Mutezo weFirst Amendement weUnited States ikokumira pahurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica, uchibatanidza rusununguko rukuru rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Nyaya inonzvera mativi akaoma erusununguko rwekutaura norudzidziso, kuronda mavambo arwo enhau, kunzvera zvishandiso zvawo zvazvino uno, uye kunzvera kurukurirano dzinopfuurira dzinoumba dudziro yavo. Kunzwisisa idzi rusununguko kunokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo upi noupi anotsvaka kunzvera mativi ose oupenyu hwehurumende ndokudzivirira rusununguko runorondedzera rudzi rwacho.

Nhoroondo Yomutemo We Amendeko Yokutanga

First Amendment yakabvumirwa pana December 15, 1791, sorutivi rweBill of Rights. Mavambo ayo ari muchinoitika chehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende, umo vanhu vazhinji vakatarisana nechitambudzo nokuda kwezvitendero zvavo nokutaura. Varairi, vachiva vaigara mukutonga kweBritain uko kwakadzvinyirira kupesana norudzidziso rwakagadzwa rwehurumende, vakatsvaka kutanga hurumende isingagoni kudzokorora kubatwa zvisina kufanira ikoko. Mutauro wokuvandudza unoratidza nhamburiko yamaune yokudzivirira rusununguko runokosha sechinotangira hurumende inotonga.

Pesvedzero Yavafungi Vechiedza

Vazivi vakajekeswa vakadai saJohn Locke naVoltaire vakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri. Locke's Let Contension of Tolting yakaitirana nharo nokuda kwokuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende, nepo rondedzero dzake pamusoro pekodzero dzomusikirwo dzakagovera chikochekedzo chokutaura kwakasununguka. Kudzivirira kwaVoltaire nokuda kworusununguko rwokutaura, kwakapfupikiswa mumashoko ake, "Inoshora zvaunotaura, asi ndichadzivirira kurufu rwako kuti utaure," zvinowirirana nezvinovamba. Idzi, dzakabatanidzwa nechinoitika chemhindu yezvitendero, yakaumba dziviriro mbiri mbiri dzakakurumbira dzeFirimende yeChibvumirano nokuda kwokutaura nerudzidziso.

Kukwenesesa Nokududzira Kwapakuvamba

Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorwa muna 1787, rakanga risina maruramiro. Vatsigiri veSvetution Act ye 1798 vaida kudzivirirwa kwakajeka nokuda kwerusununguko rwomunhu. Chipikirwa chokuwedzera kugadziriswa kwakaiswa. James Madison, pakutanga aipanikira, akanyoresa Bill of Rights, kubatanidza First Amendment. Tscrorence yapakuvamba yakanga yakamanikana; somuenzaniso, Sédition Act ye1798 inoranga kutsoropodza hurumende, ichifumura kusawirirana pakati pomutauro wakasununguka nechengeteko. Act yakapera muna 1801 uye gare gare gare yakazozivikanwa seyakanga isingatenderwi sePrononganidzo, yakagadzwa nokuda kwedziviriro dzinosimba dzeFirst Amend Refect.

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura runowanzorangarirwa kuva chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa pakodzero dzose. Runobvumira vanhu kutaura mifungo, mirangariro, uye zvitendero pasina kutya kuongororwa kwehurumende kana kuti chirango. Dare Rapamusorosa nguva dzose rakati kutaura kwakasununguka kunokosha kumusika wepfungwa, kuchigonesa kuzvitonga kwehurumende yeruzhinji uye kuzvitonga kwomunhu oga. Chikamu ichi chinonzvera mwero, ganhuriro, uye denho dzapanguva ino dzorusununguko urwu.

Kukura Kworusununguko Rwokutaura

First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kwakasiyana - siyana, kunosanganisira:

  • Kutaura kwechipo [ - chimiro chakakwirira zvikurusa chokutaura kwakadzivirirwa, kutaura kwenhimbe, kunyunyuta, uye kutsoropodza kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende.
  • Kuratidzirwa kwenyanzvi [ - kubatanidza nziyo, mabhaisikopo, mabhuku, uye unyanzvi hwokuona, kunyange apo kunenge kune nharo kana kuti kunogumbura.
  • [[[FOL:0] Kutaura kwomuromo [ - kushambadza nekurukurirano dzebhizimisi, izvo zvinogamuchira dziviriro asi zvinogona kudzorwa kudzivisa kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunotsausa.
  • [[NHAU] Kutaura kworuzha - mufambiro usina bharumu unoitirwa kupa shoko, zvakadai sokupisa mureza, kupfeka zvibayiso zvoruoko, kana kuti kupfugama mukati merwiyo rwenyika.

Ganhuriro Parusununguko Rwokutaura

Dare Repamusorosoro rakazivisa mapoka ekutaura asingadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment nokuti asingakoshi uye anokuvadza vanhu.

  • Obscenity - sezvinorondedzerwa ne [[FT:2] Miller v. California [1773]), inoda kuti kufadza kwebasa kufariro, kuratidzira mufambiro wevatano nenzira inogumbura nenzira yakananga, uye kushaiwa rondedzero yakakomba, younyanzvi, yezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti ukoshi hwesayenzi.
  • [ Kuzvinyima [ - kutaura kwenhema kunokuvadza mukurumbira womunhu. Nhamba dzevoruzhinji dzinofanira kubvumikisa utsinye chaihwoihwo, nepo vanhu voga vachida bedzi kubvumikisa kuregeredza.
  • Kunyandurwa kumasimba masimba - kutaura kunonangidzirwa kukunyandura chiito chokusateerera mutemo chiri pedyo uye kungabvira kuita chiito chakadaro, chakatangwa mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]).
  • [ tyisidziro dzechokwadi - kutaura uko mukurukuri anoda kukurukura vavariro yakakomba yokuita chiito chamasimba masimba asiri apamutemo pamunhu akati kana kuti boka.

Venga Kutaura uye Kudzikamiswa Kwokutanga

Kutaura kunogumbura, kutyisidzira, kana kuti kutuka mapoka akavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, dzinza, kana kuti chimiro chevatano (chinomirira nhau inokakavadzana zvikuru. MuUnited States, kutaura kunovenga kunowanzodzivirirwa kutoti kwapinda muchimwe chezvikamu zvakaganhurirwa zviri pamusoro apa (muchib., kunyandura kana kuti tyisidziro dzechokwadi). Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richiputsa mitemo inodenha kutaura kwoutsotsi kwakavakirwa pamariri yaro, kurangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kunyaradza kutaura nemhaka bedzi yokuti kunogumbura kana kuti kunovenga. Zvisinei, ikoku kunosiya kusawirirana pakati penzanga dzinozvidzwa kuti dzirarame pasina kunetsa. Kunzwisisa musiano pakati poruvengo nedenho dzinoitwa kunetsa kunenge kuri kutsoropodza nokuda kwavagari vemo, vadzidzi, vafundisi, uye vaiti vegadziriro.

Govera Mari Nokutaura

First Amendment inodzivirirawo kushaikwa kwemari sechimiro chekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chakatanhamara Chinoisa mubatanidzwa weUnited. FEC (2010) chakatonga kuti masangano namasangano ane maruramiro mamwe chetewo okutaura savanhu vamwe navamwe, kuchiabvumira kupedza mari isina kuganhurirwa panzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Ichi chisarudzo chamutsa gakava rakakomba pamusoro pebasa remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika, navatsoropodzi kuti rinosekesa kuva nohuwanduru hwedemocracy. Dare Guru rinosimudzira zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa asi rinopfuurira kurangarira zvirongwa zvechirongwa sechirongwa chemari chinodzivirirwa. Kunzvera kwakakwana kwechirongwa chemari, [[FLT:]F]F.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Chibvumirano Chokutanga chinovimbisa rusununguko rwokushandisa rudzidziso rupi norupi kana kuti kusatongova norudzidziso.

Kutangwa kwaClaus

Chikamu ichi chinovimbisa kuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende, uko kwave kuri nheyo inokosha mukutonga kweAmerica. Dare Rapamusoro rakadudzira Kugadzwa kwaClaus nokuedza kunoverengeka:

  • Muedzo weRemon - kubva Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971]: mutemo unofanira kuva nedonzo renyika, haufaniri kufambira mberi kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso, uye haufaniri kusimudzira hurumende yakanyanyisa kudzorwa norudzidziso.
  • Muendifiti – kana mucherechedzi ane mufungo aizorangarira hurumende seinotendera rudzidziso.
  • Muedzo weCoercion – kana hurumende ichimanikidza vagari vemo kutora rutivi mumibato yorudzidziso.

Miedzo iyi yakatungamirira kumitemo inorambidza munyengetero unopinzwa kuchikoro, ratidziro dzorudzidziso dzinoratidzika kuva dzinotsigira kutenda, uye kutsigira zvakananga mirayiridzo yorudzidziso.

Kurovedza Claus Kwakasununguka

Free Execle Claus inodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu kuti vashandise chitendero chavo vakasununguka. Izvi zvinosanganisira kodzero yokuchengeta zvitendero zvechitendero uye kupinda mumiitiro yechitendero pasina kudzorwa nehurumende. Zvisinei, kodzero iyi haisi yakakwana: hurumende ingaremedza tsika dzechitendero kana ine fariro inomanikidzira uye ichishandisa nzira shoma dzinoganhurira. Mupimo wokuongorora mashoko aya wakashanduka:

  • Muedzo wePFT - kubva Employment Division v. Smith (1990): mitemo isina revi rekwara rezvosero kuti rudzidziso harusati ruchiputsa Free Expression Clause, kunyange pasina fariro inogombedzera.
  • Trust Freedom Reformation Act [[FRA] - Congress yakapasa RFRA muna 1993 kudzorera muedzo wefariro unogombedzera, kuchida kuti hurumende iratidze fariro inogombedzera nokushandiswa kwemitoo miduku inoganhurira apo inoremedza zvikuru kushandiswa kworudzidziso mumutemo womubatanidzwa.

Masangano akawanda ane mitemo yawo amene yorusununguko. Kutamba pakati pedziviriro dzehurumende nedzehurumende kunoparira nzvimbo yakaoma, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakadai sokuramba kwezvoutano, LGBTQ+ kodzero, uye pokugara pabasa. Beliefnet[[[FL:1] inopa kutarira kwakafara panhau dzorusununguko rworudzidziso kubva mumifungo mizhinji yorudzidziso.

Kuratidzira Mhaka Dzapamusorosoro Dzedare

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunoita kuti tinzwisise kuti rusununguko rwokutaura nerwechitendero rwakachinja sei uye kuti Dare rinodzikamisa sei rusununguko rwomunhu oga pakurwisana nezvinofarirwa nenzanga.

Scheck v. United States (1919)

Mhaka iyi yakatanga muedzo wekuganhura kutaura. Charles Schenck, musocialist, akaparadzira mapepa anokurudzira kuramba kunyorwa kwehondo mukati meHondo Yenyika I. Dare Rapamusoro rose rakabatana kutsigira kupwiswa kwake, neMutongi Holmes achizivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti kutaura kunoparira "ngozi yakajeka neinovapo" yengozi huru inogona kuganhurirwa. Muenzaniso wokudanidzira zvenhema kuti "moto" muhoro yakatsvikinyidzana wakashandiswa kuratidzira kutaura kusina kudzivirirwa. Uyu muedzo gare gare gare wakana kugadziridzwa mu [[FLT: 0] Brandenburg v. Ohio[FL: 1]] [1269]] kudzivirira kushata kwapakwa kwapamutemo kutozodaidzirwa mufambiro wokusateerera mutemo.

Engel v. Vitaire (1962)

Mu Engel v. Vitate, Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti munyengetero wakatungamirirwa nehurumende muzvikoro zvavose wakapesana nokugadzwa kwaClaus. Dare rechikoro reNew York rakanga raita munyengetero wokuzvidira, "Mwari Wamasimba ose, tinobvuma rutsamiro rwedu paThee," kuti tidzokororwe zuva nezuva. Dare raidavira kuti kunyange munyengetero wokuzvidira, usiri wezvitendero zvinoumbwa zvinoumba kutsigira rudzidziso. Chisarudzo ichi chakasimbisa kuparadzana kwechechi nehurumende uye chakashandiswa nguva dzose muzviitiko zvinotevera zvinobatanidza chikoro, mibato yorudzidziso.

[ .Des Moines Independent School District (11969)

Mhaka iyi yakasimbisa kodzero dzevadzidzi dzokutaura norusununguko muzvikoro zvehurumende. Mary Beth Tinker nevamwe vadzidzi vakapfeka zvibairo zvitema kuti vatsutsunge Hondo yeVietnam. Chikoro chakazvirembedza, chichitaura kuti kutsutsumwa kwaizoparira kudzongonyedzwa. Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti vadzidzi havasati vachizo "tapudza kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti vasunungure kutaura kana kutaura pagedhi rechikoro. Kunyanguvezvo, zvikoro zvinogona kudzora kutaura kunodzongonyedza zvinhu zvedzidzo. Mhaka iyi inoramba iri muenzaniso wenheyo yechiratidzo cheshoko revadzidzi, inowanzodudzwa mugakavarariro pamusoro pemiitiro yokupfeka, kufamba, uye kutaura paIndaneti.

[ Masterpick Mackshop v.Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2017)

Iyi nhau yakakurukura kusawirirana pakati perusununguko rworudzidziso nemitemo inorwisana nekusawirirana. Jack Phillips, mubiki wezvingwa, akaramba kugadzira keke romuchato nokuda kwavaviri vane mitezo yakasiyana nemhaka yezvitendero zvake. Colorado Civil Rights Commission yakawana kuti akanga aputsa mutemo wenzvimbo dzavose dzehurumende. Dare Supreme rakatonga mutendero waPhillips panzvimbo nhete, rikawana kuti Commission yakanga yaratidza utsinye mumiitiro yayo. Chisarudzo hachina kupedza mubvunzo mukuru weapo apo kupesana kworudzidziso kunogona kubvisa mitemo yehurumende yehurumende, kuchisiya nokuda kwenhau yenhau yomunguva yemberi. Kunzvera kune udzamende kwenhau, [[FLT] project [FLD:]

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Nezvinetso

Nhau dzakadai sokutaura mashoko okuvenga, mashoko asina kururama, pokugara muzvitendero, uye basa rezvikuva zvemunhu oga zviri kuramba zvichimutsa nharo pamusoro pemiganhu uye kudzivirirwa kweFirst Amendment.

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga Nekutaura Kwakasununguka

Kukura kwezvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga kwachinja matauriro anoitwa uye anodzorwa. Makambani epachivande akadai seFacebook, Twitter, uye YouTube ane mwero wezvaari akavakirwa pamitemo yawo, zvichitungamirira kupomero dzokuongorora kubva kumativi ose ari maviri. Nemhaka yokuti maplatifomu aya haazvimiri pachivande, haasungirwi neFirst Amendment, inodzorwa bedzi nemitemo yehurumende. Zvisinei, pesvedzero huru yemakambani aya inomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti anoshanda senzvimbo dzazvino uno. Kuongorora zviri mukati madzoro, maraitirwo emitemo, uye kusaruramaamazvo kwakatungamirira kukumbira kudzo, asi chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinofanira kuremekedza nokungwarira zvinotaura kutaura kwakasununguka. [[FLT]

Mashoko Asina Kunaka Nemashoko Asina Kunaka

Mashoko enhema, anoparadzirwa noune nokuda kwevavariro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti dzemhindu, anodenha musika wepfungwa. First Amendment inodzivirira mashoko enhema akawanda kutoti yamutsa masimba masimba kana kuti kuzvidza. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, zvikuva zvakabvisa kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pemishonga nemishonga, kutanga nharo pamusoro poutano hwevanhu nekodzero dzemhindu. Nenzira yakafanana, mashoko enhema edare akatungamirira kukwirirano nechinjo dzemitemo. Hurumende inotarisana nezvirambidzo zvakasimba mukudzora kutaura kwenhema, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rave richipanikira pakuvamba ganhuriro dzenhema pamusoro pezvitendero zvinobatanidzwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, zvigadzikiso zvinotsamira pazvo kunyora mashoko, kunzvera mativi ose.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Munzanga Yakasiana

Sezvo America inova yakasiana zvikuru mune zvorudzidziso, rwisano pamusoro porusununguko rworudzidziso namaruramiro orudzidziso rushoma dzakamuka. Zvisarudzo zvinobatanidza kuratidzirwa kwezviratidzo zvorudzidziso panzvimbo yavose, maruramiro okupfeka zvipfeko zvorudzidziso (zvakadai sehijab kana kuti shoper) munzvimbo dzebasa nezvikoro, uye kuvakwa kwemiitiro yorudzidziso mumatorongo uye mauto kunoratidzira kudikanwa kunopfuurira kwokudzikamisa maruramiro anokwikwidzana. Dare Rapamusoro rairaira kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hurumende kugadzikisa miitiro yorudzidziso kutoti ichiita kudaro kwaizoisa mutoro usina kufanira. Zvisinei, gakavadzo pamusoro pemitemo yorudzidziso inoramba kubviswa mumitemo inodzivirira LGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Kunyandukadzaniswa pakati perusununguko noukwakaenzana kunopfuurira kupfurikidza nokukamuraniswa kwemitemo, uye hurukuro yavose.

Kutaura Kunokurudzira Namaruramiro Ehana

First Amendment inodzivirirawo maruramiro okusataura. Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mitemo inomanikidza vanhu kutaura mashoko avasingabvumiri, zvakadai sokuda kuti vadzidzi vechikoro chehurumende vasarute mureza (] West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943]) kana kuti kumanikidza vanachiremba kupa mashoko akananga pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri anopesana nechisarudzo chavo chezvokurapa. maruramiro evana hana, zvikurukuru mukutarisira utano, inharaunda huru yegakavaradziko. Vana vanoramba kutora rutivi mumiitiro yakafanana nokubvisa mimba kana kuti kubereka. Varwi vanowanzodaidzira rusununguko rworudzidziso nekutaura kwakasununguka. Miteverwa mitemo yose iri miviri inodzivirira nokudzivisa kurapa, kuvamba mirano.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kwokutanga kwomutauro nechitendero kunokosha mukushanda kwenzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vanopa simba vanhu kuti vasabvumirana, vanamate, kuti vapikire chiremera, uye kutsvaka chokwadi. Asi rusununguko urwu harusi chinhu chisingazivikanwi; runoedzwa nguva dzose noruzivo rutsva rwemagariro, kuchinja kwenzanga, uye dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwisisa nhau, nhau huru, uye nharo dzazvino uno zvinokosha kuti vatsigire vagari vemo vanoziva vanogona kudzivirira rusununguko urwu apo vaipedza funganyo dzapamutemo pamusoro pekuvadziko, kuenzana, uye chengeteka. Chinetso chinopfuurira ndecho kutsigira chiono cheFirst Amend Reformation cherusununguko neruramisiro nokuda kwavose pasina kubayira vanhu vose. Vagari vehurumende, vatongi, vatongi, uye vaiti vemitemo vanogoverana mutoro wose wokuchengeta chiyero ichi munzira inokudzwa nechipikirwa chebumbiro remitemo.