Nzvero yemiitiro yesarudzo yenhau inopa nzwisiso inokosha mumhindumupindu yenzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye mufambiro wavavhoti. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera sarudzo dzakapfuura, vanzveri, vazivi, uye vagari vemo vanogona kuziva mitoo ingapesvedzera miuyo yenhau yomunguva yemberi nezvisarudzo zvemitemo. Nhevedzo yenhau . Njeredzo . Kudzokorora shure kwamakumi amakore uye kunyange mazana amakore muimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu._Zvora kuti mipimo inochinja sei munhambanovhotanwa yavanhu. Nyaya inonzvera miitiro mikuru yenhau, inonzvera nhau inokosha, uye inokurukura miuyo yehurumende yedemocracy muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namakumi maviri.

Kukosha Kwokunzwisisa Miitiro Yokusarudza

Kunzwisisa miitiro yesarudzo inokosha nokuda kwavatsigiri vazhinji, kubva kuvavhoti kusvikira kuvaiti vemiitiro namapati ezvematongerwe enyika. Chiono chenhau chinobetsera kuronga masimba ezvamatongerwe enyika azvino uno uye kukarira majana enguva yemberi. American National Evolution Studies (ANES) neCooperative Econfiction Study (CE) zvakanzvera zvimiro zvevavhoti chibviro chezana ramakore rezana ramakore rezana ramakore, zvichigovera nzvimbo yakapfuma nokuda kwokunzvera kwekomba. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera iyi mitoo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kuumba Nokuvaka Nounyanzvi

Zvimiro zvenhau zvinopa simba vavhoti kupfurikidza nokuisa nhimbe dzazvino uno mumashoko akapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, kuziva kuti muvhoti avhota pakati pesarudzo kwave kuri avhareji inenge 40% chifo cha 1970s(papo sarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzinonzwisisa avhareji yedaviti ye 55%(helps vagari vemo vanonzwisisa ukoshi hwesarudzo dzegore. Nhevedzo inozivisawo kuti muitiro unochinja sei, zvakadai sokutanga kwokuvhota kana kuti kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete, kunotapura kutora rutivi. U.S. EFUCOU COU SOUS[ inogovera nhamba dzinodzosera zvinhu zvinoratidzira izvi zvinotapura nguva.

Kushandisa Zvematongerwe Enyika Nokurwisa

Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika nenhimbe zvinotsamira pamiitiro yenhau yokugovera zviwanikwa nenzira inobudirira. Kunzvera nzvimbo inodzorwa kunobetsera kuziva vavhoti namapoka echiverengero chavagari vemo ari kuchinja ruvimbiko. Somuenzaniso, kufamba kwapashoma napashoma kwavavhoti vomumusha kubva kuRepublican Party mumakore achangobva kupfuura kwanyorwa kuchishandisa mashoko enzvimbo yakakwirira anobva mumanyuko akadai seMIT Econst Data neScience Lab. Njereso dzakadaro dzinobvumira nhimbe kuronga kugadzira mashoko panhau dzoutano, mitero, uye dzidzo kuvateereri chaivo.

Kufambira Mberi Kwemitemo Nokutsigira

Gadziriro dzechisarudzo icherekedzo yemiuyo yavose. Vagadziri vemitemo vanoshandisa mashoko okuvhota kuti vaone tsigiro yemitemo. Chimiro chekuwedzera kunyoresa kwokuzvivhota kwazvimirira. (zvino inopfuura 40% yevavhoti mudzimwe nyika) inoisa chishuvo chemitemo yepesenti. Kunzvera migumisiro yezvirongwa, yakadai saavo vanotora mbanje pamutemo kana kuti mari shoma inotambirwa, kunopa ufakazi hwakananga hwezvinodiwa nevota. Pew Research Center nguva dzose]

Kusarudza Kunokosha Munhau

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha zvakatanga musarudzo dzenhau dzinoratidza kuchinja kwetsika dzenzanga uye zvinhu zvematongerwe enyika.

Tsika Dzevoter Turnaut

Voter restaup chiratidzo chakakomba chokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo. Nhoroondo inoratidza kuchinja kwakati kwaipesvedzerwa nokuchinja kwepamutemo, kugadzirira, uye zvinofungwa kuti zvinobatanidzwa murusarudzo. MuUnited States, kubuda musarudzo dzapurezidhendi dzakatanga kubva pa 48,9% muna 1924 kusvikira pa6.9% mu2020, maererano ne .S Office/Brounicareau data[[.

  • DHURIKIDYO: Zera, dzinza, uye mugariro wenzanga wenzanga zvinowirirana zvakasimba nokuvhota. Vavhoti vakura (65+) vakavhota pamwero inopfuura 70%, nepo vavhoti pasi pe30 vakatsiva munhau pasi pe 50%.
  • Rusarudzo: Sarudzo yaPrezidhendi inowanzoona 10-20 percentages kupfuura sarudzo pakati penhambo. Gore rakaderera sa3,6% muna 2014 pamberi pokuzorodzwazve kusvika 52,6% muna 2022.
  • Chimiro Chokunze: Kusarudza kunodzorwa nenhau dzinobatanidza kana kuti vanoda kuita kwezvamashiripiti kazhinji kazhinji kuunganidza nenzira isati iri iyo vavhoti vanonyoresa. Sarudzo 2020 yakawana chinyorwa chakasundwa nedenda, ruramisiro yedzinza, uye kudzorwa kukuru.
  • Mharo dzeInstional:[ Mitemo yeMitemo, miganhu yokunyoresa, uye nzvimbo yokuvhotera zvakaratidzwa kudzorwa kwenhamo pakati pamapoka akaganhurirwa. Nenzira inopesana, inotaura kuti kuwanda kwetsamba mukuvhota uye nhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba zvakaona kuwedzera mukutora.

2 Kuchinja Muboka Kunochinja

Mumakumi amakore, chinjo mubato dzakachinjazve mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika. New Deapigning yema1930 yakaunza vavhoti vekirasi vanoshanda musangano reDemocratic, nepo kudzorwa kweMadoro kuma 1960 kwakaisa vhoti vevachena vetsika dzekare kuRepublican Party. Miitiro mitsva inobatanidza wedzero muzvimiriro zvehurumende uye kusarudzwa kwenyika.

  • Nguva dzepiccations: Zvisarudzo zvikuru zvinowanzotangwa nenjodzi dzemari kana kuti masangano enzanga. Sarudzo ya 1932 pasi paFranklin D. Roosevelt yakagadzira ruzhinji rweDemocratic iyo yakagara kwamakumi amakore. Sarudzo, nekupfuudzwa kweCivil Rights Act, yakakurumidzisa kuchinjirwa kweSouth kupinda muteji yeGOP.
  • Ma Voter anozvimirira: Mupimo wavavhoti vanozvizivisa savakazvimirira wakakwira kubva painenge 20% muma 1950 kusvikira kuinopfuura 40% nhasi (kunyange vazhinji “vane” kupati imwe). Iyi“ jambwa” rinonetesa zvisungo zvemapati uye rinoita kuti sarudzo dzivake zvikuru.
  • Mibatanidzwa yeRegion: Northern and West Coast Coast yazova Democratic, nepo South neGreat Plains iRepublican. Midwand, yaichimbova nzvimbo inodzika mibatanidzwa Democrats, zvino yava nharaunda yehondo yamakwikwi.

Kuwedzera Kunoita Kuchinja Nyaya uye Kufarira Kudzidza Uri Woga

Kuvhota kunotsigirwa nenhau kwazova kwakatanhamara zvikuru. Muna 2020, inenge 4% yemijaho yeDare yakabva panzvimbo yokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzepfuti, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kubuda munyika. Kuvimbika kwemunhu mumwe chete kwaderera pamwero womunzvimbomo; kuvhota kwakaparadzana kwaderera zvikuru kubva kuma1970 kusvika kukufanopera nhasi. Muna 2020, inenge 4% bedzi yemijaho yeDare yakaguma netiki rakakamukana, kubva pa 20% muma 1970. Iyi kombamiro inoratidzira kuwedzera kwetsika, sezvinonyorwa ne Center onformation [FLD].

Kuongorora Zvakaitwa Nezvisarudzo Zvinooneka

Kuongorora kwataita nyaya iyi kunoratidza kuti nyaya dzokusarudza dzinobatana sei kuti dzibudise migumisiro inoramba iripo.

Kusarudzwa kwa2008 kwaPrezidhendi

Sarudzo ya2008 yakaratidza kuti pakaitika zvinhu zvinokosha munhoroondo yeAmerica, yakaonekwa nokusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi wokutanga weAfrica.

  • Shoop Voter Turnout:[[[FL:1] Anenge 61.6% yavavhoti vakakodzera vakatora rutivi, mwero wakakwirira zvikurusa chifo cha 1960. Turmout pakati pavavhoti veAfrica vakasvika 65%, inodokufanana nomuvhoti wechichena kwenguva yokutanga.
  • Demographic Shifts: Nhimbe yaBarack Obama yakaunganidza nenzira inobudirira vavhoti vaduku (1829) namapoka maduku. Vavhoti vaduku vakatsigira Obama nemitsetse 2 kusvika ku1, uye vaHispanic vakawedzera namavhoti ane mamirioni maviri mukati ma 2004.
  • Indaneti dzezvoruzivo rwemapepanhau: nzvimbo dzemasangano enhau dzenzanga dzakadai seFacebook neTwitter dzakashandiswa kwenguva yokutanga kuronga vazvipiri nevapi vemadhiropu maduku. Nhimbe yaObama yakabudisa nhamba yemapepa paIndaneti, ichigadza mupimo mutsva wekuvimbisana pafoni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Economic Context: Dambudziko remari ra2008 rakaita kuti upfumi huve nhau inokosha zvikurusa, kuchibetsera shoko raObama rechinjo parudzi rwechimunha.

2. Chisarudzo chaPrezidhendi cha2016

Sangano ra2016 rakaratidza kubatana kukuru mudare rekuAmerica rokuvhota uye rakashora vafemberi vakawanda:

  • Chiratidzo chaPopul: Mapati ose ari maviri akaona mugadziri wePpulist achikwidza migariro yakaitika (Rudnie Sanders kuruboshwe naDonald Trump kurudyi(inoratidzira kusagutsikana kwakapararira neisimbidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Rukundo rwaTrump muElectoral College nepo achirasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira yakasimbisa muganhu weguta neukoshi hwemukwaro yeRust Belt.
  • Kuchinja: Nzvero dzokubuda dzakaratidza ruvimbiko rwekare: 89% yavaDemocrates vakavhotera Hillary Clinton, uye 88% yeRepublicans for Trump. Avhareji yemichero yorukundo munyika dzamakwikwikwi yakanga iri chirahwe, inoratidzira rudzi rwakakamuraniswa zvikuru.
  • Basa rezvinobudisa nhau zvemapepanhau nesocial media rinoumba kunzwisisa kwavanhu. Nhau dzenhema paFacebook dzakagoveranwa kupfuura mashoko chaiwoiwo mumwedzi yokupedzisira yenhimbe. Nhamburiko dzeRussia kupfurikidza nokushambadzira kwakarongwa uye maemail akaputsa akawedzera ufakazi hutsva kupesvedzero yesarudzo.
  • Demographics of Distestem: Trump akawana tsigiro yakasimba kuvavhoti vachena vekirasi inoshanda pasina madhigirii ekoreji, vakanzwa vasiyiwa negadziriro yezveupfumi hwenyika. Clinton aidzorwa pakati pavakadzi vakadzidza pakoreji namapoka maduku, asi kuvhota kwakaderera pakati pavateman American vhoti munyika huru dzakadai sePennsylvania neMichigan kwakaratidza kuva kwemhaka.

3. Chisarudzo chaPurezidhendi cha 2020

Sarudzo ya2020 yakava yenhau inoverengeka, kubva pane yakanyorwa kusvika pazvinetso zvakasiyana - siyana zvedenda:

  • Record Turnout:[[FL:1] Mavhoti anopfuura mamirioni 158 akavhota, mwero wapamberi we 66.9% (8%) wakakwirira zvikurusa chifo cha 1900. Kuwedzera kwetsamba mukuvhota, kuvhota kwakakurumidza kuwedzerwa, uye sundo huru kumativi ose ari maviri yakasunda kutora rutivi.
  • Imail-in Voting and Trust in Institutions: A inenge 43% yavavhoti vanokanda mapepa neposi, kubva pa 21% muna 2016. Iyi translate yakatungamirira kudenho dzapamutemo nokutaura kusina hwaro kwokubiridzira, kuderera chivimbo mugadziriro yama Sarudzo.
  • Chinjo dzinoda kugadziriswa? C mukupesana nekariro, Trump akavandudza tsigiro yake pakati pavavhoti veHispanic neAsia mukuenzaniswa na2016, nepo vhoti yemumusha navagari vakuru vakatamira kuBiden. Iyi chinjo dzinokarakadza kuti mapoka akarongeka haagadziriswi uye angangoerekana avapo.
  • Misangano yeSacrifation: Black Live Matter muzhizha 2020 inokwidziridzwa ruramisiro yedzinza senhau huru, ichisimudzira nhambo pakati pevaVrack vovhota uye zvikurukuru pakati pavakadzi vaduku vechiBlack muGeorgia, ichikwidza nyika kuBiden.

Kufurirwa Kwemiitiro Yokusarudza Yomunguva Yakapfuura

Kunzwisisa miitiro yesarudzo yenhau kune revo huru nokuda kwenguva yemberi yokudzora kwehurumende yehurumende. Iyi mitoo inozivisa kuti tinodeya kutaura sei miuyo yesarudzo, gadziriro dzokuronga, uye chengetedzo yokutendeseka yasarudzo.

Kudeya Kuzivisa Zvisarudzo Zvomunguva Yemberi

Zviratidzo zvinogona kubetsera kuzivisa mufambiro wavavhoti nokuvhota mukusarudza kuri kuuya. Zvikamu zvemitemo zvinobatanidza chinjo yechiverengero chavagari vemo, zviratidzo zvemari, uye mitoo yokuvhota zvenhau zvazova zvakasiana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, kuchinja kwavavhoti vakadzidziswa pakoreji kunoreva betsero yenhambo refu munyika nemwero yedzidzo yakakwirira, nepo kuderera kwevokuvhota vachena vasingashandisi mari kungakuvadza maRepublic musarudzo dzenyika. Zvisinei, kuchinja kwemadenderedzwa emisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kupfurikidza neTrumpsssss nevey’sss .[1]Vendings zvinorwisana nedzidzo yakakwirira.

Kuronga Kuronga Nokugara Nemanyuko

Nhimbe dzinoshandisa miitiro yenhau kusarudza kwokushandisa mari nenguva. Nhamba inoderera yenyika dzemakwikwi inoreva kuti vanhu vose vari vaviri vanonangidzira ngwariro pamepu duku. Sarudzo 2020 yakawana anopfuura mabhiriyoni $14 emadhora yakashandiswa munhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, yakawanda yayo yakanangidzirwa munyika nhanhatu dzehondo. Kunzvera kwokunyoresa kwevhota nebato, kudzokororwa kwokukurumidza, uye mitoo yokuvhota mumaburiro chaiwo inobetsera kugadziridza kutumira nokunyora mashoko kwavo nepasi nenzira yakarurama.

Kuteerera Mitemo uye Kutumirwa Kwavose

Kuziva miuyo yesarudzo dzenhau kunogona kutungamirira vaiti vemiitiro mukukurukura zvinodikanwa zvavatengi. Apo nhau inova inobatanidzwa nguva dzose nebudiriro inosarudzwa. Kufanana nepfuma kana kuti tarisiro youtano(-legislator) sezvingabvira zvikuru kuita chiito. Chimiro chewedzero yokuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa pamwero wehurumende chinotungamirira kuchinjo dzinokurumidza zvikuru dzemiitiro panhau dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, mitemo yepfuti, uye kuvhota. Nhano dzezvirongwa zvemari dzinoshandiswa zvikuru mumibatanidzwa seCalifornia neColorado, dzinobvumira vavhoti kuti vadzorite vasai vadzore vadzo vadzorwi vanowanzobvumira mipimo inodzo inopfuudzwa kudarika mitsetse yebato, zvakadai sokuwedzera kwapamutemo kwembamba kana kuti mibhadharo.

Kubatanidzwa Muchiuto Choutongi uye Kuvimba Nehurumende

Kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ine utano hwakanaka. Kunzwisisa nhau kunogona kubetsera kuronga nhamburiko dzinoitwa namapoka anodzorwa nedenderedzwa. Somuenzaniso, nzvero inoratidza kuti nokunyoresa kwokuzviitira kwoga kunoona kuwedzera kwe5 ne10 muzana pakati pevavhoti vaduku navakaduku. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuitira hanya kukura pamusoro pekuperera murusarudzo kunoitwa nedzidziso dzenhema dzinoshandiswa neaposvora. Chimiro chokusavimba namasangano edemocracy, chinoyerwa nenworaplup, chiratidzo chinonyevera chinofanira kupiwa kupfurikidza nokujeka nokugadziriswa.

mhedziso

Nzvero yemiitiro yesarudzo yenhau inopa nzwisiso yakakomba musimba retsika dzokuvhota uye rezvokurangarira kwadzo nokuda kwesarudzo. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera mitoo yekare nebato kubatira pamwe yemibato yeruzivo rwezvinhu nesangano renzanga(jere) tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani kuoma kwegadziriro yevhota uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera zvisarudzo. Nzvero dza 2008, 2016, uye 2020 dzinoenzanisira kuti mashoko akapoteredza, vavhoti, uye makwikwidza kuti vabudire migumisiro inogona kudzorerazve nhevedzano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sezvatinofamba mberi, zvinokosha kupfuurira kunzvera izvi miitiro yokusimudzira mirayiridzo nezvinosarudzwa. Kuziva zvakabva kumanyuko akafanana neU. U.vitation, Prew Centerer, uye puroficial Centers, uye puroficialssss anotsvaka kuzvidavirira nokuda kwezvishandiso, vaorwa, vapfumi vagari venhau vanotsvaka kuzvidavirira.