Kunzwisisa Kushatisa Nechinangwa Chako

Nzvero dzevhota dzechimbichimbi rudzi rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika dzinonyepedzera senzvero yapamutemo. Kusafanana nenzvero dzemurangariro wapachokwadi dzakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mashoko asina kusarura, kumanikidza kuvhota kunoshandisa mibvunzo inopesvedzera kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama, kusimbisa mirangariro iripo, kana kuti vavhoti vasina kusimba. Idzo dzinowanzooneka senhetembo pfupi kana kuti nzvero dzepaIndaneti, asi vavariro yavo yechokwadi haisati iri yeyereso. Kuziva musiyano pakati penzvero isingatsigiri nenzvero inomanikidzira iunyanzvi hwokudzidza mashoko anobva mumapepanhau munguva inosimudzira kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuchiita kuti kujeke mativi emashoko nemashoko.

Shoko "nzvero yenzvero" yakawana utanhamari mukati mema1990, asi unyanzvi hunovapo pashure zvikuru. Mienzaniso yapakuvamba inobatanidza "nhimbe dzemiitiro" nemibvunzo inoshuwa navanonzvera. Nokukwira kwokudanidzira kwemaogasiti, kumanikidza kunzvera kwakava kwakaoma kusiyanisa nokunzvera kwapamutemo. Nzvero dzemitemo dzinotevera mipimo yakatsiga yemipimo yemiitiro: kuenzanisa, kutaura kusina revo, uye kunyorwa kwemifungo yenhema. Kuvhota, nokupesana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunoitwa nenhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika, mapoka echitsoro, kana kuti maPUC ane zvirongwa zvakajekaru. Zvinobvunza nenzira yakatanhamara mipimo mishomanene yemipimo yemiitiro, zvose zvakagadzirirwa kumasangano akaipa.

Somuenzaniso, nzvero inomanikidzirwa ingabvunza, kuti: “Iwe ungava sezvingabvira zvikuru kana kuti zvishoma kuvhota nokuda kwaCandidate Smith kana uchiziva kuti Smith akapomerwa mhaka yokuita mipiro isiri yapamutemo inobva kufariro dzokumwe ”? Uyu mubvunzo hautsvaki murangariro; unofumura anoramba pomero isingarambiki. Zvino anopomerwa kuti "Poll" ipapo anoshuma migumisiro isina revo sechiratidzo chomurangariro wavose asi inobetsera nokuda kwokuparadzira runyerekusi pasina kusiya nzira yakajeka. Kunzwisisa aya mamakani okutanga mukudzivisa kuvaka kudzora.

Zvinonyanya Kuratidza Kushandiswa Kwemabhiya uye Kushandisa Pfungwa Pakushatisa Mibvunzo

Kuva mutengi anotsoropodza wenzvero kunoda mano okuona mireza mitsvuku mumashoko akabvunzwa uye kuratidzwa kwenzvero. Pasi apa pane unyanzvi hunozivikanwa zvikurusa hunoshandiswa mukunzverwa kwokumanikidzira, imwe neimwe ine mienzaniso yekongiri netsananguro.

Mutauro Wakaremerwa Nezvinonyandura Murangariro

Mashoko anoiswa akasarudzwa namaune kunyandura kuita kwemirangariro kwakasimba – rutyo, hasha, kunyangadzwa, kana kuti kunzwira urombo - panzvimbo pokupa mashoko asina kutora rutivi. Mukuvhota kwokusunda, zvitsama zvakafanana "corrupt,""" divis," "hena," kana kuti "rusarudzo" runowanzooneka. Kuda kuruka kunoumba musoro pamberi pedariro kunogona kunyange kuita rutongeso rwakazvimirira.

Muenzaniso: "Ipai kuti Jones ane nhau yokupambadza, mungatsigira kana kuti kushora gadziriro yake yomutero here? Chitsama chinoti "kukunda kupambadza mari" inhau inopiwa seidi; inomanikidzira kudavidza kuita chimwe chinhu kuchiratidzo panzvimbo pokurangarira chikarakadzo chaichoicho. Enzanisa naichi mubvunzo wokunzvera kusatora mhaka: "Unotsigira kana kuti unoshora Ganostora mutero unokarakadzwa?" Kushairwa kwavabudisi vanotakura mapepa kunobvumira murangariro wapachokwadi.

Mukuwedzera kukunyora zita, kumanikidza kazhinji kazhinji kunoshandisa zviito zvinonyandura mirangariro. Panzvimbo peku "savhota," vangati "kudzosa vhoti" (kuisa usimbe) kana kuti "kurega kuita chiito" (chinovhiringidza). Chisarudzo chechiito chinogona kuita chiito chinoratidzira kuva chamaune nechakashata. Ngwarira nokuda kwamashoko api naapi ane rutongeso rwakakwana.

Mibvunzo Inotungamirira Inoda Mhinduro

Mibvunzo yakananga inopiwa kutungamirira mhinduro yakati. Inowanzova nefungidziro dzakavakirwa mumubvunzo umene. Chivako chakakurumbira ndeichi: "Usabvuma kuti..." kana kuti "Haungatauri kuti..." idzi rondedzero dzinoita kuti kusabvumirana kunzwe sepokanidzano.

Urugero: "Semugari wemo anoitira hanya, haufungi kuti tinoda mitemo yorumano yetsika nokuda kwavakuru vakuru vedu vakasarudzwa? Mubvunzo unoreva kuti mupinduri anoitira hanya uye kuti mitemo yorumano inodikanwa. Kupindura "no" kunganzwa kusabatira pamwe. Imwe nzira inozivikanwa ndeyokubvunza: "Kana Candidate Brown akabvuma kureva nhema pamusoro pechinyorwa chavo chehondo, ikoko kungaita kuti uve nomufungo muduku zvishoma kuvavhotera?" Mubvunzo unoratidza kuti idisiro seidi, kumanikidza mhinduro kufungidzira chinoitika chinokuvadza mukurumbira womukwikwidzani.

Mibvunzo yakananga inogonawo kushandiswa murutivi rwakananga, kufanana ne "Haungabvumi kuti chinyorwa chaTenator Thompson padzidzo chakatanhamara? Ikoku hakuna kurovedzeka mukunzverwa kwokudenha asi kuchingoda kupesvedzera. Chinokosha ndechokucherekedza apo mubvunzo une chisarudzo choukoshi kana kuti fungidziro inoganhurira rusununguko rwomupinduri kupindura nokutendeseka.

Kushatisa: Mashoko Akarerekera Kumwe

Kuongorora kwokumanikidza hakuwanzopa mativi ose ari maviri enhau nenzira yakanaka.Panzvimbo pezvo, vanonangidzira ngwariro pamativi akashata omunzveri kana kuti muitiro nepo vachifuratira zvinhu zvipi nezvipi, kana kuti zvimwe zvinopesana nokuda kwechisarudzo chinodiwa.

Muenzanisiro: "Paraiwo kuti Green inovhota mukurwisana negweta rekomhu rakakurumbira, inokuita kuti uve nomukana mukuru zvikuru wokumutsigira here? Mubvunzo unongodudza bedzi vhoti imwe; unosiya mashoko akapoteredza akadai sedzimwe vhoti, gadziriro dzemari, kana kuti zvikonzero zvomutengi. Kunzvera kungabvunza ipapo kutevera: "Unganetseka here kana ukaziva kuti Candita Green anogamuchira mipiro inobva kukambani inobetserwa nebhegi?" Ikoku kunosuma chinhu chitsva chinobetsera, kusimbisa nhau.

Nzvero dzapamutemo dzinovavarira mutauro wakadzikama. Kana mubvunzo wenzvero uchiita sounosimbisa rutivi rumwe bedzi rwenhau kana kuti unoshandisa rondedzero dzakanaka kana kuti dzakaipa, ibatirei nenyumwiro. Mubvunzo usingatori rutivi ungati: "Green Green yakavhota kuti itsigire zvivako zvepfuma. Kubva pane zvaunoziva, iyi vhoti inokuita kuti uve bviro huru kana kuti isingamutsigiri. shanduro yacho haisati ichiiidza vhoti se "Relish" kana kuti ikarakadza chikonzero chakananga chevhoti.

Kudzokororwa Kwamashoko Akashata: "Kuratidzirwa" Muuyo

Kudzokorora kufurira kazhinji kazhinji kutaura kunokuvadza kanoverengeka mukati menzvero pfupi, kana kuti munhambo dzakawanda dzeshanyo. Kudzokorora kunoparira kurovedzana, uye kurovedzana kunogona kuparira kugamuchirwa – kunyange mashoko enhema. Iyi nheyo yendangariro, inozivikanwa setapurowo zvayo yokuratidzirwa, inoita kuti kutaura kunodzokororwa kuratidzike kuva kunovimbika zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva.

Muenzaniso: Kuvhota kwokumanikidza kungatanga ne: "Unoziva here kuti vaAdhama vakapomerwa mhaka yokushambadzira mukati? ” Gare gare kunobvunza, kuti: "Kana vaOdhadha Adhama vakawanikwa vane mhaka yokushambadzira mukati, ungatsigira muvengi wake here? uye ipapo: "Unofunga kuti vezvematongerwe enyika vakafanana naAdhama vanopinda mubhizimisi rapakati vanofanira kubuda here?" Pomero inoiswa muzvimiro zvitatu zvakasiyana, nguva imwe neimwe inosimbisa songaniro pakati pomubato nomufambiro wakaipa.

Kana ukawana nzvero inoramba ichidzokera shure kukutaura kumwe cheteko, sezvingabvira iongororo inosunda. Nharidzano ndeyokupinza pfungwa yakaipa muyeuko yako, kwete kuyera murangariro wako.

Kunetsa Kana Kuti Kutaura Kunotsausa Kunotsigira Zvokwadi

Kuvhota kwokuvhota dzimwe nguva kunotsamira pamashoko asina kujeka anogona kutsanangurwa munzira dzakawanda, kuchibvumira muvhoti kutaura gare gare miuyo kuti chimwe chinhu chakasiana. Vangashandisawo nhamba dzakaitwa kana kuti dzisina kujekeswa. Somuenzaniso, mubvunzo ungagona kuti: "Vamwe vanhu vanotaura kuti Idadhitete Lee ine nhau yamavhoti anokosha aishaikwa. Ikoko kunokuita here kuti uve nomukana muduku wokuvhotera kwaari? Chitsama chamashoko chinonzi "Vamwe vanhu vanoti" idikadikanwa kana kuti idikashai pasina kuvhota.

Muenzaniso: "Maererano nomushumo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, Candidatay ane batano neboka rinokakavadzana. Mubvunzo hauzivi mushumo, boka, kana kuti rudzi rwezvisungo. Iro rinongoratidza kuti songaniro inokuvadza. Mupinyi anomanikidzirwa kuita chinhu kutyisidziro isina kujeka, uko kunogona kumutsa nyumwiro kunyange kana udzame husipo.

Nenzira yakafanana, mibvunzo inobatanidza zviverengero zvakadai se "studies inoratidza kuti 70% yavavhoti vanoshora uyu muitiro" pasina kunongedzera kumavambo kana kuti mitoo inofungidzirwa. Mukunzvera kwakafanira, kutaura kwechokwadi kupi nokupi kunofanira kupiwa mumubvunzo. Kana usingagoni kukurumidza kusimbisa kutaura kwacho, kana kuti mashoko acho akajeka namaune, kuvhota kungangove kuvhota kunomanikidzira.

Chinhu Chinokosha Chokuongorora Mibvunzo Yokushatisa

Kuyera nenzira yakarongwa kana mubvunzo wokunzvera wakarurama uye usina kutora rutivi, kana kuti une revo nedzokunyengera, ushandise gadziriro inotevera ine nhano shanu. Uyu mutoo unogona kushandiswa navadzidzi mumakirasi okudzidza kuverenga nokunyora, neshanyo dzenhimbe dzinosangana navavhoti, kana kuti nomunhu upi noupi anorava nzvero inoguma nenhau.

Danho 1: Ongorora Shoko Romutauro Wakaoma

Rava mubvunzo zvinonzwika ndokuzivisa mashoko api naapi anonyandura mirangariro. Isa mashoko nezviito zvine revo yakanaka kana kuti yakaipa. Somuenzaniso, "kushandisa mari inogamuchirika" mukupesana na"" – yokutanga inoiswa panzvimbo yokutanga, yokupedzisira haitori rutivi. Itsiva mashoko akaremerwa newirirano isina revo yokwakarerekera zvikuru ndokuona kana mubvunzo wacho uchiva wakadzikama zvikuru. Kana revo huru ine revo yakatanhamara ichichinja zvikuru, kutaura kwapakuvamba kwakarevererwa.

Nhano 2: Kuongorora Kana Mubvunzo Uchipa Maonero Akasiyana - siyana Zvakanaka

Kunzvera kwapamutemo panhau dzinomutsa nharo kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza mativi ose ari maviri ekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso: "Vamwe vanhu vanosarudza mitemo yepfuti yakaoma zvikuru kuderedza utsotsi, nepo vamwe vanoishora kudzivirira maruramiro eSandline Amendment. Chipi chinoswedera pedyo nemurangariro wako? Uku kuongorora kunobvuma mirangariro yose iri miviri. Mukunzvera kunomanikidzira, mubvunzo ungapa bedzi rutivi rumwe: "Ko munotsigira mitoo yekotsekano yepfuti yenharo yenharo iyo inodzivisa pfuti mumaoko amatsotsi??

Ona nhamba yemashoko akanaka uye asina kunaka mumubvunzo. Kana pane kusadzikama kwakajeka, mubvunzo ungangova wokunyengera. Uyewo ona kana mubvunzo wacho unobatanidza sumo ye "mativi ose ari maviri" inotsausa chaizvoizvo nemhaka yokuti inoshatisa rutivi rumwe – somuenzaniso, ichidana mumwe murangariro kuti "kudzosa rwizi" nepo uchibatanidza mumwe sowe "Mukoto mukuru.

Danho 3: Ziva Mibvunzo Inotungamirira Inoda Kupindurwa

Tsvaka zvivako zvemibvunzo izvo zvinofunga chimwe chinhu pasina kugovera mavambo asina kutora rutivi. Zviratidzo zvinowanzobatanidza: "Ipai kuti..." iteverwa nechokufambisa; "Kana ukaziva..." kutungamirira kuzvakaipa; "Haungabvumirani..."; "Hamusati muchida kubhapatidzwa akaratidzwa..."; kana kuti "Unofunga kuti mufambiro wakadaro unogamuchirika here? Chimwe nechimwe chei chinobvumira kuti murangariro wacho ndowechokwadi. Mubvunzo usingatori rutivi ungavamba no: "Une murangariro pamusoro..." kana kuti "Ungaringaridzira sei..." pasina kuita rutongeso.

Nhano 4: Imbotaura Chokwadi Chipi Nechipi Kana Kuti Zviverengero

Kana mubvunzo une kutaura - somuenzaniso, "Mumbadray akavhota mutongo waizodai wakachengeta mabasa 10 000" – mira ndokunzvera maidi. Shandisa injini yokunzvera kuona kana kutaura kwacho kwakarurama, kusina kukwana, kana kuti kwakananga. Vazhinji vanosunda nzvero vanotsamira pahafu yezvokwadi kana kuti maidi anosarudzwa. Kunyange kana idi gurusa raizodairwa, mashoko akapoteredza angashaikwa. Tarira manyuko apakuvamba kana kuti manyuko eidi akazvimirira kubva kumasangano asina maparteristan.

Uyezve, funga nezvekwakabva mashoko acho. Zvinonzi zvakakonzerwa nefundo chaiyo, nyaya yenhau, kana kuti mushumo wehurumende here?

Danho 5: Sarudzai Kwakabva Manyuko Nevavariro Ezvinhu Zvinoshatisa

Ndiani ari kuitisa nzvero yacho? Isangano rokunzvera rakakurumbira here (muremo, Pew Research Center, Gallup, Associated Press) kana kuti nhimbe yezvamatongerwe enyika, Super PAC, kana kuti femu isingazivikanwi? Magigitimates anopa mashoko pamusoro pomuitiro wemiitiro: uremu hwemiedzo, muganhu wekurukurirano, uye misi yegore. Kana mushanyi asingagoni kana kuti asati achagovera aya mashoko, kana kuti kana nhamba yacho isina kunyorwa, kuvhota kungangova kuvhotera kwokumanikidza.

Uyewo rangarira nguva yakarongwa. Nzvero dzokumanikidza dzinowanzooneka pamberi chaipo pesarudzo, zvikurukuru mumijaho yamakwikwi. Dzakarongedzerwa kupesvedzera vavhoti vanonoka kushata kana kuti kunzvera kwokuora mwoyo nokuda kwomumwe munhu anokwikwidza. Kana kunzvera kunangidzira ngwariro padenho dzakaipa pamumwe mudaviri uye kusingavi nemibvunzo pamusoro penhau dzeimwe inonyoreswa kana kuti dzisina kutora rutivi, vavariro yakajeka: kunyengetedza, kwete kuyera.

Mienzaniso Chaiyoiyo Yenyika Youshati Hwokuputitsa

Zviitiko zvinocherechedzwa zvokumanikidza kuongorora zvakaitika musarudzo huru dzeUnited States, zvichipa mienzanisiro yakajeka yemitoo inorondedzerwa pamusoro apa.

.2000 Republican Primary – John McCain vs. George W. Bush: MuSouth Carolina, vavhoti vakashuma kugamuchira runhare vachibvunza, kuti: “Kudai ungava kana kuti zvishoma zvikuru kuti uvhotere John McCain kana waiziva kuti akanga abereka mwana asiri womutemo? Iyi yakanga iri pomero yenhema chose chose, asi mubvunzo wakadyara runyerekupe pakati pezviuru zvavavhoti. Nzvero yacho gare gare gare yakarongedzerwa kudzokera kusangano rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoshanda mukurwisana naMcCain. Iyi nhau inogaro inodudzwa kazhinji somuenzaniso webhuku rokunzvera.

2008 Democratic Primary – Barack Obama vs. Hillary Clinton: Mukati meOhio, vavhoti vakagamuchira runhare runobvunza: "Kudai waiziva kuti Barack Obama akanga ari muMuslim, ikoko kwaizoita kuti iwe uite bviro huru yokuvhotera kwaari?" Obama ichiKristu, asi mubvunzo wacho wakaparadzira songaniro yenhema. Nzvero yacho yakaitwa neboka risingazivikanwi, uye hapana femu inovhotera yapamutemo yaizobvunza mubvunzo usina pauri.

2016 Purezidhendi weEvolution – Donald Trump naHillary Clinton:[[FL:1] Marobhora anofamba mumitemo inoverengeka akabvunza vavhoti: "Kudai mungava nomukana mukuru zvikuru wokuvhota nokuda kwaHillary Clinton kana waiziva kuti ane mugariro wakakomba woutano? Hamuna kutsigira ufakazi hwakagoverwa; mubvunzo umene wakanga uri shoko. Irwo rwakanga rwuri rutivi rwomutoo mukuru wokunzverasa wakagadzirirwa kusekesa chivimbo muna murwi.

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidzira kuti nzvero dzokumanikidzira dzinodzivisa sei maidi enguva dzose anonzvera. Hadzisi kubudiswa kana kuti kuongororwa; dzinovapo bedzi senziyo dzefoni kana kuti mapop paIndaneti. Ikoku kunoaita ane ngozi zvikuru nemhaka yokuti anogona kuparadzira mashoko asina kururama pasina kuzvidavirira.

Kuvaka Unyanzvi Hwokudzidza Kunyora Nokunyora

Kuziva kuti kuongorora kunomanikidza vanhu kuti vadzidze kunoitwa ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda zvinobudisa mashoko zvinopa vanhu simba rokushandisa mashoko akaoma.

Basa 1: Enzanisa uye Nzveranisa Mibvunzo. Ipa vadzidzi ndaza yemibvunzo gumi, mimwe inobva munzvero dzapamutemo uye mimwe inobva munzvero dzinomanikidzirwa. Kumbira kuvarangarira kuronga mibvunzo yacho uchishandisa gadziriro yedanho shanu ndokururamisa mhinduro dzavo. Kurukurai kuti nei misiyano yamashoko yamanomano iri nhau.

Basa 2: nyorai mubvunzo wePhys Polls soa Neutral Ask. Tora mubvunzo wakatakurwa kana kuti unotungamirira ndokuushandura kuva chinhu chokunzvera chakarurama, chakadzikama. Somuenzaniso, chinjai kuti "Usabvumirana kuti Chikadhia X ashata? Kubva kunzi mufambiro wetsika waX? Kushandisa uku kunosimbisa pfungwa yokusatora rutivi.

Mabasa 3: Tsvaka Nzvera Manyuko. Vadzidzi vawana nzvero yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi inodudzwa munhau kana kuti zvinobudisa nhau. Sarudza sangano rakaitungamirira, mitoo yayo, uye mirangariro ipi neipi inobvira. Shandisa zviwanikwa zvakafanana neAmerican Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) nhano yokuona zviri pachena kuyera pamutemo. [[FLT:]] APOR khowudi yeEthics[ inongedzero dzinobetsera kusiyanisa kunzvera kwetsika kubva mukukwidzisa.

Basa 4: Rove-Play a Fone A CD. Sarudza runhare rwokunzverwa uye ita kuti vadzidzi varovedze kupindura nokungwarira: kukumbira mutsigiri, chinangwa, uye kana kuvhota kwakanyorwa. Kutamba kwokuzvidzora kunovaka chivimbo chokudzivisa dzvinyiriro mukati meshanyo chaidzoidzo.

Kurava nokunyora zvinyorwa hakusi kungotaura nezvokunzwisisa chete; kunotambanukira kuzvimiro zvose zvekurukurirano inonyengetedza – kushambadza, kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye nzvimbo dzesocial network. Nheyo dzimwe chetedzo dzokunzvera kwokutsoropodza dzinoshanda: nzvera mutauro, ongorora kutaura, rangarira manyuko, uye ngwarira kushatisa mirangariro.

mhedziso

Nzvero dzokunzverwa dzinomirira nhamburiko yamaune yokushatisa mirangariro yavanhu munyengedzo yokunzvera. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa unyanzvi hwomutauro wakazadzwa, mibvunzo inotungamirira, kunyora kusina kudzikama, dzokororo, uye kutaura kusina kujeka, vanhu vanogona kuziva fungidziro nokushandisa zvisina kujeka vasati vapesvedzera zvisarudzo zvavo. Gadziriro shanu dzakarongwa pamusoro apa dzinogovera chishandiso chinoshanda chokurangarira mubvunzo upi noupi, kana kugonana murunhare, pawebsite, kana kuti mushumo wenhau. Kushandisa iyi, yakabatanidzwa nokusimbiswa kwamanyuko nezvinotaurwa, kunobetsera kudzivirira kuparadzirwa kwemashoko enhema.

Kurava terevhizheni hausi unyanzvi hwokusagona kunyora - nyora hahusi unyanzvi hwokusaita basa - sorosa hunoda kubvunza nokusava nechokwadi. Sezvo nzvero dzinomanikidzirwa dzinova dzakakwirira zvikuru neruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nerokushandisa zvigadzirwa, mano okuzviziva anova anokosha zvikuru. Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vvumbi zvakafanana vanofanira kuramba vakasvinurira. Nokuda kwokuravazve, tsvaka zvinhu kubva kumasangano akadai se Pew Research Center inonzvera [ ne Mitego yetsika yetsika yetsika kunzwisisa zvinoumba kunzvera kwapamutemo. Nokuvaka unyanzvi ihwohwu, tinogona tose kuva vagari vazvisarukidzino zvakaziviswa zvikuru uye vasingatapunzi nyore kubatwa.