Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kuchinja Kwakaita Utongi Hwamazuva Ano Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica yakagadzirwa noune nokuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pamapazu matatu akaenzana: mukuru mukuru, mugadziro, uye mutongi. Ichi chivako, chakarongwa muMitemo I, II, uye II yeBumbiro reMitemo, chinoparira simba uko kusina bazi rimwe rinogona kudzora. Vagadziri vakanzwisisa kuti donzo rinofanira kuitwa kuti rikurire chinzvimbo, uye muuyo itsinhirano yakaoma yechiremera, utarisiri, uye kurukurirano. Kunzwisisa kuti aya mapazu anobatira pamwe chete chaizvoizvo kunoda kunzvera nguva dzakarevesairwa, kujekeswa, kana kuti kutsanangurwazve. Kuvambira pamazuva apakuvamba zvikuru eRepublictional kurwisano, kunzvera uye ganhuriro yezvamatongerwe enyika zvose zviri zviviri, kuumba mitemo, mitemo, uye kodzero dzinokosha.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Masimba, Vanozvitutumadza, uye Miganhu

Purezidhendi, somukuru webazu rinotungamirira, anoshandisa chiremera chikuru mukushandisa mutemo womubatanidzwa, achiitisa muitiro wokumwe, achiraira chiuto, uye achibudisa mirairo yavakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, iri simba harisi rakakwana. Mitengo inodzora kutsigira mari, inogona kukurira vadzori vazhinji, uye inofanira kusimbisa. judicary inogona kuparadza zviito zvechiremera zvinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Zvidzidzo zvinotevera zvinoratidzira kuti idzi nzvero dzinoshanda sei mukushanda.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Chisarudzo Chamasimba Ehondo cha 1973

Pamusana pechibvumirano chaPurezidhendi Nixon, War Power Resolution yakanga iri kuedza kweCongress kuwana chiremera chayo chebumbiro remitemo kuti izivise hondo pashure pamakumi amakore okuvimbisana kwehondo nemukuru mukuru wehurumende.

Mubasa, purezidhendi ari wose chifo chaNixon akapanikira kupindira kwebumbiro remitemo, achiipikisa. Somuenzaniso, Chisarudzo chaPrezidenti Regagan chinoramba chiri chitsauko chamauto kuLebanon muna 1983, Purezidhendi Clinton muKosovo muna 1999, uye Purezidhendi Obama’’s reving Information muLibya muna 2011 zvose zvakaitika nemwero yakasiyana- siyana yedare. Masimba eHondo anoramba ari chiteshi, chinoratidzira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pekutungamirira kwehurumende netarisiro yehurumende munhau dzenyika. [FLT:] Cornell Reformation Institute yeLegionation [[FLT]]

Fundo Yenhau 2: Mirairo Yavakuru naVatongi

Mirairo yavakuru vakuru inobvumira Purezidhendi kutungamirira kushanda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende pasina mutemo mutsva. Iwo zvishandiso zvine simba asi zvinoramba zviri pasi pehwiruso yedare. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa rasimbisazve kuti hakuna murairo wavakuru vakuru ungakurira mutemo wemitemo kana kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

Mienzaniso miviri yechiratidzo chakatanhamara inosimbisa iyi nzvero. Mune jaya reProfesch shopu yeGeneral yeGwaro rekuita chiito chakadaro. (1952), Dare rakarova dare raPrezidhendi Truman raibata zvigadziko zvesimbi mukati meHondo yeKorea, richitonga kuti Purezidhendi akanga asina chiremera chemitemo kana kuti chiremera chehurumende chokuita chiito chakadaro. Makumi amakore gare gare gare gare, [[FLT:] United States v. Nixton[FLT] [12] [7] [7]) Purezidhendi Nixon ai anomanikidzira kubudisa matepikipidhiyo mukati meto yemvura, achiramba kutaura kwake kweropafadzo yakakwana. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rinoyera mumitengo pamusoro pezvibvumirano pamusoro pekubuda munyika yebasa [FT] [FT]

Fundo Yenhau 3: Kugadzwa kwaClaus Nekusimbiswa Kwedare

Simba raPurezidhendi rokugadza mitezo yedare, vatongi vehurumende, uye vamwe vakuru vakuru vanozviisa pasi pe “basa nebvumirano” yeDare. Uku kunzvera kunogona kuva nzvimbo yehondo huru apo Dare rinoramba kusimbisa kana kuti kunonotsa muitiro. Kuramba kuchengeta mhaka nokuda kwaMerrick Garland, Purezidhendi Obama anozviisa pasi pedare rapamusoro, kwakanga kuri kushandiswa kunoshamisa kwesimba iri redare redare. Mutungamiriri weSangano Kamara Harris Rino anodzosa mubatanidzwa wetoo mu 2022 kusimbisa Dare rePurezi rePrositement Geji Brown kuratidzira pesvedzero yebazu reProgiat. Uku kuvimbisa kuti kugadza kwavakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika kuratidzira kubatanidzwa kwakafara kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyange zvazvo kuchigona kutungamirirawo mubatanidzwa wedare rePresiparati reSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePurezi rePurezi muna 202222.

Mitemo Yebazu Yokuita Mitemo Neyokushandisa Mitemo

Dare rinogadzira mitemo, asi simba raro rinopfuura zvikwereti zvinopfuudzwa. Rinotungamirira kupfurikidza nokunzwa, kunzvera, uye simba rechikwama.Bazu guru rinowanzoedza ganhuriro dzedonzo remitemo, kuchitungamirira kurwisano idzo pane dzimwe nguva dzinoda chisarudzo chedare.

Fundo Yenhau 1: Muitiro Wokutarisira Unodziviswa Nemigumisiro Yawo

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA), yakapfuudzwa muna 2010 namavhoti eDemocratic bedzi, yakamirira kubudirira kukuru kwemitemo. Pashure pesarudzo yapakati penhambo yeRepublic Congress yakadzorwa na2010, Masangano akaedza kudzosa mutemo kupfurikidza nomutemo uye gare gare kupfurikidza negadziriro yebhajeti. Payakakundikana, dare reTrump rakashandisa zviito zvokutungamirira zvakanetesa mutemo, zvakadai sokuderedza mari nokuda kwokuderedza mari inotaputiswa nokuwedzera zvirongwa zvoutano zvenguva pfupi izvo zvisina kuwirirana nemiraudzo yeACA.

Congress yakapindura kupfurikidza nokubatanidza mutauro mumutemo wemitero wa2017 kuti ibvise chirango chomurayiro mumwe nomumwe, icho ipapo chakatungamirira kudenho yebumbiro remitemo. Mu California v. Texas [2021], Dare Gurusabheti rakatsigira ACA, rikawana kuti mapepa ose matatu haana kumira. Kufunda uku kunoratidza kuti mapazu ose anogona sei kuva akapidisika: mutemo unopfuudzwa naCongress, unorwiwa kupfurikidza nokugadziridza, uye pakupedzisira unodzivirirwa nejambwa nejaji. Commonweal Fund [[FLD]]

Fundo Yenhau 2: Kubvuma Sechenjero Yomutemo

Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Imba yavamiriri simba rimwe chete rekusaidzisa uye Dare simba rimwe chete rokuedza kudzosa. Uyu muitiro icherekedzo yakakomba zvikurusa yebazu romutemo rinobata pahukuru hwamasangano apamutemo. Kutevedzerwa kwaMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, uye Donald Trump (twice) kunoenzanisira mipimo yezvamatongerwe enyika nebumbiro remitemo reiri simba.

Kusabvumirana kwaPurezidhendi Johnson kwakasundwa nekakavadzano pamusoro pomuitiro wokudzorerwazve kwesimba neTrease of Office Act, iyo yakatongwa gare gare isina utongi. Purezidhendi Clinton akatonga muna 1998 kwakabva paperejury nekanganidzo yeruramisiro ine chokuita nokutonga kwevatano. Purezidhendi Trump akashorwa muna 2019 nokuda kwokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba nechibvumirano pamusoro peUkraine, uye zvakare 2021 nokuda kwokunyandura kudenha pashure pedenho paCapitol. Munhau dzose nhatu, Dare rakasunungura Purezidhendi, richisimbisa danda rakakwirira nokuda kwokubviswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, masimba anonzvera pachena uye anogona kuumba microngedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika, sezvinoorwa apo Setator Mit Romney anowana muvhotera mumwe chete mubatanidzwa nechiito chake 2020.

Fundo Yechitatu: Utariri Hwomubatanidzwa Wemisangano uye Simba Rechitoro

Congress inoshandisa zviputu zvezvipuruso, zvirevo, uye vatasvi vemari kuti vatarisire bazi guru. Kurwisa nokuda kwamashoko kunowanzowedzera kuva kusawirirana kwapamutemo. Mukati mekutungamirira kweObama, House Overse Committee yakanzvera kushanda kwepfuti nePurseaus, kuchitungamirira kukuzvidza Attorney General Eric Horer. Mukati mekutungamirira Trump, Imba yakakwidzwa kumanikidzira pasi pepoena nokuda kwouchapupu uye mapepa anobva kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vebazu, kubatanidza aichimbova White House House.

Iyi gakava kazhinji kazhinji inoguma mudare, ichimanikidzira vatongi kudzikamisa paradzano yamasimba mukudikanwa kwokuzvidavirira. Conforency Research Service [[FLT: 1] yakabudisa mishumo mikuru pamusoro peiyi miitiro yokutarisira.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mutemo, Kudzivirira Kodzero, uye Kuisa Mitemo

Vatongi, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusoro, ibazu dukusa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, bva chiremera charo chokududzira Bumbiro reMitemo ndokuparadza zviito namamwe mapazu chinhu chikuru kugadziriro yechekedzo nedzikamo. Nhau dziri pasi apa dzinoratidza kuti Dare rakarondedzera rarondedzerazve sei ukuru hwesimba rehurumende.

Nyaya 1: Marbury neMadison uye Kuberekwa kweChidzidzo Chenhau

Mune chimwe chezvisarudzo zvikurusa zvakatsiviwa munhau yeAmerica, Marbury v. Madison (1803) akatanga nheyo yokuti Dare Gurusa rine simba rokuzivisa mabasa eCongress asingawirirani nehurumende. Mutongi mukuru John Marshall, achinyora nokuda kweDare rinobvumirana, akadavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ndiwo mutemo mukurusa uye kuti “munharaunda nomusengwa wedhipati redare rokutonga kuti rizivise zviri pamutemo."

Nyaya iyi yakabva pagakava rezvamatongerwe enyika pashure pesarudzo ya1800, apo Purezidhendi John Adams akagadza vanoverengeka “vatongi vapakati pausiku.” Vatongi veJefferson vaiuya vakaramba kupa vamiririri, uye William Marbury akakwidza mhaka. Murangariro waMarshall nenzira yokuchenjera wakadzivisa bonderano yakananga naPurezidhendi Jefferson kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti mutemo waMarbury wakanga usingazvipiwi umene. Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa basa rejudicariary sebazu rakaenzana ndokuisa hwaro kwamazana amakore omutemo wemitemo. Pasi pe Marbury , chezvokunzvera namapaunziro.

Nyaya 2: Brown v. Board of Education and Judicial Leadership on Civil Rights

Mu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), Dare Rapamusorosaibvumirana rakatonga kuti dzinza rinosarudzwa muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa Kudzivirira Kwechikwaniriso che 144th Amendment. Iyi chisarudzo chakatonga “musiyano asi wakaenzana” dzidziso yakagadzwa mu Psychv. Ferguson[[[FLM:3]] [1866] uye chakadenha zvakananga chikwa chaidzorevo chibvumirano nebazi remitemo yemitemo yehurumende, izvo zvakanga zvabvumira kupfuurira.

Chirango chacho chakatarisana nechirambidzo chikuru chakabva kunyika dzokumaodzanyemba uye kunyange kuna Purezidhendi Eisenhower, uyo akataura panikiro pachivande. Kunyanguvezvo, chiremera cheDare chetsika, chakabatanidzwa nechiito choutungamiriri chakatevera (kushandiswa kwamauto ehurumende kumanikidzira kubvisa muganhu muLittle Rock muna 1957) nechiito chemitemo (Chibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha1949 uye Voting Rights Act ya 1965), pakupedzisira chakaparira chinjo yechinjo. [[[FLT: 0] Brown] Brog]

Fundo Yenhau 3: Rwisano Munzvimbo Yeropafadzo Yakatungamirirwa Muwatergate

Chinyadziso cheWatergate chinogovera muenzanisiro wakajeka wamapazu ose matatu murwisano. Pashure pokupunzika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee, Purezidhendi Nixon aiedza kuvanza kubatanidzwa kwayo. Congress akatanga nzvero, uye Dare rakasika Dare Rinosarudza Pamubato wePresidential Actical. Apo muchuchisi chaiye akatsvaka tepidhiropu yekurukurirano dzeWhite House, Nixon akakumbira ropafadzo yavakuru vakuru kuzvinyidza kuti zvivanyike.

Dare Rapamusorosoro, mu United States v. Nixon [19974], rakatonga nokubvumirana kuti kutaura kwaPurezidhendi kweropafadzo kwakanga kusati kuri kwakakwana uye kwaisagona kukurira kudikanwa kwoufakazi mumhaka yetsotsi. Dare rakaraira kuti matepi atendeurwe, kuzivisa kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwaNixon. Yatarisana nokusatendiswa kwapamberi peImba, Nixon abviswa. Mhaka iyi yakaratidzira kuti judicariary ingagona kusunda mukuru mukuru mukuru kuwirirana nomuitiro wapamutemo, uye kuti simba rechibvumirano remitemo rinoita chirambidzo chisakarurama, kunyange mukurwisana nomukuru anogara.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Muzana Remakore rechi21: Zvinetso Zvitsva

Gakava razvino uno rakamutsa mibvunzo mitsva pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba. Somuenzaniso, kushandiswa kweCongregational Review Act kumira mitemo, kukura kwe “rondedzero yehurumende,” nokuwanda kwamasangano anozvimirira zvose zvakaparira kupesana kukuru. Chisarudzo cheDare gurusa cha 2020 mu SAULA RALC v. Confemional Protection Bureaunior[ chakaganhurira mano aProfezidhendi yesangano rokubvisa musoro wesangano razvishandiso zvamagaro, nepo Collens [FLT] v[FLT] [12] [20]]

Imwe nzvimbo yapanguva imwe cheteyo inobatanidza nhamburiko dzebazu remitemo dzokumanikidza ufakazi hunobva kuvakuru vakuru vebazu.

Mugumisiro: Kudiwa Kusingaperi Kwekakavadzano Yokupindirana

Nyaya inonzverwa pano inoratidzira kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuri gadziriro yakarongeka asi inzvimbo yekurukurirano inopfuurira. Vavaki vakakarira kuti gwinyiro nezvinoda kuitirwa hanya zvaizoparira rwisano, uye vakaona kuti kurwisana sedziviriro mukurwisana noudzvinyiriri. War Powers Resolution, Affordable Care Act, Act, , [[FLT]] marbury v. Madison , uye Brown v. Board yeD yeDzirome nguva dzose dzinoratidza nguva dzose apo rimwe bazi rikataura kuti rinozvinzvera rimene, pane dzimwe nguva kumanikidza kuti rigadzirise hurumende yose.

Kuvanhu vagari vemo navadzidzisi, kunzwisisa kuwirirana uku kunokosha. Utano hweripabhuriki yebumbiro remitemo hunotsamira pakuda kushandisa masimba ayo uye kuremekedza chiremera chepamutemo chevamwe. Sezvo zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka (kubva pakutsoropodzwa kwevakuru vakuru kusvika kumitemo yokutonga) kunzvimbo inodzorwa nemitemo yedare) kucharamba kuripo. Mutemo, unotsigirwa nedare rinozvitonga, unoramba uri bheji rinoita kuti gadziriro ino ishande, kuvimbisa kuti hapana bazi rinenge rine simba zvikuru uye kuti rusununguko rwavanhu rucharamba ruripo.