauriro pakodzero dzechimuko muzvikoro.
  • Mutungamiriri Joe Biden akapa mirayiridzo yavakuru vakuru pamusoro pekuenzana kwedzinza, maruramiro okuvhota, uye LGBTQ+ uenzani, uye akagadza kabhini yakasiana - siana yenhau nejaji.

Bazu guru rinewo simba ku remitemo iyo inganetesa dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo, uye inogona kukarakadza mitemo mitsva kuCongress. Zvisinei, zviito zvaro zvokudzikamisa zvinofanira kuhwirudzurwa nokutarisirwa kwedare.

Bazi Romutemo Namaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Bazu rewiso remitemo ($Conrer) ndiro rine mutoro wokuita mitemo inorondedzera nokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Dare rinogona kupfuudza mitemo inorambidza rusaruro, kutanga miitiro yokuita kuti pave nemitemo, uye kugovera mari nokuda kwepurogiramu dzekodzero dzavagari vemo. Rinewo simba rokuchinja Bumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichida kuti pave nenzvimbo huru. Mabasa makuru eCongress anosanganisira:

  • Kuisa mutemo wetsika wekodzero dzevanhu [ unotanga dziviriro dzakafara, dzakadai seCivil Rights Act ya1964, Voting Rights Act ya1965, Fair House House Act ya1968, uye vaAmerica vane Chiratidzo cheUrema rwa1990.
  • Kuisa mitemo iripo kuti vagadzirise zvimiro zvitsva zvokusarura( somuenzaniso, Lilly Better Fair Pay Act ya2009)
  • Kuisa kutongwa nokunzvera [ mukupunzirwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo namasangano ehurumende, hurumende, uye masangano avanhu. Dare reDare neDzimba rinogona kuisa zvapupu zvapapo kana kuti magwaro.
  • Kusimbisa kana kuti kuramba mapurezidhendi [[FLT: 1] kumasangano ehurumende edare neanotungamirira, kubatanidza Attorney General uye mukuru weEEOC, nokudaro achipesvedzera kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwamakore.
  • [ Kushambadzira mari [ nokuda kwokuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, dzidzo, uye gadziriro dzenzanga, izvo zvinogona kusimbisa kana kuti zvimwe kuvhiringidza nhamburiko dzebazu ravakuru.

Mitemo Mikuru

Dare rakagadza mitemo inoverengeka inoratidza mamiriro ezvinhu ekodzero dzevanhu:

  • Chirevo cheChivil Rights cha 1964 (Misoro I kupfurikidza ne XI) yakarambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende, uye kurongeka kwechikoro. Yakaparirawo EEOC ndokupa simba Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro kunyora mhaka.
  • Dare reVoting Rights Act ra 1965 rakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mumiitiro yokuvhota, kubatanidza kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora, uye raida madzorerwe ane nhau yorusaruro kuti awane tendero yehurumende (“pamberi") isati yachinja mitemo yokuvhota. Dare Rapamusoro rakanetesa mutoo wekuzvirongwa zvenguva yemberi mu Shelby County v. Raker [2013]
  • Sact yeFair Houses ya 1968 yakarambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye gare gare kuva murume kana mukadzi, mugariro wemhuri, uye urema.
  • VaAmerica vane Rurema Act ya 1990 (ADA) vakarambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mubasa, pokugara pavose, zvokufambisa, uye kurukurirano yepakombiyuta.
  • Matthew Shepard naJames Byrd Jr. Veta Crimes Prevention Act ya2009 yakawedzera mutemo wehurumende woruvengo rwoutsotsi kuti usanganisira mhosva dzinosundwa nemhosva dzemunhu anenge aitirwa nyajambwa wacho chaidzoidzo kana kuti dzinofungwa, mirangariro, kuzivikanwa kwomurume kana kuti kurema.

Congress inewo simba rokukurira chivhoti chapurezidhendi nechikamu chechipiri chetatu, sezvaakaita muna 2021 kukurira chibvumirano cheNational Defense Imprified Act(hwusingawanzova pasi pezvikwereti zvekodzero dzevagari vemo. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Congress yakarangarira asi haina kupa mutemo mutsva pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota, kuchinja vapurisa, uye LGBTQ+ ureverset, ichisimbisa kurwisana kunopfuurira kwezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu.

Bazu Rokutonga Namaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Bazu rinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro reMitemo, uye mirau yaro inogona kuva nemiuyo mikuru neinogara pakodzero dzavagari vemo. matare ehurumende (kuvambira pamatare oruwa kusvikira kuDare Gurusa) inopedza gakava pamusoro perevo yemirau yavagari vemo neremitemo yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende. Mabasa makuru edare anobatanidza:

  • Kurangarira mitemo nezviito zvechiremera kusarudza kana zvinowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yokutonga, matare anogona kumisa mitemo yokusasarura kana kuti kutsigira dziviriro.
  • Kupedza mhaka dzakati [ kuunzwa navanhu vanorevera kuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza rusaruro rwebasa, kusazvibata kwamapurisa, uye kusvika kusina kuenzana kudzidzo kana kuti kuvhota.
  • Kuzivisa mienzaniso [ iyo inotungamirira matare akaderera nenhau dzomunguva yemberi. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinosunga munyika yose uye kazhinji kazhinji zvinoumba mwero wamaruramiro avagari vemo nokuda kwezvizvarwa.
  • Mirayiro yokubvisa rusaruro runopfuurira kana kuti kuraira zviito zvokugadzirisa, zvakadai segadziriro dzechikoro dzokubvisa rusaruro kana kuti kuvhotazve.

Mhosva Dzapamusorosoro Dzine Simba

Dare Repamusorosoro rakapa zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha pakodzero dzevanhu.

  • [FLT]BN v. Board of Education (1954) — Chiziviso chaizivisa dzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisati zviri zvitendero zvehurumende, kushandura dzidziso ye “zvikamu zviviri asi yakaenzana” ye Prefy v. Ferguson [1896]).
  • [FLT]] kurovha v. Virginia (1967) — Kudzorwa kwemitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yamarudzi akasiyana, kusimbisa maruramiro makuru okuroora muNhungamiro inoenzana neCYClauss.
  • . [773] — Yakaziva maruramiro omutemo omukadzi okusarudza kubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo yakadzorwa zvikuru mu [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], achidzorera nhau yacho kumashoko.
  • bergefell v. Hodges (2015) — roorano yevatano yokwanyina yakaitwa yapamutemo munyika yose, ichirangarira kuti Fimende yeMitemo ye14 inoda miganhu yokuziva roorano dzavakwanyina vedekisi rimwe chete.
  • Shelby County v. Haker (2013) — yashaikwa mutoo waishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoroi dzaida vhuranwa rehurumende nokuda kwokuvhota, inonetesa zvikuru Voting Rights Act. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kuti jaji rinogona sei zvose zviri zviviri kudzivirira uye kuganhura kodzero dzevanhu.
  • [FLT]Bostock v. Clayton County [20] — Yakaita musoro uyo VII weChirevo cheChirevo cheRevonic Rights cha 1964 unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa rakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano kana kuti chiratidzo chemunhukadzi, rukundo rukuru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ maruramiro.

judiary inoitawo basa rinokosha mu kurambidza nzvimbo dzinogarwa maruramiro avagari vemo nemirau inobvumira [ pakati pehurumende namasangano anopomerwa rusaruro. Vatongi veFederal vanotarisira zvibvumirano zvokuchinja zvamapurisa mumaguta seMinneapolis neBaltimore, uye vanotarira kubviswa kwekodzero dzehurumende negadziriro dzokupinda muzvikoro nezvivako zvevoruzhinji.

Denho Kukodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha mumapazu ose matatu, maruramiro avagari vemo muUnited States anotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira uye dzinopedza.

  • Urudzi hwegadziriro yedzidzo [[FLT: 1] hunopfuurira kutapura nzanga dzakaderedzwa munharaunda dzakadai sedzimba, ruramisiro youtsotsi, kutarisirwa kwoutano, uye basa. Kusawirirana mupfuma, dzidzo, uye mapurisa kwakadzikwa zvikuru uye kwakaoma kubvisa.
  • Tracks nerocks dzinoitika apo chinjo muutungamiriri hwezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotungamirira kukudzikamiswa kwesimba, kurongwa kwemari kunoderedza kumasangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo, kana kuti mutemo mutsva unoganhurira dziviriro. Somuenzaniso, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira kusvika kwokuvhota, kuganhurira kudzidziswa kwenhau dzakasiyana- siyana, kana kuti kudenha kutora rutivi kwepwere mumitambo nemuzvipatara zvoutano.
  • Kudzikamisa kusingawirirani [ munyika dzose uye matunhu kunoreva kuti mutemo mumwe chetewo wekodzero dzavagari vemo ungashandiswa nenzira yakasiana zvichitsamira panzvimbo dzinogara mumwe munhu. Mamwe masangano akasimbisa dziviriro (zvikurukuru, kurambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamapoka echiHindu kana kuti kufutunura LGBTQ+ kodzero), nepo vamwe vakaita mitemo iyo vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inosekesa dziviriro dzenyika.
  • Nhau dzinobatanidza dzakadai serusaruro rwouchenjeri rwokusashanda zvakanaka, kunetsa paIndaneti, uye rusaruro rwemitemo mukurovha kana kuti kukweretesa dzinomutsa mibvunzo mitsva yekodzero dzevagari vemo iyo mitemo iripo ingasataura zvizere. Vaiti vemitemo, masangano avakuru vakuru, uye matare vachiri kurwisana nenzira yokushandisa nayo masangano ekodzero dzevagari vemo kuruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
  • Gridlock muCongress yakaita kuti kuve kwakaoma kupfuudza mutemo mutsva wekodzero dzavagari vemo, wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act kana kuti George Floyd Justice in Policing Act. Ikoku kunowedzera mutoro pamapazu evakuru vakuru neamatare kuzadza miganhu yazvo (8) asi vanotarisanawo neganhuriro.

Basa Redzidzo Mukusimudzira Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Dzidzo inogona kubatsira vadzidzi kuti vanzwisise kukosha kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kuti vangadzivirira sei vanhu kana vakadzidza nezvenhoroondo dzekare, mitemo uye kutamburirana kwevanenge vachiedza kuti vaenzane.

  • Kubatanidza nhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo mumipimo yose yegiredhi. Ikoku kunobatanidza kufunda vanhu vakuru saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, uye Cesar Chavez, pamwe chete navashingairi vashoma vanozivikanwa namasangano enzanga akaumba mutemo.
  • Kuzivisa mapazu matatu ehurumende namabasa avo chaiwo mukodzero dzavagari vemo. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera manyuko makuru akadai seCivil Rights Act imene, mirau yeDare Rapamusoro, uye mirairo yavakuru kuti vaone kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei.
  • Kuisa maruramiro avanhu azvino uno panhau dzekodzero dzevagari vemo[] [1] yakadai sokupinda mukuvhota, ruramisiro yedzinza, LGBTQ+ kodzero, uye kodzero dzourema (uye kuvabatanidza kumienzaniso yenhau. Ikoku kunobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti kurwisa nokuda kwokuenzana kunopfuurira.
  • Kubatanidza kuvimbisana kwehurumende [ uye kuita zviito pakati pavadzidzi. Zvikoro zvinogona kukurudzira kutora rutivi mumiedzo yokunyepedzera, musangano womuenzaniso, nharo, uye basa renzanga izvo zvinokurukura nhau dzekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Kudzidzisa Zvirongwa Zvedzidzo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Kusvika kunobudirira kunogona kudzamisa kudzidza kwavadzidzi nokufunga kwokutsoropodza:

  • shandisa manyuko makuru — tsamba, hurukuro, mapikicha, magwaro edare, uye zvinyorwa zvokusataurwa. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera Empication Proclaturation kana kuti manyorerwo ezvibvumikiso zvomumuromo brown v. Board of Education inobetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa zvibvumikiso nemirangariro zviri seri kwezviitiko zvemajere.
  • Kutamba nokuenzanisira — vadzidzi vanogona kutevedzera kutonga kweDare Gurusa panhau yekodzero dzevagari vemo, kuita mabasa evaiti vemitemo vachikurukura mutero, kana kuti kuita sevakuru vakuru vebazu vanoshandiswa nokusimbisa mutemo mutsva.
  • Vakurukuri vaenzi vanofadza [ — magweta ekodzero dzevagari vemo, vanoshingairira, vezvenhau, kana kuti vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vanogona kugoverana zvinoitika zvakananga ndokupindura mibvunzo yavadzidzi.
  • Zvirongwa zvakavakirwa pakommony [ — vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera nhau dzekodzero dzavagari vemo munzanga dzavo vamene, kuitisa nhau dzinotaurwa navakuru, kana kuti kutorawo mapurisa anonyoresa. Mupindi weCBIL Education anopa zviwiro nepurogiramu izvo zvinobatanidza kudzidza kwekirasi nechiito chaichoicho chenyika.

Pakupedzisira, vadzidzisi vamene vanobetserwa nokubudirira kwenyanzvi pamisoro yamaruramiro avagari vemo. Masangano akadai se Dzidza nokuda kweRuramisiro basa (Kare Kudzidzisa Kurerekera pamwe) rinogovera zvidzidzo zvapachena, webinar, uye zvinhu zvekirasi zvinowirirana nemipimo yehurumende.

mhedziso

Kudzivirirwa nokusimudzirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kunotsamira panhamburiko dzinopfuurira, dzinobatanidzwa dzemapazu ose matatu ehurumende. Bazu remitemo rinonyora mitemo, bazu rinotungamirira rinoisimbisa, uye bazi rinotonga rinoidudzira nokuitsigira. (pane nguva inopawo kunzvera dzimwe mbiri. Tsika ino yokunzvera nokudzikamisa haingoshandi; inoda vagari vemo vanongwarira vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo uye mashandiro anodzichengetedza. Vadzidzisi vane mutoro wechienzi wokugadzirira vadzidzi kuita basa iroro. Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa nhau nedenho dzazvino dzekodzero dzehurumende, uye kuratidzira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende rinotapura sei upenyu chaihwo hwavanhu, zvinogona kubetsera kuvaka maruramiro ehurumende zvikuru neanogara vanhu. Kurwisa maruramiro evagari vemo kunopesana, asi kupfurikidza nokuziviswa kwetsika, uye kuzivikanwa kwetsika dzavanhu kupfurikidza nokuzivikanwa nehurumende kururamisira kururamisira kururamisira.