Kunzwisisa Kodzero Nokusashata Muchisarudzo chaPrezidhendi

Kupa kodzero kunoumba chivako chekutora rutivi mukusarudza kwapurezidhendi wehurumende. Mano okukanda muvhota anosarudza kwete bedzi kuti ndiani ane simba rehurumende asi anoumbawo muitiro worudzi nezvinotanga. Zvisinei, kudzorwa hakupiwi munyika yose; simba rimwe nerimwe rinosimbisa mipimo yakananga ingabatanidzwa. Nyaya inonzvera nzvimbo yakaoma yokuvhota, kuronga zvinodikanwa zvavose, zvinoitika zvenhau, uye nharo dzenguva ino. Kunyange uri muvhoti wokutanga, nyanzvi yepamutemo, kana kuti mudzidzisi wehurumende, kunzwisisa iyi mitemo inokosha mukufambisa basa revhoti. Kubva pazera napaunziri hwokunyoresa, gadziriro dzekodzero dzokuvhotera dzinoratidza mipimo yakapararira zvikuru namagamuchidzanwa emitemo.

Mupimo Wakawanda Wokusagona Kuitwa NaPurezidhendi

Nyika dzose dzinosarudzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, kuvhota kwapasarudzo yapurezidhendi kunotsamira pamitemo mikuru. Nepo mitemo yakananga ichisiyana nenyika, miitiro yakawanda inoda vavhoti kuti vasvitse mipimo ine chokuita nezera, kuva mugari wemo, uye kugara. Iyi mipimo inogadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vavhoti vane ukuru hwakakwana, vasonganiri vorudzi, uye batano dzenzanga kuita zvisarudzo zvakaziviswa pamusoro penhau yavo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvezera

Mupimo mukurusa wehurumende yose inhambo yokuvhota. Muzhinjisa yamarudzi ehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kubatanidza United States, Canada, uye Europe zhinjisa, zera rokuvhota rinogadzwa pamakore 18. Ichi chinoitika chinowirirana nezera rapamutemo roukuru, apo vanhu vanowana mitoro yakazara yehurumende yakadai sebasa rehondo nenzvimbo yemibatanidzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzimwe nyika, dzakaedza namakore akaderera. Austria neMalta zvakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 16 nokuda kwesarudzo, ne Brazil ichibvumira kuvhota nokuzvidira pa 16. Vatendi vehurumende vapakuvamba vanosimudzira miitiro yehurumende youpenyu hwose, kunyange zvazvo vatsoropotengi vachisimudzira pamusoro pezvaukuru. Nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvapurezidhendi, zvinodikanwa zvakananga zvingashandawo kuvada kuvana, asi nokuda kwokuvhotera, 18 zvinoramba mupimo wenyika yose, mumitemo yamarudzi ose, nemitemo yavanhu yakafanana nekodzero zvavanhu.

Kuva Mugari Wemunyika

Kuva mugari wemo chinodikanwa chikuru nokuda kwokuvhota munenge muvhoti yose yapurezidhendi. Chinofungwa ndechokuti kusarudza mutungamiriri wenyika kunofanira kuchengeterwa avo vanova norutivi rwakazara munzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika. MuUnited States, vagari vemo bedzi veU.U.S.h. ava vangova vakaberekerwa munyika kana kuti vakaitwa nomuzvarirwo. Vagari vomunyika ino ndivo vanobvumirwa kuvhota muvhota, kubatanidza makwikwikwi apurezidhendi. Vagari vemo vanofarikanya kodzero imwe cheteyo dzokuvhotera savagari vemo vemo pakupedza muitiro wokuva vagari vemo. Vanobvisa vagari vemo vemo, vagari vese kana kuti vagari vepamutemo vanorambidzwa nomutemo, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichibvumira kutorawo zvisarudzo. Vagari vemo vemo vemo vanowanawo vagarisana nokubuda munyika dzokunze dzinobuda munyika yokunze, vachimiririra vagarisana vagari vemo.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuvandudzwa

Zvinodikanwa zvokuvhota zvinobatanidza vavhoti namaruwa chaiwo avavhoti, kuvimbisa kuti vamiririri vanoratidzira fariro dzomunzvimbomo. Mukusarudza kwapurezidhendi, kazhinji kazhinji munogara nyika inotema kuti ihurumende ipi kana kuti nzvimbo yoga yoga yoga yevoti yekoriji nereredhiji. Nyika zhinji dzinoda vavhoti kugara muruwa rwavo rwezvivhoti voga kwenguva shoma pamberi pekuvhota, kubva pamazuva 10 kusvikira kumwedzi mishomanene. United States inobvumira nyika kugadza mitemo yokugara kwadzorwa kwadzo, asi Vong Rights Act Acts Actsssss anotanga chinodikanwa che 30 chezuva rokugara chapurezidhendi. Iyi mirariro yokudzivisa kuvhotambira dare nokuvimbisa nzanga, kunyange zvazvo vashori vatsi vanogona kubvisa zviteshina zvirongwa zvokugara mumaoko sevadzidzi vehondo, vashandi vemo. Vamwe vashandi vanobvumira kupfurikidza nechirongwa chokunyoreso chino.

Kuva Mugari Wemo Nokuva Munyoro: Zvisungo Zvinosimbisa Kodzero

Mifungo yose iri miviri inovimbisa kuti vavhoti vane danda rapamutemo mumigumisiro yesarudzo, kupfurikidza nemitezo yenyika kana kuti midzi. Zvisinei, kuitwa kwemipimo iyoyi kunosiana zvikuru, kuchitungamirira kuhurumende dzakaoma nokuda kwavagari vemo vaviri, iexpartrites, uye mapoka omunzvimbomo.

Uchapupu Hwokugara Munzvimbo Yacho

Kusimbisa mugariro wounzi kwazova nhau inokakavadza mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvikurukuru muUnited States umo mitemo yevhota inoda chibvumikiso chougari hwemo. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti nhano dzakadaro dzinodzivisa vasiri vavhoti kuti vasarudze nenzira isiri yapamutemo, kunyange zvazvo fundo dzichiratidza kuti muvhoti we-person imonition haisi yenguva dzose. Chibvumikiso chinogona kubatanidza magwaro okuberekwa, magwaro etsika dzomusikirwo, kana kuti mapepa epasipoti. Dzimwe nyika dzinodawo vanhu kuti vape uchapupu hwechokwadi apo vanovhota, sezvinotsigirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro munhau dzakadai [[FLT: 0] Arizona v. Dare reAnboard of Arizona b [FLT] [FLD]]. Nokuda kwevatongerite, muitiro unotemwa wokunzeve, unogamuchirwa kupfurikidza neFederal Coridection Programm, iyo inogamuchira zvimiro zveunziromatem.

Nguva Yakakwana uye Kusaziva

Kupfuura nzvimbo dzokugara dzakapfava, mativi mazhinji anoda vavhoti kuti varatidzire zvose zviri zviviri kuvapo kwomuviri nevavariro yokuramba vari muruwa. Murangariro we "domicile" unoshandiswa kutema nzvimbo yechokwadi, musha mukuru nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokuvhota. Vadzidzi kazhinji vanotarisana nenzvero: mudzidzi weyunivhesiti angavhota mutaundi rake rekoreji kana achida kugarako nokusingaperi, kana kuti mumusha wavabereki vavo kana ikaramba iri nzvimbo yavo yechigarire yebasa. Mitezo mipfupi neinosaimo yevagari vemo yemo yemongi. Yakasairarama kunze kwenyika nokuda kwebasa, yakaitawo kuoma kushatanharo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neUnited Kingdom, inoganhurira kodzero dzavagari vanogara kunze kwenyika vanorarama kunze kwenyika kwamakore 15. Musiano, United States inobvumira vagari vemo kuti vazvipo kuti vavotererwe kumakore 20 mune mamwe makore 20, kunyange kupfuvura kupfuvura nyika yose, kufanana nokuvhota nyika yose.

Zvirongwa Zvokunyoresa Nemabhuku

Kunyoresa kwevoter inhano yokudzora inonyandura kunyoresa. Nepo dzimwe nyika dzichingozviitira kunyoresa vagari vemo, dzimwe dzinoda kunyoreswa. Muitiro wokunyoresa unovimbisa ururami hwemapepa anovhota uye unodzivisa kubiridzira, asi kunogonawo kuita mhinganidzo dzokutora kana yakagadzirwa zvisina kunaka. Kunzwisisa miganhu nemitoo zvinokosha nokuda kwokuisa muvhoti mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Mitsetse Yakafa uye Mitoo Zvakanyorwa

Nyika zhinjisa dzakagadza misi inobvumirwa kunyoresa mavhiki kana kuti mwedzi pamberi pezuva rekuvhota kuti zvibvumire kuva zvechokwadi. MuUnited States, miganhu inosiana nehurumende, kubva pamazuva 30 pamberi pokuvhota kusvikira kuvhoterwa kwezuva rimwe chetero muhurumende dzakadai seMinnesota neWisconsin. Mitoo yepan inobatanidza mahotera epaIndaneti, zvimiro zvetsamba, uye shanyo dzemajeri kuhofisi dzedare rokuvhotera. Kunyoresa kwapa kombiyuta kwakura nokukurumidza, nehurumende inobvumira masangano amagetsi anoyera zvino. [[FL:0] U.S. . Dare reKomishivistion Com [[[FLT: 1] rinogovera masangano ehurumende [[FLT]] anogovera nhungamiro pamusoro pemiitiro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Kuwedzera kwechiuto, uye kutorerwa kupfurikidza neDhingidzo, zvino kwakatorerwa zvikuru pakati pezvikamu 20, uye kutodzodzo dzinogamuchirwa zvikuru.

Matambudziko Pakunyoresa Mumabhuku

Pasinei zvapo nezvitsva, kunyoresa kwomuvhoti kunoramba kuri chinhu chinopesana. Kunyoresa kunobviswa pamipumburu nokuda kwokusashanda, chinjo dzekero, kana kuti zvinyorwa zvoutsotsi zvinobvisa vagari vemo vakakodzera kana zvikaitwa zvisina kufanira. 2023 fundo neBrennan Center for Justice yakawana kuti mamiriyoni avavhoti akabviswa pakati pa2018 ne 2022, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji neziviso dzisina kukwana. Nenzira yakafanana, mabhuza emitemo anonyoreswa apo mugariro wokunyoresa unenge usina kujeka, asi anorambwa zvikuru pakati pechikamu chokutanga. Mitemo yomutauro inodzivisa kunyoreswa nokuda kwavakurukuri vasiri varadzi; maruramiro anodikanirwa pasi peMagariro okugovera zvinhu mumimwe mitauro kupfuura chiNgezi kana vanhu vashomanene vachitaura. Izvi zvinosimbisa kudikanwa kwokuvakwa nokugamuchirwa kwokuvakwa kwegadziriro kunyoreswa.

Ganhuriro Nezvinopesana Pakutamba

Nepo kodzero dzokuvhota dzichidzivirirwa zvikuru, mamwe mapoka anotarisana neganhuriro dzapamutemo idzo dzinoganhurira kana kuti dzinoramba chose chose mano awo okuvhota musarudzo yapurezidhendi. Uku kusatendeseka kunowanzobva mumugariro woutsotsi weruramisiro yeutsotsi, makwikwi endangariro, kana kuti mamiriro okupinda munyika. Mitemo yakananga inosiana zvikuru kupfurikidza nokudzora, kuvamba basa rakakomba rekodzero rinogona kuvhiringidza vavhoti.

Kupesana Kunozivikanwa

Chimwe cheganhuriro dzinokosha zvikurusa kurasika. MuUnited States, nyika imwe neimwe inosarudza maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vane zvitendero zvinotenderwa. MuVermont neMaine, vanhu vakawanwa vane mhaka dzezvipembedzo havatongorasiki maruramiro avo okuvhotera, kunyange zvazvo vari mutorongo. Nenzira inopesana, chinotaura seIowa neKentucky yaMagension yakaiswa musi wekurambidza upenyu, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vatema vachangobva kudzorerwa kodzero. Pakarepo mu 2024, mamirioni anenge 4,6 ane kutendiro dzakavanzi dzinova nechemendwa dzinora, anoratswa, mukuwirirana ne Chirongwa chokudzosaidzorwa chapa. Chibvumirano chinodzorwa zvikuru muEurope chinobvumira kubviswa ganhurnyo mugadziriro yemitemo yemitemo youtsotsi. [5]

Kukwikwidza Mundangariro Nezvimwe Zvikanganiso

Masimba mazhinji anosakwanirisa vanhu anoziviswa mundangariro seasingakwanisi kutenderwa nedare. Iyi mirau inowanzoda bvumirano yetsika yakarongwa(8) kwete bedzi kunzvera kwapakuvamba, uye kunoitirwa kudzivirira perero yomubati. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti mitemo yakadaro inogona kuva yakafara zvikuru uye inoputsa kodzero dzavanhu vane urema mumitemo seveAmerica vane urema hunorema. Kumwe kusarura kunobatanidza mugariro usiri wapamutemo, sekwakacherekedzwa pakuvamba, uye mune dzimwe nyika, kutenderwa kwemhaka dzinobatanidza kuvhota. MuUnited States, Bumbiro reMitemo rinobvumira makwarangeri okuvhotera, asi ganhuriro kusaputsa maruramiro okuvhotera. Somuenzaniso, mitero nokunzvera kushamba uye kunyora maruramiro zvakarambidzwa zvinorambidzwa ne24 zvegore. Nhasi, kupesana nokusarira kutsa kwemitemo yokusarira mberi, kupfurikidza nokupfupikisa kupfupikisa.

Nhoroondo Yokupa Kodzero

Kushanduka kwekodzero dzokuvhota musarudzo yapurezidhendi kunoratidza kurwira kukwikwidzana kwepasi pose. pakutanga kwakaganhurirwa kuvarume vachena vanozviti zvinhu, kodzero dzokuvhota dzakawedzerwa kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo nemutemo wechiratidzo.

Kukura Kwechibhakera muUnited States

Dare reMitemo reU.S. pakutanga rakasiya zvikwaniriso zvokuvhota kuti zviende kuhurumende, kuchitungamirira kuPendeko re15th Amendment (170) yakarambidza kurambwa kweganda, kunyange zvazvo Jim Crow akadzivisa ikoku nemitero yokuvhota nokuedza kurava nokunyora. Gadziriro ye 19th Amendment (1920) yakabvumira vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota, uye Gadziriro ye 26 reChibvumirano (1971) yakaderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku 18. [FLT: 0] Vatisting Rights Act of of fomulation ya 1965[FLT] Act, kurambidza miitiro yehotera uye kuraira zviremera zvehurumende nokusarura kwenhau. Marudzi akanga asina kuderera zvizere kusvikira muna 1957, DC., kushaiwa kuvhotambira mudare ramabumbiro remitemo rinofambira mberi. Kunyange zvazvo kupfuurira kuratidzira kudaro, kupfurikidza nokutonga kwenhau dzenhau dzenhau dzenhau. Marudzi rwamaruwa rwamaruwa rwenyika rwamaruwa rwenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika nehurumende.

Kukura Kwekodzero Dzenyika Yose

Mupasi rose, kukura kwechikamu chehurumende kwakatevera mitoo yakafanana. Vakadzi vakawana vhoti muNew Zealand muna 1893, muFinland muna 1906, uye mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda pashure peHondo Yenyika I. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) yakapa kodzero yokuvhota muChikamu 21, vachitaura kuti "munhu wose ane kodzero yokutora rutivi muhurumende yenyika yake, zvakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza nevamiririri vakasarudzwa norusununguko. Mabumbiro ehurumende echidhimonia akawanda zvino anovimbisa vanhu vakuru vese pose pose, asi kunze kwezviito. Somuenzaniso, Saudi Arabia akabvumira vakadzi kuvhota musarudzo dzomunzvimbomo chibviro bedzi 2015, nepo vamwe vakafanana naBrunei vanochengeta ganhuriro dzakakomba zvakakomba. Zvisinei, muitiro wacho, kukura mamiriro ezvinhu kunyika dzemafranparati yePhilippines dzinobvumira kuvhove yeAfrica yokufurira muganhu kweAfrica mu 1994.

Kuenzanisa Kwakaitwa Munyika Dzose Kwokubvuma Kuonekwa Nevamwe

Kunzvera kuti dzimwe nyika dzinoumba sei kuvhota kunopa nzwisiso mumiitiro yokutsiva nayakanakisisa.

Nyika Dzinopa Rukudzo Munyika Yose

Hurumende dzakawanda dzakatangwa, dzakadai seCanada, Germany, neJapan, dzakava nepfupiso yevagari vemo vose vane makore 18, neganhuriro shoma. MuCanada, kodzero dzokuvhota dzinotambanudzwa kuvagari vose vemo, kubatanidza avo vakasungwa, sepanguva imwe cheteyo yeDare Gurusa re2002. Germany inorambidza kuvhota vanhu muzvipatara zvendangariro mumirairo chaiyo. Japan haina kubvisa kumira mberi kwevasungwa asi vanobvisa vatorongo kumatare echisarudzo. Zvirongwa izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwanda kunogona kugara pamwe chete nezvisarudzo zvakanaka. Mukupesana, dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga vanhu vendangariro dzakafanana neIndia, hurusavanhu munyika yose, inochengeta kuperera pasi pose nepfumbano yakashambadzwa. Chimbiso chinodzokoro chenyika yose nechinodenha chakatarisana nechinosarudzwa.

Gadziriro Dzokufambisa Dzinomanikidzirwa

Dzinenge nyika 20 dzinoshandisa kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, kubatanidza Australia, Belgium, uye Brazil. Muidzi gadziriro, vagari vose vakakodzera vanodikanirwa nomutemo kuti vavhote kana kuti vatarisane nezvirango zvakafanana nefashoni kana kuti basa renzanga. Australia yakamanikidzira kuvhota kumanikidza kudarika 90%. Mitengo yokusagona kuvhota inoramba yakafanana, asi chinodikanwa chokuvhota hurumende kuti dzivedze kunyoreswa kwakakwana nokuvhota. Vatsoropotedzerwa kunomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nerusununguko rwomunhu rumwe norumwe uye kutungamirira kuvhotera kusingabvumirwi, nepomenti dzinotaura kuti kunowedzera kuva kwapamutemo uye kuderedza kusingadzorwi. Nokuda kwekusarusarudzo, kufanana neArgentina nePeru inomanikidzira kuvhotisiano.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uye Magakava Mukutsvaka Kodzero

Kukurukurirana kwepanguva ino pamusoro pokusasarudzwa kunorwisana nezvinonetsa zvemazuva ano zvakadai sokuzivikanwa kwemuvhoti, miganhu yemakombiyuta, uye kururamisira.

◯ Kuchengeta Mitemo Nemhedziso

Mitemo yeID yazova nhambo inodzorwa munyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru United States. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kuda kuzivikanwa kwemifananidzo kunodzivisa kubiridzira uye kunoparira chivimbo muvhota. Vashori vanotaura kuti mitemo yakadaro inobvisa chose chose kuva vashoma, mari shoma, uye vakwegura vanovhota avo vasingazovi nechero kuva neID dzehurumende. Mukuwirirana ne2023 dzefundo ne ACLU[[FFLT:1], inenge 11% yemitengo inowirirana neU.S. Kushaikwa kwehurumende, kushaikwa kwechipo inodzorwa. Dare guru rakatsigira mitemo inovhotera muzvinoitika zvakafanana nezvinotevererwa.[FL:]

Kusawirirana Kwemapoka Akati

Kupfuurira kusawirirana kwemitengo, mamwe mapoka anotarisana nedenho dzinopfuurira. Masangano ane urema anowanzosangana nenzvimbo dzokuvhota nemhinganidzo dzomuviri, kunyange zvazvo American Vote Act yakapiwa michina inowanika. Vagari vemo vasingasviki, kubatanidza vagari vomunyika vechigarire, vari kutaura zvikuru pamusoro pokuda kodzero dzokuvhota dzomunzvimbomo, sezvinoonekwa muSan Francisco's 2016 kuronga kweboka rechikoro. Kuwedzera, zvikanganiso zvokuvhotera, zvakadai semazita asina kuenzana kana kuti kero dzisina kururama, zvinogona kubvisa zvisarudzo zvetsika dzenhau. Rusarudzo rwa 2020. S. Rusarudzo rwakaona pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvokuvhotera zveposi nekusainwa, izvo zvakanga zvichitapura zvikurukuru mukati mamiriro ezvinhu. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti kuvhotera kwacho chaiko kwoga kwoga kwoga hakubvumidzi; kudzorwa kudzorwa kudzorwa kugona kuzivikanwa zvakazara kuzivisa kuzivisa kudzo.

Mugumisiro: Nguva Yemberi Yokupa Kodzero Muchisarudzo chaPrezidhendi

Kuzivisa kodzero dzenhau nemhindumupinyi nokuda kwesarudzo yapurezidhendi kunoshamisa, kunoratidzira mipimo yenzanga nemhindumupindu yapamutemo. Kuvambira pazera rapakuvamba nezvinodikanwa zvougaro kusvikira kukurukurirano dzorumano pamusoro pechigadziko chetsono uye mitemo yemavhoti, nzvimbo inoumbwa nerwisano dzenhau nedenho dzazvino uno. Sezvo hurumende dzinotarisana nedzvinyiriro itsva dzeruzivo rwapasi, kubatanidza kuchinja, uye kukumbira nokuda kwemitemo inodzora iyo inogona kuvhota ichapfuurira kuwirirana. Vagari navanogadzira mitemo vanofanira kuramba vakangwarira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mipimo yokusarudzo yapachena neyakarurama. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa iyi mitemo, vanhu vamwe vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo matsva uye kubetsera kumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende. Mugumi yapa ruzivo rwokuzvirongwa zvehurumende.